The companies ought to care about OEE because it is a measure that shows the effect of the performance and quality related losses on the system or equipment. In order to improve OEE, they focus on defining the losses under each OEE elements and try to eliminate these losses.This study aims to enhance raw material inventory management in order to eliminateinventory management related losses and improve OEE.  Lack of raw material and improperstorage of raw material are main problems related to inventory management. A model isdeveloped and tested in order to prevent these problems and eliminate these losses.Performance rate can be improved by preventing idle time due to lack of raw material, andquality rate can be improved by standardization and improving raw material storageprocedure. In the result of model testing, it is shown that raw material inventory managementhas an effect on OEE and OEE can be improved by enhancing raw material inventorymanagement.

This thesis is a critical reconsideration of the relationship of architectural production with its unique mode of representation: &ldquo / photography.&rdquo / Photography has been interpreted essentially as a technique and a visual medium to document architecture in general. The &ldquo / photograph,&rdquo / in this sense, is regarded as a representational form of documentation and an artistic and material expression of architecture. Besides this conventional value, this study argues that photography not only provides a new medium for the reinterpretation of architectural space, but also a new material and technique for architectural production. In this respect, this study discusses photography as an emerging tool for architecture in which the photograph is conceived as a raw material. As in the manufacturing of a raw material in an industrial process, the main argument of this study is that as long as a photograph is processed with required components, it contributes to architectural production in a comparable manner. Even it has the potential to produce architectural space in its own right. To understand the nature of this architectural space supported by a variety of physical and non-physical characteristics of photography, this study compares two different ways of architectural production with the aid of photographs. Starting with the assumption that there is a radical change in the conception of photography in architecture from an immaterial quality to material essence, this study argues that the photograph is a raw material that can be used to authenticate architectural space from the initial idea to the built object. Therefore, drawing attention to the changed value of photography for architecture over time, the aim of this study is to establish a critical framework to understand and discuss this contemporary function of photography in architecture.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine von der Sächsischen Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft (KOLBE 2006) entwickelte standortangepasste Methode zur Humusbilanzierung an sächsischen Dauertestflächen getestet. Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Anwendbarkeit der Methode in einem relativ großen, standörtlich stark differenzierten Gebiet wie Sachsen zu beurteilen und die Ergebnisse den Bilanzergebnissen anderer Humusbilanzmethoden (VDLUFA-Methode und REPRO) gegenüberzustellen und sie zu vergleichen. Bei dem Vergleich wurden die Unterschiede zwischen konventioneller und ökologischer Landbewirtschaftung berücksichtigt. Mit den ermittelten Ergebnissen für die Humusbilanzierung konnte die mögliche Abfuhr organischer Reststoffe der Landwirtschaft von den Ackerflächen Sachsens kalkuliert werden. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden intensiv unter den Schlagworten Erhalt der Bodenfruchtbarkeit, Erweiterung der Produktionsflächen für nachwachsende Rohstoffe und Klimawandel diskutiert.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία ειδίκευσης έχει σαν κύριο στόχο τη μελέτη των φυσικών, χημικών και ορυκτολογικών ιδιοτήτων του περλίτη που απαντάται στη νήσο Μήλο, υπό το πρίσμα των τεράστιων δυνατοτήτων εφαρμογής που παρουσιάζει στην πληθώρα των χρήσεών του. / -

Understanding the environmental implications of consumption and production depends on appropriate monitoring tools. Material flow accounting (MFA) is a method to monitor natural resource use by countries and has been widely used in research and policy. However, the increasing globalization requires the consideration of "embodied" material use of traded products. The indicator raw material consumption (RMC) represents the material use - no matter where in the world it occurs - associated with domestic final demand. It provides a consumption-based perspective complementary to the MFA indicators that have a territorial focus. Several studies on RMC have been presented recently but with diverging results; hence, a better understanding of the underlying differences is needed. This article presents a comparison of Austrian RMC for the year 2007 calculated by six different approaches (3 multi-regional input-output (MRIO) and 3 hybrid life-cycle analysis-IO approaches). Five approaches result in an RMC higher than the domestic material consumption (DMC). One hybrid LCA-IO approach calculates RMC to be lower than DMC. For specific material categories, results diverge by 50% or more. Due to the policy relevance of the RMC and DMC indicators it is paramount that their robustness is enhanced, which needs both data and method harmonization.

Circulation and Transformation of Raw Materials: The Case of the Paijanense in the Chicama Valley (11.000-7000 BP)The paper presents a study of the more relevant raw materials that were used during the Paijanense in order to manufacture their bifacial and unifacial implements in the Chicama valley. The location of the principal sources of raw materials in relationship to the settlements is discussed, as well as their extraction, circulation and transformation according to the quality of the various types of rock. / El presente trabajo es un estudio de las principales materias primas utilizadas durante el Paijanense para la elaboración de los implementos bifaciales y unifaciales en el valle de Chicama. Se discute la localización de las principales fuentes de materias primas en relación al asentamiento, así como la extracción, circulación y transformación de las mismas en función a la calidad de los diversos tipos de minerales.

A indústria de pedras preciosas de Soledade/RS e região gera em seus processos de beneficiamento grande quantidade de rejeitos gemológicos, que acabam sendo depositados nos pátios das empresas, podendo causar danos ao meio ambiente. A gema de maior volume de beneficiamento na região é a ágata. Este trabalho propõe uma técnica para efetuar a reutilização de rejeitos oriundos do beneficiamento da ágata e transformá-los em matériaprima para a fabricação de objetos via impressão tridimensional a jato de tinta (3DP). Através da utilização de metodologia adequada para moagem e classificação dos rejeitos, foi possível obter pó com granulometria adequada ao processo. Foram efetuadas duas formulações de matéria-prima, utilizando o método de aglutinação orgânico, com material de ligação misturado ao pó e líquido de deposição reologicamente simples. Foram efetuados testes de bancada para interação entre o pó e o aglutinante, testes em equipamento de prototipagem rápida e confecção de corpos de prova, que mais tarde foram submetidos a medição e ensaios de resistência mecânica à flexão a 4 pontos. Das análises efetuadas, a primeira formulação não foi considerada satisfatória, pois teve grandes deformações durante a construção e manipulação e pós-tratamento. Já a segunda formulação alcançou a mesma resistência mecânica do material disponibilizado pelo fabricante, com coerência nas formas geométricas e desvios dimensionais reduzidos. Com a utilização desta nova matéria-prima, estima-se que o custo final de fabricação das peças seja reduzido em até 70%, viabilizando a utilização do processo por empresas de micro e pequeno porte. / The gem processing industries of Soledade/RS and region generate a large amount of waste which is eventually deposited in the companies’ grounds and may damage the environment. The gem with largest volume of processing in the region is the agate. This work is a review of the reuse of wastes of agate as raw materials for inkjet three-dimensional printing (3DP). Through the use of appropriate methodology for grinding and classification of waste it was possible to obtain powder with a particle size indicated to the process. Two formulations of raw material were made, using the organic binding method with the binder material mixed into the powder and using the deposition simple rheological liquid. Bench tests were performed for powder binder interaction, and equipment was used for produce of test specimens which were later subjected to measurement and testing of mechanical strength. Based on the analysis the first formulation was not considered acceptable as it had large deformations during construction, manipulation and post-treatment. The second formulation reached the same mechanical strength of the manufacturer material with consistency in geometric shapes and dimensional deviation. Using this new raw material the estimated final cost of parts manufacturing is reduced by 70% making the use of the process available to micro and small businesses.

O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da cinza leve do carvão mineral da região de Criciúma (SC) para a sua utilização como fonte de matéria-prima na fabricação de placas cerâmicas para revestimento. Na cinza foram realizadas as seguintes análises: química, mineralógica, granulométrica, de área superficial específica e dilatométrica. Partindo destes resultados, foram definidas formulações do material em estudo com matérias-primas tradicionais. As formulações foram otimizadas com o desígnio de atender quesitos técnicos que viabilizassem o seu processamento e a obtenção de propriedades tecnológicas dos produtos cerâmicos após queima. Com teores de cinza variando entre 20 e 80% em peso, as formulações foram conformadas por prensagem uniaxial simples, secadas e queimadas a 11500C. Todas as formulações contendo até 60% em peso de cinza apresentaram atributos suficientes para o seu processamento e atingiram propriedades tecnológicas para serem aplicadas na fabricação de placas cerâmicas para revestimento, atendendo a norma NBR 13818 (ABNT, 1997) nos diversos grupos de absorção (prensado). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a cinza de carvão mineral incorporada à matériasprimas tradicionais para a obtenção de massas cerâmicas apresenta grande potencial em uma utilização como matéria-prima de placas cerâmicas para revestimento. / The objective of this work is the study of the fly ash of the mineral coa/ from the region of Criciúma (SC) for its use as raw material source in the manufacture of ceramic files. Fly ash was analyzed by the following tests: chemical, mineralogical, grain size distribution, specific superficial area and dilatometric. In according with these results were defined batches containing the f/y ash and traditional raw materiais. The batches had been optimized with the design to suit technical queries feasibly their processing and obtaining technological properties of the ceramic products after it burned. With fly ash quantity varying between 20 and 80% in weight, the batches had been conformed by uniaxial pressing, drying and they were burned at 1150°C. AI/ the batches containing up to 60% in weight of fly ash had presented enough attributes for their processing and they had reached technological properties for use in the manufacture of ceramic files, in according of standard N8R 13818 (A8NT, 1997) from groups of absorption (pressed) 8/b, 811a, 81/b and 8111. The results indicate that the incorporated fly ash added on the batches have great potential for use as raw material on cera mie files.

O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da cinza leve do carvão mineral da região de Criciúma (SC) para a sua utilização como fonte de matéria-prima na fabricação de placas cerâmicas para revestimento. Na cinza foram realizadas as seguintes análises: química, mineralógica, granulométrica, de área superficial específica e dilatométrica. Partindo destes resultados, foram definidas formulações do material em estudo com matérias-primas tradicionais. As formulações foram otimizadas com o desígnio de atender quesitos técnicos que viabilizassem o seu processamento e a obtenção de propriedades tecnológicas dos produtos cerâmicos após queima. Com teores de cinza variando entre 20 e 80% em peso, as formulações foram conformadas por prensagem uniaxial simples, secadas e queimadas a 11500C. Todas as formulações contendo até 60% em peso de cinza apresentaram atributos suficientes para o seu processamento e atingiram propriedades tecnológicas para serem aplicadas na fabricação de placas cerâmicas para revestimento, atendendo a norma NBR 13818 (ABNT, 1997) nos diversos grupos de absorção (prensado). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a cinza de carvão mineral incorporada à matériasprimas tradicionais para a obtenção de massas cerâmicas apresenta grande potencial em uma utilização como matéria-prima de placas cerâmicas para revestimento. / The objective of this work is the study of the fly ash of the mineral coa/ from the region of Criciúma (SC) for its use as raw material source in the manufacture of ceramic files. Fly ash was analyzed by the following tests: chemical, mineralogical, grain size distribution, specific superficial area and dilatometric. In according with these results were defined batches containing the f/y ash and traditional raw materiais. The batches had been optimized with the design to suit technical queries feasibly their processing and obtaining technological properties of the ceramic products after it burned. With fly ash quantity varying between 20 and 80% in weight, the batches had been conformed by uniaxial pressing, drying and they were burned at 1150°C. AI/ the batches containing up to 60% in weight of fly ash had presented enough attributes for their processing and they had reached technological properties for use in the manufacture of ceramic files, in according of standard N8R 13818 (A8NT, 1997) from groups of absorption (pressed) 8/b, 811a, 81/b and 8111. The results indicate that the incorporated fly ash added on the batches have great potential for use as raw material on cera mie files.

A indústria de pedras preciosas de Soledade/RS e região gera em seus processos de beneficiamento grande quantidade de rejeitos gemológicos, que acabam sendo depositados nos pátios das empresas, podendo causar danos ao meio ambiente. A gema de maior volume de beneficiamento na região é a ágata. Este trabalho propõe uma técnica para efetuar a reutilização de rejeitos oriundos do beneficiamento da ágata e transformá-los em matériaprima para a fabricação de objetos via impressão tridimensional a jato de tinta (3DP). Através da utilização de metodologia adequada para moagem e classificação dos rejeitos, foi possível obter pó com granulometria adequada ao processo. Foram efetuadas duas formulações de matéria-prima, utilizando o método de aglutinação orgânico, com material de ligação misturado ao pó e líquido de deposição reologicamente simples. Foram efetuados testes de bancada para interação entre o pó e o aglutinante, testes em equipamento de prototipagem rápida e confecção de corpos de prova, que mais tarde foram submetidos a medição e ensaios de resistência mecânica à flexão a 4 pontos. Das análises efetuadas, a primeira formulação não foi considerada satisfatória, pois teve grandes deformações durante a construção e manipulação e pós-tratamento. Já a segunda formulação alcançou a mesma resistência mecânica do material disponibilizado pelo fabricante, com coerência nas formas geométricas e desvios dimensionais reduzidos. Com a utilização desta nova matéria-prima, estima-se que o custo final de fabricação das peças seja reduzido em até 70%, viabilizando a utilização do processo por empresas de micro e pequeno porte. / The gem processing industries of Soledade/RS and region generate a large amount of waste which is eventually deposited in the companies’ grounds and may damage the environment. The gem with largest volume of processing in the region is the agate. This work is a review of the reuse of wastes of agate as raw materials for inkjet three-dimensional printing (3DP). Through the use of appropriate methodology for grinding and classification of waste it was possible to obtain powder with a particle size indicated to the process. Two formulations of raw material were made, using the organic binding method with the binder material mixed into the powder and using the deposition simple rheological liquid. Bench tests were performed for powder binder interaction, and equipment was used for produce of test specimens which were later subjected to measurement and testing of mechanical strength. Based on the analysis the first formulation was not considered acceptable as it had large deformations during construction, manipulation and post-treatment. The second formulation reached the same mechanical strength of the manufacturer material with consistency in geometric shapes and dimensional deviation. Using this new raw material the estimated final cost of parts manufacturing is reduced by 70% making the use of the process available to micro and small businesses.