O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade, a quantidade e a capacidade de amplificação por PCR de DNA extraído de grãos de soja e milho, seus derivados e produtos acabados contendo como ingredientes obtidos desses grãos, com vistas à detecção de resíduos de organismos geneticamente modificados em alimentos. Para a amplificação de DNA pela PCR convencional, não houve melhor adequação de um protocolo de extração. Ambos métodos, CTAB e coluna de sílica tiveram desempenho comparável para as 32 matrizes avaliadas. A técnica de PCR em tempo real se mostrou mais sensível à qualidade do DNA testado e nesse contexto, o método CTAB se mostrou mais eficiente do que o método de coluna de sílica. Independentemente do método de extração utilizado não foi possível detectar DNA em óleos de soja e milho e em alguns derivados de amido, sugerindo que a aplicabilidade da lei de rotulagem pode esbarrar num entrave técnico no caso de algumas matrizes alimentares altamente processadas. / The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality, the quantity and the amplifiability by PCR of DNA isolated from soybean and maize grains and their by-products targeting the detection of genetically modified organisms in food. PCR amplification of DNA samples isolated either from CTAB and silica-column extraction methods achieved comparable performances. Both extraction methods showed similar results for the 32 tested matrices. The DNA amplification by real time PCR appeared to be affected by the quality of the isolated DNA. In this context, the CTAB extraction method showed to be more suitable when compared to the silica-column method. No DNA was amplified from soy and maize oils, as well as from some starch by-products, regardless the DNA extraction method used. It suggests that, the labeling requirement may rely on technical issues considering some high processed foodstuffs.

A refeição de hospital é parte fundamental dos cuidados de pacientes.Uma dieta balanceada pode incentivar pacientes a comer de forma equilibrada dando-lhes os nutrientes que necessitam para se recuperarem em curto prazo de cirurgia ou doença. A irradiação gama é conhecida como o melhor método para destruir tanto os microrganismos patogênicos como os de deterioração, sem comprometer as propriedades nutricionais e a qualidade sensorial dos alimentos. Por conta disto, pode ser um método eficaz para elaboração de refeições apropriadas para pacientes imunodeprimidos. Neste trabalho, pratos prontos contendo arroz, carne grelhada e refogado de cenoura, foram submetidos a doses radapertizantes (30 kGy e 50 kGy) e armazenados a temperatura ambiente por até 90 dias. O tratamento controle permaneceu congelado pelo mesmo período. Os alimentos foram avaliados através de análises físico-química e microbiológicas por método molecular. O teor de umidade dos alimentos permaneceu inalterado por todo o período em todos os tratamentos. A irradiação provocou mudança de cor no arroz, favorecendo um tom amarelado e tornando-se ainda mais acentuado no decorrer do armazenamento. A cenoura teve a coloração caraterística vermelho-alaranjada reduzida com o tempo de armazenamento. No mesmo alimento, a irradiação reduziu o pH e o teor de carotenóides, ao passo que os compostos fenólicos decresceram durante o armazenamento. A carne grelhada conservou sua maciez, mas teve sua coloração alterada para uma tonalidade mais clara. Houve também uma pequena rancificação devido à radiação e também ao período de armazenamento. Por metodologia genônica, bactérias, com predominância dos gêneros Bacillus, Acinetobacter e Enterobacter, foram detectadas nos alimentos controle e até nos irradiados com a dose de 30 kGy. A dose de radiação segura para esterilização foi a de 50 kGy / Hospital food is an essential part of patient care. A good meal can encourage patients to eat well, giving them the nutrients they need to recover from surgery or illness. Gamma irradiation is well known to be the best method for destroying pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms without compromising the nutritional properties and sensory quality of the foods; it is also a method used for preparing foods for immunocompromised patients. In this work, ready-to-eat food containing rice, grilled meat and steamed carrot, was radappertizated with doses of 30 kGy and 50 kGy, and stored at room temperature for 90 days. The control treatment remained frozen for the same period. Analysis by physical-chemical molecular microbiological methods were used. The moisture of the foods remained unchanged through this period, in all treatments. Irradiation caused a yellowing of rice, which became more pronounced during the storage. The characteristic red-orange color of carrots was decreased during storage time. In the same food irradiation reduced the pH and content of carotenoids, while the phenolic compounds declined with the storage. Grilled meat retained its softness, but its color had/was changed to a lighter shade. There was also a small/some rancidity, due to radiation and also to the storage period. By genomic methodology, bacteria, predominantly of the genera Bacillus, Acinetobacter and Enterobacter, were detected in control and even in food irradiated with a dose of 30 kGy. The safe radiation dose for sterilization was 50 kGy.

A baixa eficiência e a dificuldade de reprodução de resultados da técnica de transferência gênica mediada por espermatozoides (TGME) têm como possível explicação à ativação de endonucleases espermáticas. Assim, a inibição desta enzima poderia evitar a fragmentação de DNA (exógeno e genômico), possibilitando assim, o uso de maiores concentrações de DNA exógeno, aumentando a eficiência e garantindo a reprodutibilidade da técnica. O ácido aurintricarboxílico (ATA) é um inibidor geral de endonucleases (HALLICK et al., 1977), inclusive das endonucleases espermáticas (MAIONE et al., 1997; MAGNANO et al., 1998). Deste modo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a inibição das endonucleases espermáticas, pelo ácido aurintricarboxílico (ATA). Para isso, três experimentos foram realizados: 1) avaliar a inibição das endonucleases espermáticas pela adição do ácido aurintricarboxílico, após incubação com DNA exógeno; 2) verificar a eficiência do ATA na inibição de fragmentação de DNA genômico e 3) detectar o aumento nos índices de internalização após o uso de ATA. Para o primeiro experimento, um ensaio de digestão plasmidial com os plasmídeos PCX-EGFP e pmGENIE3 e três concentrações de ATA (10µM, 25µM e 50µM) foram testados. As digestões dos vetores plasmidiais ocorreram pela incubação dos plasmídeos PCX-EGFP e pmGENIE3, com e sem a presença de ATA, com extratos espermáticos. As incubações ocorreram durante 1 hora à 37ºC e os produtos foram analisados por eletroforese (2 horas, 100mV) em gel de agarose 0,7%. Os resultados foram avaliados em escala de cruzes, no qual 1 foi considerado digestão total dos plasmídeos e 3, a não digestão. Os resultados foram analisados em nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças nas digestões dos dois vetores plasmidiais, sendo o pmGENIE3 mais susceptível à degradação pelo extrato espermático, demonstrando ausência de bandas em algumas replicatas (mediana=1). O PCX-EGFP apresentou inibição parcial da degradação já com 10µM de ATA. Já o pmGENIE só apresentou inibição da degradação com 25 ou 50µM de ATA. Assim a concentração utilizada nos experimentos consecutivos foi a de 50µM. Para o experimento 2, espermatozoides de camundongos da linhagem Bl-6/DBA (F1) foram incubados com duas concentrações (500 ou 1000ng) do plasmídeo PCX-EGFP, com ou sem pré-incubação com ATA. As incubações ocorreram durante 5 horas, em ar com 5% de CO2 à 37ºC. Assim, os espermatozoides foram submetidos ao teste de susceptibilidade à denaturação ácida e ao ensaio de cometa alcalino para verificar possível fragilidade da cromatina. Os dados demonstraram que o uso do ATA em espermatozoides murinos leva à fragilidade do genoma, independente de serem incubados com DNA exógeno e a concentração do mesmo. Além disso, foi possível verificar que pode existir um limiar de concentração ótima para que as endonucleases causem fragmentação do DNA cromossomal, o qual foi de 500ng. O uso de concentrações maiores, como 1000ng, pode ter agido como fator protetor ao DNA genômico, podendo este DNA exógeno ter sido o alvo primário das endonucleases, já que quando as amostras foram incubadas com essa concentração de plasmídeo, não houve altos índices de fragmentação no DNA endógeno. No experimento 3, espermatozoides de camundongos foram incubados com 500 ou 1000ng de PCX-EGFP/106 células, sendo ou não pré-incubados com ATA. O DNA genômico das células espermáticas foi extraído pelo método de fenol clorofórmio, diluído para concentração de 1ng/µl e submetidos à quantificação de DNA plasmidial pela técnica de quantificação absoluta em tempo real (qPCR). Os resultados demonstraram que o ATA não melhorou a eficiência de incorporação, já que tanto na concentração de 500 quanto na de 1000ng de DNA exógeno, a porcentagem foi menor (0,001% para os dois grupos) em relação aos grupos nos quais este não foi utilizado. Os grupos em que o ATA não foi utilizado não apresentaram diferença entre si demonstrando que a quantidade de 500ng de DNA exógeno foi suficiente na internalização deste ao espermatozoide, sendo a porcentagem de incorporação maior do que 1000ng (0,20% contra 0,10%). Contudo, o uso do inibidor de endonucleases, ao invés de aumentar os índices de incorporação apresentou resultados opostos, indicando que seu uso não trouxe melhorias para a técnica de TGME. / The low efficiency and low repeatability of sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) could be due to the activation of sperm endonucleases. The inhibition of this enzyme would avoid genomic DNA fragmentation enabling the use of higher concentrations of exogenous DNA, increasing the efficiency and ensuring the reproducibility of this technique. Aurintricarboxilic acid (ATA) is a general inhibitor of endonucleases (HALLICK et al., 1977), including sperm endonucleases (MAIONE et al., 1997; MAGNANO et al., 1998). This study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of sperm endonucleases using the aurintricarboxilic acid (ATA). For that, three experiments were set: 1) evaluate the inhibition of sperm endonucleases by adding aurintricarboxilic acid after incubation with exogenous DNA, 2) study the inhibition efficiency of ATA in genomic DNA fragmentation and 3) detect exogenous DNA internalization after the use of ATA. For the first experiment, a plasmid digestion assay with pmGENIE3 and PCX-EGFP and three concentrations of ATA (10µM, 25µM and 50µM) were tested. The digestion of plasmid vector occurred by incubation of PCX-EGFP and pmGENIE3 with and without the presence of ATA with sperm extracts. Incubations took place for 1 hour at 37°C and the products were analyzed by electrophoresis (2 hours, 100mV) in 0,7% agarose gel. The results were evaluated on a cross scale whereas 1 was considered a total plasmid digestion and 3 no digestion. The results were analyzed with a significance level of 5%. The results show differences in the digestion of the two plasmid vectors, being pmGENIE3 more susceptible to degradation by sperm extract, demonstrating absence of bands in some replicates (median = 1). The PCX-EGFP showed a parcial inhibition of the degradation using 10µM ATA. PmGENIE3 presented inhibiting of degradation only using 25 or 50µM of ATA. Thus, the concentration used in the consecutives experiments was 50µM. For experiment 2, sperm from Bl-6/DBA (F1) mice strain were incubated with two concentrations (500 or 1000ng) of the PCX-EGFP plasmid, with and without pre-incubation with ATA. Incubation took place for 5 hours, with 5% CO2 in air, at 37°C. Sperm samples were subjected to acid denaturation susceptibility test and alkaline comet assay to check for possible chromatin fragility. The data showed that the use of ATA in murine sperm leads to a fragility of their genome, independently of the incubation with exogenous DNA and its concentration. Result showed that there might be a threshold concentration for chromosomal DNA fragmentation caused by endonucleases, which was 500ng of plasmid. The use of higher concentrations, as 1000ng, may be a protective factor for genomic DNA integrity, since exogenous DNA seems to be the primary target of endonucleases, showed by, lower DNA fragmentation levels. In experiment 3, sperm were incubated with 500 or 1000ng PCX-EGFP/106 cells, pre-incubated or not with ATA. Genomic DNA was extracted by phenol chloroform method, diluted to concentrations of 1ng/µl and subjected to quantification of plasmid DNA insertions by absolute quantification in real-time PCR (qPCR). The results showed that ATA did not improve the efficiency of DNA internalization, whereas both concentration of 500 and 1000ng presented a lower percentage of exogenous DNA integration (0.001% in both groups) compared with the groups in which ATA was not used. The groups without ATA did not differ indicating that the amount of 500ng of DNA was able to integrate exogenous DNA to sperm, and have higher percentage of incorporation compared to 1000ng (0,20% versus 0,10%). Thereby, the use of an endonuclease inhibitor instead of increasing integration indexes showed opposite results, indicating that its use did not bring improvements to the SMGT technique.

Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont dues à des agents pathogènes transmis par des arthropodes hématophages. Ces vecteurs assurent une transmission active (mécanique ou biologique) d’un agent infectieux d’un vertébré vers un autre vertébré. A l’échelle mondiale, les tiques sont responsables de la transmission de la plus grande variété d’agents pathogènes, elles transmettent des microorganismes responsables de maladies bactériennes (borréliose de Lyme, rickettsioses) ou parasitaires (babésioses, theilérioses), ou même virales (encéphalite à tiques).Les Antilles se situent au cœur de la zone Néotropicale des Caraïbes, et constituent une zone à risque pour l’émergence de maladies vectorielles en raison des conditions climatiques favorables aux vecteurs et des échanges intercontinentaux importants (flux illégal d’animaux, oiseaux migrateurs,…). La situation épidémiologique de la zone Caraïbe vis-à-vis des maladies transmises par les tiques est très peu documentée. Les études menées sur le terrain portent essentiellement sur des agents pathogènes affectant les animaux comme Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia (bovis et bigemina) et Anaplasma marginale et sont donc loin de pouvoir répondre aux questions concernant le risque d’émergence ou de réémergence de maladies à tique. Ainsi, il est nécessaire et urgent de développer des outils efficaces de surveillance épidémiologique qui permettraient la détection des agents pathogènes, nouveaux, connus ou non suspectés présents dans les tiques. C’est dans ce contexte d’amélioration des performances de veille sanitaire des maladies à tiques dans les Caraïbes que prend place le projet de thèse. La visée de la thèse était de faire un état des lieux des agents pathogènes d’intérêt médical et vétérinaire présents dans les tiques caribéennes à l’aide de techniques de détection à haut débit. Pour cela nous avons d’abord réalisé un séquençage à haut débit d’ARN extraits de tiques collectées en Guadeloupe et en Martinique afin de réaliser un inventaire sans a priori des agents pathogènes (bactéries, parasites, et virus) présents. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en évidence une grande diversité en microorganismes pathogènes au sein de nos échantillons, révélant également la présence de quatre virus appartenant à de nouveaux genres viraux récemment décrits et associés aux arthropodes. Les informations obtenues via le séquençage, additionnées aux données disponibles dans la littérature ont permis de constituer ainsi une liste des agents pathogènes transmis par les tiques nécessitant une surveillance sanitaire dans les caraïbes. A partir de ce répertoire nous avons développé un système de dépistage à haut-débit d’agents infectieux applicable à toute la zone des caraïbes. L’outil de détection est un support microfluidique de type puce à ADN, basé sur la technologie BioMarkTM dynamic arrays (Fluidigm Corporation) qui permet de réaliser de la PCR en temps réel à haut débit afin de détecter simultanément 48 à 96 cibles au sein de 48 à 96 échantillons. Deux puces ont été développées, une première pour le suivi des bactéries et parasites, et une deuxième pour le suivi des virus. Leur performance a été testée sur des échantillons de tiques collectées en Guadeloupe et en Martinique. Ce dépistage à grande échelle a donné un aperçu complet de la situation épidémiologique de 45 bactéries, 17 parasites and 31 virus potentiellement transmis par les tiques dans les Antilles Françaises. La méthode de surveillance développée durant cette thèse représente une amélioration majeure des techniques de veille épidémiologique, permettant la détection rapide et concomitante d’un large panel d’agent pathogène. Elle sera prochainement appliquée au criblage à haut débit des agents infectieux présent dans des tiques collectées à travers la Caraïbe, provenant notamment de Trinité-et-Tobago, Saint-Kitts, la Barbade, et Sainte-Lucie, grâce à la collaboration du réseau CaribVet, et de vétérinaires locaux / Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by haematophagous arthropods which provide active transmission (mechanical or biological) of infectious agents from one vertebrate to another. Among these vectors, ticks are known to carry and transmit the greatest variety of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance. They transmit microorganisms responsible for bacterial (Lyme borreliosis, rickettsioses), parasitic (babesiosis, theileriosis), or viral diseases (tick-borne encephalitis).The Antilles are located in the heart of the Caribbean Neotropical Zone. This area can be considered at risk for the emergence of vector-borne diseases mainly due to favorable environmental conditions and intercontinental exchanges (e.g. legal and illegal animal trade, migratory birds). However, the epidemiological situation of the Caribbean area, with regard to tick-borne diseases, is still poorly documented. Indeed, most of field studies only focused on animal pathogens such as Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia (bovis and bigemina) and Anaplasma marginale and questions about the risk of emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne diseases remain unanswered. Thus, it is crucial to develop efficient epidemiological surveillance tools that would enable the detection of new, known or unexpected pathogens present in ticks. In this context, the main objective of my thesis was to obtain an overview of pathogens of medical and veterinary interest present in Caribbean ticks using new high-throughput technologies. We first used a high-throughput sequencing approach to determine pathogens present in ticks (bacteria, parasites, and viruses) collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique. This analysis revealed a great diversity of pathogenic agents in our samples and highlighted the presence of four viruses belonging to new viral families recently described and associated with arthropods. Results of sequencing combined with data available in the literature allowed us to make the most exhaustive list of pathogens potentially transmitted by ticks and requiring health surveillance in the Caribbean area. From this pathogen inventory, we developed a system of high-throughput screening of infectious agents applicable to the whole Caribbean area. This molecular tool is a microfluidic system based on the BiomarkTM dynamic arrays technology (Fluidigm Corporation), which enables high-throughput real-time PCR to simultaneously detect 48-96 targets within 48 to 96 samples. Two different chips have been developed, one for bacteria and parasites monitoring, and one for viruses. Their efficiency was tested on tick samples collected in both Guadeloupe and Martinique. This large-scale screening provided a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological situation of 45 bacteria, 17 parasites and 31 viruses potentially transmitted by ticks in the French West Indies. The high-throughput detection tool developed during my thesis represents a major improvement in epidemiological surveillance technology, enabling the rapid and concomitant monitoring of a wide range of pathogens. It will soon be applied to high-throughput screening of infectious agents found in ticks collected throughout the Caribbean, including Trinidad and Tobago, St. Kitts, Barbados, and St. Lucia, thanks to the collaboration with the CaribVet network, and local veterinarians

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a pathogenic fungus that infects around 400 species of host    plants. Stem rot disease caused by this fungus is economically disastrous for Brassica napus cultivators in Sweden. Due to the lack of disease resistant cultivars, disease management has been solely dependent on fungicide application. The current disease  prediction models are not scientifically accurate and take into account factors such as   weather, previous disease incidence, and conomic effects which often result in unnecessary and excessive use of fungicides by cultivators. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction has proven to be the fastest, most accurate and reliable technique for detecting plant pathogens as it gives an idea about disease severity by measuring pathogen concentration in environmental samples. Reproducible and able qPCR assays have the potential of being the main principle on which more scientifically accurate plant disease prediction and management models an be developed. The aim of this study was to validate a previously established qPCR assay to detect S. sclerotiorum. An absolute quantification experiment     was performed by using plasmid DNA cloned with a target gene as template. Further,   three different qPCR machines  were compared  to make a plausible conclusion regarding    their sensitivity and efficiency in detecting minuscule amounts of DNA from the   environment. While a solid conclusion could not be reached regarding the sensitivity of    each of these machines, this study pointed out some basic trends about each machine    that may help researchers in selecting the most efficient qPCR system when working with detection of plant pathogens.

This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.

Einleitung: Coxiella burnetii ist ein gramnegatives und obligat intrazelluläres Bakterium und Erreger der meldepflichtigen Zoonose Q-Fieber. Den Hauptübertragungsweg stellt die Inhalation infizierter Stäube dar, aber auch Zecken werden seit der Isolation des Pathogens aus der Spezies Dermacentor andersonii als Vektoren diskutiert. Es liegen jedoch keine gesicherten Berichte über Infektionen des Menschen durch Zecken oder eine Beteiligung von Vektoren bei Q-Fieber-Ausbrüchen vor. Zudem steht durch die genetische Nähe zu überwiegend apathogenen Endosymbionten die Spezifität molekularer Untersuchungsmethoden in Frage, wodurch die Relevanz von Zecken in der Übertragung von Q-Fieber in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert wird. Ziele der Untersuchung: Es sollten mithilfe einer systematischen Literaturanalyse die Daten zur Prävalenz von C. burnetii in Zecken in Europa dargelegt werden. Zudem sollte mittels eines in-vitro-Fütterungssystems untersucht werden, inwieweit die heimischen Spezies Ixodes ricinus und Dermacentor marginatus den Erreger aus dem Blut aufnehmen und ausscheiden, sowie ob das Bakterium transstadial in I. ricinus übertragen wird, wodurch Aussagen über die Vektorkompetenz dieser Arten möglich sind. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Im experimentellen Ansatz wurde die Infektion der Zecken in einem Silikonmembran-basierten Fütterungssystem mit heparinisiertem Rinderblut vorgenommen. Die Gruppengrößen betrugen 7-9 Weibchen mit fünf Männchen oder 50-60 Nymphen. Es wurden verschiedene Konzentrationen C. burnetii Nine Mile RSA439 Phase II eingesetzt: 10^4 (zwei Gruppen adulte I. ricinus), 10^5 (zwei Gruppen adulte I. ricinus) und 10^6 (fünf Gruppen adulte I. ricinus, vier Gruppen adulte D. marginatus, drei Gruppen I. ricinus Nymphen) Genomäquivalente (GE)/ml Blut sowie insgesamt sieben Negativkontrollgruppen. Zudem wurden vier Gruppen adulte I. ricinus für 36 Stunden zu Beginn der Fütterung mit 10^6 GE C. burnetii/ml infiziert und anschließend mit sterilem Blut gefüttert. Täglich wurde Zeckenkot entfernt, zudem wurden adulte I. ricinus zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten während oder nach der Fütterung entnommen. Die Proben wurden nach DNA-Extraktion mittels quantitativer Echtzeit-PCR (qPCR) auf das C. burnetii-Gen icd untersucht. Ein Teil (n = 46) der infizierten Nymphen wurde vor bzw. nach der Häutung mittels qPCR untersucht. Ein anderer Teil (acht Weibchen in zwei Gruppen) wurde nach der Häutung erneut auf sterilem Blut gefüttert. Dabei wurden Kot sowie Blut getestet. Weiterhin fand in L929-Zellen und axenischem Medium eine Anzucht von C. burnetii aus einem Filtrat des Zeckenkots sowie aus dem Filtrat eines qPCR-positiven Weibchens statt, welches sich von einer zuvor infizierten Nymphe gehäutet hatte. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mittels SPSS V 22.0, wobei je nach Voraussetzung der t-Test, der Mann-Whitney-U-Test sowie der Chi²-Test nach Pearson verwendet wurden. Das Signifikanzniveau wurde jeweils auf p < 0,05 festgelegt. Ergebnisse: Im Fütterungssystem haben 49 % der adulten I. ricinus und 29 % der D. marginatus vollständig gesaugt. Die Häutungsrate der I. ricinus Nymphen betrug 92 %. I. ricinus-Weibchen nahmen den Erreger auf, welcher innerhalb von sieben Wochen in einer Konzentration von ca. 10^3 GE/mg in den Zecken nachweisbar war. Eine Ausscheidung von infektiösen C. burnetii mit dem Kot wurde bei adulten Zecken ab einer Konzentration von 10^5 GE/ml im verfütterten Blut festgestellt. Dabei erfolgte in allen Versuchen mit beiden Zeckenspezies eine signifikant höhere Ausscheidung von C. burnetii an den Tagen 10-13, welche bis zu 10^5 GE/mg erreichte. Es wurde eine transstadiale Übertragung bei I. ricinus mit einer Rate von 25 % nach-gewiesen. Infizierte Nymphen, die nach der Häutung steriles Blut bekamen, schieden ebenfalls C. burnetii im Kot aus; im Blut wurde hingegen keine DNA von C. burnetii nachgewiesen. Schlussfolgerungen: Das genutzte Fütterungssystem eignet sich für die Untersuchung der Vektorkompetenz von Zecken. Beide Zeckenspezies sind in der Lage, infektiösen Zeckenkot auszuscheiden, wodurch eine Gefahr einer möglichen aerogenen Übertragung entsteht. Dabei muss jedoch eine hohe Erregerkonzentration im Blut des Wirts erreicht werden. Es wurde eine transstadiale Übertragung von C. burnetii in I. ricinus von Nymphen zu Adulten und damit die Möglichkeit der Bildung eines Reservoirs nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Vermehrung von C. burnetii im Mitteldarm der Zecken nahe. Dadurch konnten historische Aussagen aus der Literatur über andere Zeckenspezies zur Ausscheidung von C. burnetii mittels Zeckenkot bestätigt werden. In der Studie konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass heimische Zecken unter Laborbedingungen zur Verbreitung von Q-Fieber beitragen können. Weitere Untersuchungen sind jedoch notwendig, um die tatsächliche Bedeutung der Vektorkompetenz von Zecken unter natürlichen Bedingungen abschätzen zu können.:1 Einleitung 2 Literaturübersicht 2.1 Coxiella burnetii 2.1.1 Historischer Ursprung und taxonomische Einordnung 2.1.2 Morphologie und Replikation 2.1.3 Coxiella burnetii als Krankheitserreger 2.1.3.1 Epidemiologie 2.1.3.2 Coxiellosen der Tiere 2.1.3.3 Q-Fieber des Menschen 2.1.3.4 Nachweis und Therapie 2.2 Zecken 2.2.1 Taxonomie 2.2.2 Verbreitung und Habitat 2.2.3 Morphologie 2.2.4 Lebenszyklus 2.2.5 Wirtssuche und sensorische Fähigkeiten 2.2.6 Blutmahlzeit und Verdauung 2.2.7 Zeckenmikrobiom und Coxiella-like Endosymbionten 2.2.8 Zecken als Vektoren 2.2.8.1 Infektionserreger 2.2.8.2 Coxiella burnetii in Zecken 2.3 Fütterung von Zecken 2.3.1 Fütterungssysteme 2.3.1.1 Membranbasierte Fütterungssysteme 2.3.1.2 Fixierungsstimuli im Zeckenfütterungssystem 2.3.1.3 Experimentelle Infektionen im membranbasierten in-vitro-System 3 Veröffentlichungen 3.1 Stellungnahme zum Eigenanteil an den Arbeiten zur Publikation 3.1.1 Publikation 1 3.2 Stellungnahme zum Eigenanteil an den Arbeiten zur Publikation 3.2.2 Publikation 2 4 Diskussion 5 Zusammenfassung 6 Summary 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang 8.1 Bilder der Zeckenfütterung 9 Danksagung

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis was focused on core-shell type magnetic carriers, used mainly in medical, molecular-biological and biochemical applications. Encapsulation of the core is essential for these applications due to the decrease od non-specific protein adsorbtion, increase of biocompatibility and the possible functionalization of magnetic carriers. In the experimental part, the DNA (E. coli) was amplified by real-time PCR in the presence of poly(hydroxymethacrylate-co-glycidylmethacrylate) (P(HEMA-co-GMA)) magnetic carriers with/without carboxyl groups. The inhibitory effect of different concentrations of magnetic carriers in the PCR mixture was evaluated from the calibration curve parameter values obtained by regression analysis. The presence of a specific PCR product was verified by agarose gel electrophoresis. Most of magnetic carriers without carboxyl groups extinguished the fluorescence in the concentration range of 2,0 – 4,0 g.l-1 in the PCR mixture, without inhibition of DNA amplification - the carriers were biocompatible. Magnetic carriers with carboxyl groups extinguished the fluorescence in the lower concentration range (0,4 – 4,0 g.l-1 in the PCR mixture). Their inhibition of amplification was in the concentration range of 2,0 – 4,0 g.l-1 in the PCR mixture, from the concentration 0,8 g.l-1 in the PCR mixture, the inhibition did not occur and the carriers were biocompatible. The results do not depend on the characteristic properties of the magnetic carriers but on the presence of the carboxyl groups on the surface of the carrier and the degree of coverage of the magnetic core by the polymer. Real-time PCR has become an effective tool for studying magnetic core encapsulation and the influence of functional groups on the surface of the polymeric layer.

This work was focused on the detection of probiotic bacteria in four different probiotic products (probiotic cream, probiotic tampons, oral probiotics and soy beverages with probiotics). The viability of the bacteria contained in the products was verified. Complex matrices of the products were used to isolate DNA in a quality suitable for the PCR method, followed by identification of the declared bacterial genus and species. Amplification was achieved with conventional PCR and real-time PCR, genus- and species-specific primers were used. Bacteria, of the genus Lactobacillus and Bacillus and bacterial species Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus gasseri, were proven to be within the products. Subsequently, the DNA from mixed bacterial species in the probiotic tampon were distinguished using PCR-HRM. Five sets of primers were used to test this. Two sets of primers (primers P1V1, P2V1 and V1F-HRM, V1R-HRM) were evaluated as the most suitable for resolution.

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