Dans les examens médicaux et les actes de thérapie, les techniques minimalement invasives sont de plus en plus utilisées. Des instruments comme des aiguilles de biopsie, ou des électrodes sont utilisés pour extraire des échantillons de cellules ou pour effectuer des traitements. Afin de réduire les traumatismes et de faciliter le suivi visuelle de ces interventions, des systèmes d’assistance par imagerie médicale, comme par exemple, par l’échographie 2D, sont utilisés dans la procédure chirurgicale. Nous proposons d’utiliser l’échographie 3D pour faciliter la visualisation de l’aiguille, mais en raison de l’aspect bruité de l’image ultrasonore (US) et la grande quantité de données d’un volume 3D, il est difficile de trouver l’aiguille de biopsie avec précision et de suivre sa position en temps réel. Afin de résoudre les deux principaux problèmes ci-dessus, nous avons proposé une méthode basée sur un algorithme RANSAC et un filtre de Kalman. De même l’étude est limitée à une région d’intérêt (ROI) pour obtenir une localisation robuste et le suivi de la position de l’aiguille de biopsie en temps réel. La méthode ROI-RK se compose de deux étapes: l’étape d’initialisation et l’étape de suivi. Dans la première étape, une stratégie d’initialisation d’une ROI en utilisant le filtrage de ligne à base de matrice de Hesse est mise en œuvre. Cette étape permet de réduire efficacement le bruit de granularité du volume US, et de renforcer les structures linéaires telles que des aiguilles de biopsie. Dans la deuxième étape, après l’initialisation de la ROI, un cycle de suivi commence. L’algorithme RK localise et suit l’aiguille de biopsie dans une situation dynamique. L’algorithme RANSAC est utilisé pour estimer la position des micro-outils et le filtrage de Kalman permet de mettre à jour la région d’intérêt et de corriger la localisation de l’aiguille. Une stratégie d’estimation de mouvement est également appliquée pour estimer la vitesse d’insertion de l’aiguille de biopsie. Des volumes 3D US avec un fond inhomogène ont été simulés pour vérifier les performances de la méthode ROI-RK. La méthode a été testée dans des conditions variables, telles que l’orientation d’insertion de l’aiguille par rapport à l’axe de la sonde et le niveau de contraste (CR). La précision de la localisation est de moins de 1 mm, quelle que soit la direction d’insertion de l’aiguille. Ce n’est que lorsque le CR est très faible que la méthode proposée peut échouer dans le suivi d’une structure incomplète de l’aiguille. Une autre méthode, utilisant l’algorithme RANSAC avec apprentissage automatique a été proposée. Cette méthode vise à classer les voxels en se basant non seulement sur l’intensité, mais aussi sur les caractéristiques de la structure de l’aiguille de biopsie. Les résultats des simulations montrent que l’algorithme RANSAC avec apprentissage automatique peut séparer les voxels de l’aiguille et les voxels de tissu de fond avec un CR faible. / In medical examinations and surgeries, minimally invasive technologies are getting used more and more often. Some specially designed surgical instruments, like biopsy needles, or electrodes are operated by radiologists or robotic systems and inserted in human’s body for extracting cell samples or delivering radiation therapy. To reduce the risk of tissue injury and facilitate the visual tracking, some medical vision assistance systems, as for example, ultrasound (US) systems can be used during the surgical procedure. We have proposed to use the 3D US to facilitate the visualization of the biopsy needle, however, due to the strong speckle noise of US images and the large calculation load involved as soon as 3D data are involved, it is a challenge to locate the biopsy needle accurately and to track its position in real time in 3D US. In order to solve the two main problems above, we propose a method based on the RANSAC algorithm and Kalman filter. In this method, a region of interest (ROI) has been limited to robustly localize and track the position of the biopsy needle in real time. The ROI-RK method consists of two steps: the initialization step and the tracking step. In the first step, a ROI initialization strategy using Hessian based line filter measurement is implemented. This step can efficiently reduce the speckle noise of the ultrasound volume, and enhance line-like structures as biopsy needles. In the second step, after the ROI is initialized, a tracking loop begins. The RK algorithm can robustly localize and track the biopsy needles in a dynamic situation. The RANSAC algorithm is used to estimate the position of the micro-tools and the Kalman filter helps to update the ROI and auto-correct the needle localization result. Because the ROI-RK method is involved in a dynamic situation, a motion estimation strategy is also implemented to estimate the insertion speed of the biopsy needle. 3D US volumes with inhomogeneous background have been simulated to evaluate the performance of the ROI-RK method. The method has been tested under different conditions, such as insertion orientations angles, and contrast ratio (CR). The localization accuracy is within 1 mm no matter what the insertion direction is. Only when the CR is very low, the proposed method could fail to track because of an incomplete ultrasound imaging of the needle. Another methodology, i.e. RANSAC with machine learning (ML) algorithm has been presented. This method aims at classifying the voxels not only depending on their intensities, but also using some structure features of the biopsy needle. The simulation results show that the RANSAC with ML algorithm can separate the needle voxels and background tissue voxels with low CR.

<p>Many different approaches have been taken towards solving the stereo correspondence problem and great progress has been made within the field during the last decade. This is mainly thanks to newly evolved global optimization techniques and better ways to compute pixel dissimilarity between views. The most successful algorithms are based on approaches that explicitly model smoothness assumptions made about the physical world, with image segmentation and plane fitting being two frequently used techniques.</p><p>Within the project, a survey of state of the art stereo algorithms was conducted and the theory behind them is explained. Techniques found interesting were implemented for experimental trials and an algorithm aiming to achieve state of the art performance was implemented and evaluated. For several cases, state of the art performance was reached.</p><p>To keep down the computational complexity, an algorithm relying on local winner-take-all optimization, image segmentation and plane fitting was compared against minimizing a global energy function formulated on pixel level. Experiments show that the local approach in several cases can match the global approach, but that problems sometimes arise – especially when large areas that lack texture are present. Such problematic areas are better handled by the explicit modeling of smoothness in global energy minimization.</p><p>Lastly, disparity estimation for image sequences was explored and some ideas on how to use temporal information were implemented and tried. The ideas mainly relied on motion detection to determine parts that are static in a sequence of frames. Stereo correspondence for sequences is a rather new research field, and there is still a lot of work to be made.</p>

This thesis focuses on robotic 3D vision for application in Bin Picking. The new method based on Conformal Geometric Algebra (CGA) is proposed and tested for identification of spheres in Pointclouds created with 3D scanner. The speed, precision and scalability of this method is compared to traditional descriptors based method. It is proved that CGA maintains the same precision as the traditional method in much shorter time. The CGA based approach seems promising for the use in the future of robotic 3D vision for identification and localization of spheres.

The aim of this thesis is to create a mobile application for Android, which allows users to create high-quality photos of planar objects. User can create multiple photographs of a selected planar object. These photographs are then aligned and combined into one final image. Various shortcomings that can be present in the photographs are filtered.

This thesis deals with issues automatic composing panoramic photos from individual photos. Gradually examines the various steps of algorithms and methods used in them, which are used in creating panoramas. It also focuses on the design of the own system based on methods discussed to construct panoramas. This system is implemented using OpenCV library and it is created also a graphical interface using a Qt library. Finally, are in this thesis evaluated outcomes of this designed and implemented system on available datasets.

This work deals with the orientation of the camera in real-time with a single camera. Offline methods are described and used as a reference for comparison of a real-time metods. Metods work in real-time Monocular SLAM and PTAM methods are there described and compared. Further, paper shows hints of advanced methods whereas future work is possible.

This document discusses a solution for tooth classification on 3D jaw polygonal model. Sequentially, I describe techniques for representation and browsing of polygonal model saved in computer memory, techniques for dental curve detection and finally, creation of surface representing approximated tooth plane. After it, I analyze possibilities of height map creation from jaw model which helps in tooth classification in the scope of entire dental curve context and, as a last step, final detection of these teeth in two dimensions. In the same time, I discuss 3D polygonal model segmentation for border extraction, which separates teeth from the rest of the model. In the end of proposed algorithm, I join these two runs into one final detection and classification process of separate teeth, so presented application can automatically indentify and classify teeth to corresponding names and positions with a minimum user interaction. In a second half of this document, I describe implemented solution. According to primary goal, I propose these techniques forcefully to multiplatform approach and maximal user comfort.

The thesis introduces methods used for an ellipse detection. Each method is theoretically described in current subsection. The description includes methods like Hough transform, Random Hough transform, RANSAC, Genetic Algorithm and improvements with optimalization. Further there are described modifications of current procedures in the thesis to reach better results. Next to the last chapter represents testing parameters of speed, quality and accuracy of implemented algorithms. There is a conclusion of testing and a result discussion at the end.

Video acquired using a camera mounted on a mini Unmanned Air Vehicle (mUAV) may be very helpful in Wilderness Search and Rescue and many other applications but is commonly plagued with limited spatial and temporal field of views, distractive jittery motions, disorienting rotations, and noisy and distorted images. These problems collectively make it very difficult for human viewers to identify objects of interest as well as infer correct orientations throughout the video. In order to expand the temporal and spatial field of view, stabilize, and better orient users of noisy and distorted mUAV video, a method is proposed of estimating in software and in real time the relative motions of each frame to the next by tracking a small subset of features within each frame to the next. Using these relative motions, a local Euclidean mosaic of the video can be created and a curve can be fit to the video's accumulative motion path to stabilize the presentations of both the video and the local Euclidean mosaic. The increase in users' abilities to perform common search-and-rescue tasks of identifying objects of interest throughout the stabilized and locally mosaiced mUAV video is then evaluated. Finally, a discussion of remaining limitations is presented along with some possibilities for future work.

This thesis presents the novel use of Coherent Point Drift in improving the robustness of a number of computer vision applications. CPD approach includes two methods for registering two images - rigid and non-rigid point set approaches which are based on the transformation model used. The key characteristic of a rigid transformation is that the distance between points is preserved, which means it can be used in the presence of translation, rotation, and scaling. Non-rigid transformations - or affine transforms - provide the opportunity of registering under non-uniform scaling and skew. The idea is to move one point set coherently to align with the second point set. The CPD method finds both the non-rigid transformation and the correspondence distance between two point sets at the same time without having to use a-priori declaration of the transformation model used. The first part of this thesis is focused on speaker identification in video conferencing. A real-time, audio-coupled video based approach is presented, which focuses more on the video analysis side, rather than the audio analysis that is known to be prone to errors. CPD is effectively utilised for lip movement detection and a temporal face detection approach is used to minimise false positives if face detection algorithm fails to perform. The second part of the thesis is focused on multi-exposure and multi-focus image fusion with compensation for camera shake. Scale Invariant Feature Transforms (SIFT) are first used to detect keypoints in images being fused. Subsequently this point set is reduced to remove outliers, using RANSAC (RANdom Sample Consensus) and finally the point sets are registered using CPD with non-rigid transformations. The registered images are then fused with a Contourlet based image fusion algorithm that makes use of a novel alpha blending and filtering technique to minimise artefacts. The thesis evaluates the performance of the algorithm in comparison to a number of state-of-the-art approaches, including the key commercial products available in the market at present, showing significantly improved subjective quality in the fused images. The final part of the thesis presents a novel approach to Vehicle Make & Model Recognition in CCTV video footage. CPD is used to effectively remove skew of vehicles detected as CCTV cameras are not specifically configured for the VMMR task and may capture vehicles at different approaching angles. A LESH (Local Energy Shape Histogram) feature based approach is used for vehicle make and model recognition with the novelty that temporal processing is used to improve reliability. A number of further algorithms are used to maximise the reliability of the final outcome. Experimental results are provided to prove that the proposed system demonstrates an accuracy in excess of 95% when tested on real CCTV footage with no prior camera calibration.