本論文寫作之問題意識，乃基於對儒學在現代社會角色定位與未來走向之反思。在當代，儒學雖逐漸建立作為學術理論的地位，同時也與一般民眾思想、生活漸行漸遠，這種與傳統儒學化成理想有落差的情況，對在現代仍認同儒學或以儒家自許者，成為一個不得不面對的真實問題。從逆覺體證到理一分殊新釋之理論演變，正在尋求其因應之道。此現代新儒學之內部理論發展，內容是走向日用常行化與廣義道德實踐之建立，理一分殊作為方法架構，亦具有應用在種種不同觀點的普遍意義。 首先，就理一分殊新釋而言，一切文化創造活動都屬分殊，只能「通於」、而不能「同於」理一。良知坎陷的範圍也應擴及逆覺體證的行為實踐領域。包括道德行為在內的一切人類活動，都已是理一在某個時空之具體落實，具有侷限而不再等同於無限，但雖不可等同於無限，卻又通於無限。一切人文活動都可通於理一，但因「通」的型態不同，故定位也各異。逆覺體證是「逆」或「返」於理一之「通」，重點在契接、體悟理一；其他人文活動是「順」或「發」自理一之「通」，重點在承繼或順應理一之動用，成就現實生活中的各種價值創造。既然都是「通」於而非「同」於理一，就不必強分高下而可同時並重。儒家作為成德之學的道德實踐概念內涵，就不僅限於由逆覺所體證而發之於道德行為之狹義的道德實踐，而可涵蓋一切正面價值創造活動，成為一種廣義的道德實踐。 這種廣義的道德實踐，是具有基本道德操守而同時以仁心與生生之精神為終極託付的人生態度，凡認同此態度而不斷從事正面價值創造者，不論是學者、藝術家、科學家等任何職業與身分，都是現代意義下的儒者。從事儒家思想研究工作而又同時具有以上生活態度的現代新儒學，即取得在儒學架構下的正當性與必要性。儒家的理想仍然嚮往與追求聖賢境界，卻不再是作為儒者的唯一條件，這是使逆覺體證由聖賢工夫走向日用常行化的轉向。 就廣義道德實踐的立場，內聖是指以仁心與生生精神為終極託付，外王雖主要指涉政治領域，亦可延伸至以仁心與生生為前提，而從事商業、學術、藝術等活動。這種廣義道德實踐的另一個理論效應，則是基於良知與見聞的辯證關係，以及朱子對人之有限性的警覺，將朱子與象山的先後天修養工夫同時並重，而統合於陽明的良知教之下。廣義的道德實踐是以生生之仁為出發點，有關此普遍人性之內涵，牟宗三先生指出是一種心性情合一之普遍道德主體，並以由本心自定自發律則而具現於行為之動態過程，亦即「實踐上的印證」，說明此道德主體之具體化問題。至於道德意識普遍性之證成的落實問題，則需要劉述先先生參與全球倫理運動的「共識上的印證」作補充。這是藉由存異求同的理一分殊方法，與世界各大宗教文化進行平等的對話，從中所得到的共通於各大傳統之極小式的底限共識，亦即人道與金律，可作為說明落實問題之一種可能途徑。 逆覺體證本質上是從工夫論導出哲學理論之系統。可使儒學在指引效力之外逐漸展現出解釋效力，成為一種可以在學術上掌握與論析的理論系統。理一分殊的方法論為這種走向之延續。理一作為人文學科中的規約原則，有別於經驗科學的歸納（induction），因為歸納的方式是取同略異，理一分殊秉持的是存異求同之精神。筆者即嘗試就如何順成朱子所謂「去兩短，合兩長」，以及內聖外王雙向互動之兩行，作為這種方法論應用的實例。這兩個觀點雖非理一分殊新釋之內容，卻可藉由其方法予以證成，正可說明理一分殊方法的普遍意義。 / Nowadays, the situation of Confucianism is rather dubious. It used to be the guidelines of politics and everyday life in Chinese society. However, Confucianism is now not as influential as it was before. Its practical role has given way to theoretical one. This phenomenon, for many, means the loss of the essence of Confucianism. In my opinion, the prospect of turnaround lies in the development of ni-chüeh-t'i-cheng to the New Interpretation of li-i-fen-shu. The content of this progress can be divided into three: the secularization of moral practice, the wide-ranging creation of values and a formation of methodology. At first, ni-chüeh-t'i-cheng emphasizes the request of being sages while the New Interpretation of li-i-fen-shu focuses on the obedience to rules of law and decorum. As a result, the moral practice of Contemporary Neo-Confucian Philosophy is easy for normal people to abide by. Secondly, the New Interpretation of li-i-fen-shu advocates not so much moral practice as the creation of values. Accordingly, people belonging to every walk of life are regarded as a Neo-Confucian on condition that he or she has faith in jen(humanity) and sheng-sheng(creative creativity). Taken together, these theses indicate that Contemporary Neo-Confucian Philosophy tends to lives of modern people. Finally, ni-chüeh-t'i-cheng is a kind of kung-fu-lun which doubles as a academic theory. Nevertheless, li-i-fen-shu has a facet of methodology. I manage to apply this methodology to two issues in Confucianism: the necessity of ch’u-liang-tuan, ho-liang-ch’ang by Chu-Hsi and the interaction between nei-shen and wai-wang. The significance of li-i-fen-shu will be highlighted if my analysis is justified.

Ein Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur 3D-Positionierung auf Basis elektrooptischer Pseudostreckenmessung. Ein zweites Ziel war die Entwicklung eines Reflexgoniometers zur zweiachsigen Winkelmessung. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden die Grundlagen zur instrumentellen Umsetzung beider Verfahren erarbeitet, die Genauigkeitspotentiale ermittelt und mögliche Anwendungen für die einzelnen Schlüsseltechnologien und deren Kombination abgeleitet. In einer Prototyp-Entwicklung wurden Vorschläge für die wesentlichen Funktionselemente des räumlichen Weg- bzw. Winkelmesssystems gemacht. Hierzu gehören das kardanisch aufgehängte Etalon, die temperaturstabilisierte Laseroptik und die temperaturkalibrierte CCD der Winkelmesseinheit (Reflexgoniometer), die Systeme zur Erzeugung und Detektion ultrakurzer Laserpulse, eine elastische Optik, Möglichkeiten zur Formung des transversalen Strahlprofils, das TCSPC-System und die zur Auswertung und Kalibrierung notwendigen Algorithmen, wie z.B. die Autokollimation eines Lasers. ("Veröffentlicht von der Deutschen Geodätischen Kommission Reihe C (Dissertationen) unter der Nummer C 614 (München 2008; ISBN 3 7696 5053 0; 2; 144 S.") / One goal of the thesis was the development of a method for three-dimensional positioning based on electro-optical measurement of pseudo ranges. Another goal was the development of a reflex goniometer for biaxial angle measurement. Within the scope of this thesis the basics for the instrumental realisation of both methods were developed, the accuracy potentials were determined and possible applications for the separate key technologies and their combination were deduced. In a prototype development proposals were made for the main functional elements of the spatial distance and angle measurement systems. These include the gimbal mounted etalon, the temperature stabilised laser optics and the temperature calibrated CCD of the angle measurement device (reflex goniometer), the systems for creation and detection of ultrashort laser pulses, an elastic optical device, possibilities of transversal beam shaping, the TCSPC system and the algorithms which are necessary for analysis and calibration, e.g. the autocollimation of a laser.

Ein Ziel der Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur 3D-Positionierung auf Basis elektrooptischer Pseudostreckenmessung. Ein zweites Ziel war die Entwicklung eines Reflexgoniometers zur zweiachsigen Winkelmessung. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurden die Grundlagen zur instrumentellen Umsetzung beider Verfahren erarbeitet, die Genauigkeitspotentiale ermittelt und mögliche Anwendungen für die einzelnen Schlüsseltechnologien und deren Kombination abgeleitet. In einer Prototyp-Entwicklung wurden Vorschläge für die wesentlichen Funktionselemente des räumlichen Weg- bzw. Winkelmesssystems gemacht. Hierzu gehören das kardanisch aufgehängte Etalon, die temperaturstabilisierte Laseroptik und die temperaturkalibrierte CCD der Winkelmesseinheit (Reflexgoniometer), die Systeme zur Erzeugung und Detektion ultrakurzer Laserpulse, eine elastische Optik, Möglichkeiten zur Formung des transversalen Strahlprofils, das TCSPC-System und die zur Auswertung und Kalibrierung notwendigen Algorithmen, wie z.B. die Autokollimation eines Lasers. ("Veröffentlicht von der Deutschen Geodätischen Kommission Reihe C (Dissertationen) unter der Nummer C 614 (München 2008; ISBN 3 7696 5053 0; 2; 144 S.") / One goal of the thesis was the development of a method for three-dimensional positioning based on electro-optical measurement of pseudo ranges. Another goal was the development of a reflex goniometer for biaxial angle measurement. Within the scope of this thesis the basics for the instrumental realisation of both methods were developed, the accuracy potentials were determined and possible applications for the separate key technologies and their combination were deduced. In a prototype development proposals were made for the main functional elements of the spatial distance and angle measurement systems. These include the gimbal mounted etalon, the temperature stabilised laser optics and the temperature calibrated CCD of the angle measurement device (reflex goniometer), the systems for creation and detection of ultrashort laser pulses, an elastic optical device, possibilities of transversal beam shaping, the TCSPC system and the algorithms which are necessary for analysis and calibration, e.g. the autocollimation of a laser.

Flooding is a worldwide problem that every year causes substantial damage for the environment and stakeholders nearby, and this impact relates to several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Colombia is specially prone to flooding as 17% of its surface area is at risk of extreme flooding. In addition, there is something called a POT (plan de ordenamiento territorial) for every municipality in Colombia, which states how the territory should be managed. For this project the rivers were of particular interest, and the POT states that no temporary or permanent constructions are allowed within 30 meters on either side of a river. The purpose of this report was to investigate and analyze the possibilities of using UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) -based photogrammetry and UAV-based LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology to gather sufficient data for a model that could simulate different flooding scenarios in the examined area. Data from the UAV-based photogrammetry resulted in a complete visual overview of the examined area. The data gathered from the UAV-based light detection and ranging resulted in an accurate point cloud that could be processed into a DTM (digital terrain model) where three different flooding scenarios were simulated. The simulations and the visual model showed that majority of people in theexamined area were disobeying the POT and the 30 meter rule, therefore being in risk of flooding and impacting the natural diversity of the body of water. The simulation also showed that stakeholders close to the body of water were affected for each of the three different water level scenarios. In some cases, it was only vegetation and crops that got affected by the flooding scenario, while in other cases entire structures and buildings were damaged due to the increase of water level. To complement the flooding scenarios, interviews were conducted with people that have good knowledge of the area and of ecology, resulting in a stakeholder analysis. This provided an additional depth to the analysis and showed the complexity in the management of flooding in the area.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los humedales son uno de los ecosistemas que reciben mayor atención por parte de la comunidad científica. Su importancia se puede explicar teniendo en cuenta que ayudan a mitigar los efectos de inundaciones, pueden actuar como filtros de agua y constituyen hábitats de valiosas especies de fauna y flora. En los últimos años este tipo de ambientes están cada vez más amenazados como consecuencia de la contaminación, alteraciones de los niveles de agua asociadas a los efectos del cambio climático y usos antrópicos, introducción de especies invasoras y los efectos negativos de algunos cambios de usos del suelo y determinadas prácticas asociados a ellos (agrícolas, pastoreo y urbanización). Para analizar estos ecosistemas, la teledetección se presenta como una herramienta con alto potencial que permite identificar, evaluar y monitorizar estos espacios. En esta tesis se utilizaron imágenes Sentinel-2A/B, Landsat-5 TM y Landsat-8 OLI para extraer láminas de agua libre en dos entornos: humedales mediterráneos costeros (Prat Cabanes-Torreblanca, Marjal de Sagunto, Marjal de La Safor y Marjal Pego-Oliva) y el humedal de llanura aluvial situado en el centro de España las Tablas de Daimiel. Para ello, se realizó un análisis de siete índices de agua (NDWI, mNDWI, Cedex, Re-NDWI, Awei(sh), AWEI (nsh) y B_Blue) y de umbrales para obtener la cartografía de las masas de agua libre en estos espacios. El objetivo principal es definir el índice y el umbral que permitan un uso más amplio de la metodología para su aplicación en otras zonas húmedas. También se utilizó información LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) en el humedal de La Safor para analizar los efectos de la superficie inundada en diferentes usos del suelo. La evaluación de los resultados se realizó a partir de la validación con un conjunto de muestras obtenidas a partir de imágenes de elevada resolución espacial. Se calcularon la fiabilidad global y el índice kappa en los humedales analizados para distintas fechas y sensores. En el caso de los humedales costeros, el índice de agua NDWI con un umbral de ¿0,30 proporcionó los resultados con mayor precisión obteniendo un valor promedio de 0,89 en fiabilidad global. En el caso del humedal de las Tablas de Daimiel, se seleccionaron el índice MNDWI y umbral ¿0,15 para imágenes Landsat-5 (fiabilidad global 0,88), el índice MNDWI y umbral ¿0,25 para imágenes Landsat-8 (fiabilidad global 0,99) y el índice NDWI y umbral ¿0,20 (fiabilidad global 0,99) en el caso de imágenes Sentinel-2A/B. En el humedal de las Tablas de Daimiel se realizó un análisis temporal desde el año 2000 al 2021 que permitió calcular las anomalías de la superficie de agua, de la precipitación, del nivel piezométrico y del caudal hidrológico. Esta reconstrucción temporal también permitió comparar los resultados derivados a partir de las imágenes Sentinel-2A/B y de las imágenes Landsat 8. Se realizó un análisis de correlación entre los índices de anomalías calculados, que revela una correlación no significativa entre las anomalías precipitación y de superficie de agua. Mientras que el índice de anomalías de superficie de agua si presentó una correlación estadísticamente significativa con los índices de anomalía de caudal y de niveles piezométricos. En cuanto al análisis comparativo entre las imágenes Landsat-8 y Sentinel-2 se obtuvo una relación lineal entre la superficie de agua estimada por ambos sensores con un valor de R2 = 0,87. No obstante, la mayor resolución espacial de Sentinel-2 permite detectar masas de agua más pequeñas contribuyendo a un mejor análisis de los patrones de variabilidad en el área de estudio. La información derivada de esta tesis presenta una aplicabilidad de interés medioambiental para el seguimiento del estado de los humedales ayudando a adaptar planes de gestión que conduzcan a un estado de conservación adecuado. / [CA] Els aiguamolls són un dels ecosistemes que reben major atenció per part de la comunitat científica. La seua importància es pot explicar tenint en compte que ajuden a mitigar els efectes d'inundacions, poden actuar com a filtres d'aigua i constitueixen hàbitats de valuoses espècies de fauna i flora. En els últims anys aquest tipus d'ambients estan cada vegada més amenaçats a conseqüència de la contaminació, alteracions dels nivells d'aigua associades a l'efecte del canvi climàtic i usos antròpics, introducció d'espècies invasores i els efectes negatius d'alguns canvis d'usos del sòl i determinades pràctiques associades a ells (agrícoles, pasturatge i urbanització). Per a analitzar aquests ecosistemes, la teledetecció es presenta com una eina amb alt potencial que permet identificar, avaluar i monitorar aquests espais. En aquesta tesi es van utilitzar imatges Sentinel-2A/B, Landsat-5 TM i Landsat-8 OLI per a extraure làmines d'aigua lliure en dos entorns: aiguamolls mediterranis costaners (Prat Cabanes-Torreblanca, Marjal de Sagunt, Marjal de La Safor i Marjal Pego-Oliva) i l'aiguamoll de plana al·luvial situat en el centre d'Espanya les Taules de Daimiel. Per a això, es va realitzar una anàlisi de set índexs d'aigua (NDWI, mNDWI, Cedex, Re-NDWI, Awei (sh), AWEI (nsh) i B_Blue) i de llindars per a obtindre la cartografia de les masses d'aigua lliure en aquests espais. L'objectiu principal és definir l'índex i el llindar que permeten un ús més ampli de la metodologia per a la seua aplicació en altres zones humides. També es va utilitzar informació LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) en l'aiguamoll de La Safor per a analitzar els efectes de la superfície inundada en diferents usos del sòl. L'avaluació dels resultats es va realitzar a partir de la validació amb un conjunt de mostres obtingudes a partir d'imatges d'elevada resolució espacial. Es van calcular la fiabilitat global i l'índex kappa en els aiguamolls analitzats per a diferents dates i sensors. En el cas dels aiguamolls costaners, l'índex d'aigua NDWI amb un llindar de ¿0,30 va proporcionar els resultats amb major precisió obtenint un valor mitjà de 0,89 en fiabilitat global. En el cas de l'aiguamoll de les Taules de Daimiel, es van seleccionar l'índex MNDWI i llindar ¿0,15 per a imatges Landsat-5 (fiabilitat global 0,88), l'índex MNDWI i llindar ¿0,25 per a imatges Landsat-8 (fiabilitat global 0,99) i l'índex NDWI i llindar ¿0,20 (fiabilitat global 0,99) en el cas d'imatges Sentinel-2A/B. En l'aiguamoll de les Taules de Daimiel es va realitzar una anàlisi temporal des de l'any 2000 al 2021 que va permetre calcular les anomalies de la superfície d'aigua, de la precipitació, del nivell piezomètric i del cabal hidrològic. Aquesta reconstrucció temporal també va permetre comparar els resultats derivats a partir de les imatges Sentinel-2A/B i de les imatges Landsat 8. Es va realitzar una anàlisi de correlació entre els índexs d'anomalies calculats, que revela una correlació no significativa entre les anomalies precipitació i de superfície d'aigua. Mentre que l'índex d'anomalies de superfície d'aigua si va presentar una correlació estadísticament significativa amb els índexs d'anomalia de cabal i de nivells piezomètrics. Quant a l'anàlisi comparativa entre les imatges Landsat-8 i Sentinel-2 es va obtindre una relació lineal entre la superfície d'aigua estimada per tots dos sensors amb un valor de R2 = 0,87. No obstant això, la major resolució espacial de Sentinel-2 permet detectar masses d'aigua de menor grandària contribuint a una millor anàlisi dels patrons de variabilitat en l'àrea d'estudi. La informació derivada d'aquesta tesi presenta una aplicabilitat d'interés mediambiental per al seguiment de l'estat dels aiguamolls ajudant a adaptar plans de gestió que condueixen a un estat de conservació adequat. / [EN] Wetlands are one of the ecosystems that receive the most attention from the scientific community. Their importance can be explained by the fact that they help mitigate the effects of flooding, can act as water filters, and provide habitats for valuable species of fauna and flora. In recent years, these types of environments are increasingly threatened as a result of pollution, alterations in water levels associated with the effects of climate change and anthropic uses, the introduction of invasive species and the negative effects of some changes in land use and certain practices associated with them (agriculture, grazing and urbanization). To analyze these ecosystems, remote sensing is presented as a tool with high potential to identify, evaluate and monitor these areas. In this thesis, Sentinel-2A/B, Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images were used to extract free water bodies in two environments: coastal Mediterranean wetlands (Prat Cabanes-Torreblanca, Marjal de Sagunto, Marjal de La Safor and Marjal Pego-Oliva) and the alluvial plain wetland located in the center of Spain, the Tablas de Daimiel. For this purpose, an analysis of seven water indices (NDWI, mNDWI, Cedex, Re-NDWI, Awei (sh), AWEI (nsh) and B_Blue) and thresholds were carried out to obtain the mapping of free water bodies in these areas. The main objective is to define the index and threshold that allow a wider use of the methodology for its application in other wetlands. LiDAR (Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging) information was also used in La Safor wetland to analyze the effects of the flooded surface on different land uses. The evaluation of the results was carried out based on the validation with a set of samples obtained from high spatial resolution images. The overall accuracy and the kappa index were calculated for the wetlands analyzed for different dates and sensors. In the case of the coastal wetlands, the NDWI water index with a threshold of ¿0.30 provided the most accurate results with an average value of 0.89 in global accuracy. In the case of Las Tablas de Daimiel wetland, the MNDWI index and threshold ¿0.15 were selected for Landsat-5 images (overall accuracy 0.88), the MNDWI index and threshold ¿0.25 for Landsat-8 images (overall accuracy 0.99) and the NDWI index and threshold ¿0.20 (overall accuracy 0.99) in the case of Sentinel-2A/B images. In Las Tablas de Daimiel wetland, a temporal analysis was carried out from 2000 to 2021 to calculate the anomalies of the water surface, precipitation, piezometric level and hydrological flow. This temporal reconstruction also made it possible to compare the results derived from Sentinel-2A/B images and Landsat 8 images. A correlation analysis was performed between the calculated anomaly indices, which revealed a non-significant correlation between the precipitation and water surface anomalies. However, the water surface anomaly index did show a statistically significant correlation with the flow anomaly and piezometric level indexes. As for the comparative analysis between Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 images, a linear relationship was obtained between the water surface estimated by both sensors with a value of R2 = 0.87. However, the higher spatial resolution of Sentinel-2 allows the detection of smaller water masses contributing to a better analysis of the variability patterns in the study area. The information derived from this thesis presents an application of environmental interest for monitoring the state of wetlands helping to adapt management plans that lead to an adequate conservation status. / Pena Regueiro, J. (2023). Monitorización de cambios en la lámina libre de agua en humedales mediante teledetección [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196109 / Compendio

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

This study explores the utilisation of spatial technologies as a tool to analyse and combat crime. The study deals specifically with remote sensing and its potential for being integrated with geographical information systems (GIS). The integrated spatial approach resulted in the understanding of land use class behaviour over time and its relationship to specific crime incidents per police precinct area. The incorporation of spatial technologies to test criminological theories in practice, such as the ecological theories of criminology, provides the science with strategic value. It proves the value of combining multi-disciplinary scientific fields to create a more advanced platform to understand land use behaviour and its relationship to crime. Crime in South Africa is a serious concern and it impacts negatively on so many lives. The fear of crime, the loss of life, the socio-economic impact of crime, etc. create the impression that the battle against crime has been lost. The limited knowledge base within the law enforcement agencies, limited logistical resources and low retention rate of critical staff all contribute to making the reduction of crime more difficult to achieve. A practical procedure of using remote sensing technology integrated with geographical information systems (GIS), overlaid with geo-coded crime data to provide a spatial technological basis to analyse and combat crime, is illustrated by a practical study of the Tshwane municipality area. The methodology applied in this study required multi-skilled resources incorporating GIS and the understanding of crime to integrate the diverse scientific fields into a consolidated process that can contribute to the combating of crime in general. The existence of informal settlement areas in South Africa stresses the socio-economic problems that need to be addressed as there is a clear correlation of land use data with serious crime incidents in these areas. The fact that no formal cadastre exists for these areas, combined with a great diversity in densification and growth of the periphery, makes analysis very difficult without remote sensing imagery. Revisits over time to assess changes in these areas in order to adapt policing strategies will create an improved information layer for responding to crime. Final computerised maps generated from remote sensing and GIS layers are not the only information that can be used to prevent and combat crime. An important recipe for ultimately successfully managing and controlling crime in South Africa is to strategically combine training of the law enforcement agencies in the use of spatial information with police science. The researcher concludes with the hope that this study will contribute to the improved utilisation of spatial technology to analyse and combat crime in South Africa. The ultimate vision is the expansion of the science of criminology by adding an advanced spatial technology module to its curriculum. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)