A fototerapia com laser em baixa intensidade (FTLBI) é capaz de aumentar o metabolismo celular, o que poderia influenciar na diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica das células-tronco da polpa dentária humada (hDPSCs). O PDGF e o BMP-2 são fatores de crescimento envolvidos na dentinogênese e na reparação tecidual. O PDGF tem papel importante durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, na proliferação e migração celular e na angiogênese, enquanto o BMP-2 está fortemente associado à diferenciação celular em tecidos mineralizados, como o osso e a dentina. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos da FTLBI e dos fatores de crescimento (PDGF-BB ou BMP-2), isolados ou em associação, na diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica das hDPSCs. Para o estudo hDPSCs foram cultivadas em meio regular (G1) e irradiadas (G2), meio mineralizante (G3) e irradiadas (G4), meio mineralizante contendo PDGF-BB (G5) e irradiadas (G6), meio mineralizante contendo BMP-2 (G7) e irradiadas (G8). Para os grupos irradiados, a FTLBI foi realizada no modo pontual e em contato, com um laser de diodo semi-condutor, com área de feixe de 0,028cm2 e comprimento de onda 660nm (InGaAlP-vermelho), utilizando-se os seguintes parâmetros: potência de 20mW, densidade de energia de 5J/cm2, tempo de irradiação de 7 segundos por ponto e 0,14J de energia por ponto. A expressão dos genes relacionados à diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica (DSPP, DMP-1 e OCN) através do PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR), a atividade da fosfatase alcalina e os depósitos de cálcio foram analisados em 3, 7 e 14 dias. Os dados obtidos foram comparados pelo teste ANOVA complementado pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As culturas tratadas com meio mineralizante contendo BMP-2 e irradiadas (G8) foram as que mostraram os maiores índices de diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica nos testes realizados. As expressões de DSPP, OCN e DMP-1, ao menos em 14 dias, foram significantemente maiores no G8 que nos demais grupos experimentais, exceto os grupos G3 e G7. Estes grupos apresentaram expressões de DSPP e OCN semelhantes às do G8 em 14 dias. A maior atividade de ALP foi observada no G8 em 3 dias e a menor no mesmo grupo aos 14 dias. A maior quantidade de depósitos de cálcio também foi encontrada no G8 em 14 dias. A associação de FTLBI e BMP-2 se mostrou capaz de induzir a diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica em células-tronco de polpa dentária humana de forma mais marcante que as demais terapias isoladas ou associadas estudadas. Portanto, o uso de uma terapia associando FTLBI e BMP-2 poderia ser de relevância para o restabelecimento da fisiologia pulpar quando aplicada em casos de exposição deste tecido, uma vez que poderia favorecer a diferenciação das células indiferenciadas da polpa dentária. / Laser phototherapy (LPT) is able to increase cellular metabolism, which in turn could influence the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). PDGF and BMP-2 are growth factors involved in dentinogenesis and tissue repair. PDGF plays a role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis, whereas BMP-2 is strongly associated with cell differentiation in mineralized tissues such as bone and dentin. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of LPT and the growth factors PDGF-BB and BMP-2 combined or not on the odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. These cells were grown in regular medium (G1) and irradiated (G2), mineralizing medium (G3) and irradiated (G4), mineralizing medium containing PDGF-BB (G5) and irradiated (G6), mineralizing medium containing BMP-2 (G7) and irradiated (G8). For irradiated groups, LPT was performed in punctual and contact mode with a semiconductor diode laser, with a beam spot area of 0.028 cm2 and wavelength of 660nm (InGaAlP-visible red), using the following parameters: power of 20mW, energy density of 5J/cm2 and irradiation time of 7 seconds per point (0,14 J per point). Differentiation was assessed by the following analysis: expression of genes related to odontogenic differentiation (DSPP, DMP-1 and OCN) using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR); alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition using alizarin red staining in 3, 7 and 14 days. Data were compared by ANOVA and Tukey´s test (p<0.05). The cultures treated with mineralizing medium containing BMP-2 and irradiated (G8) showed the highest rate of odontogenic differentiation. The expressions of DSPP, DMP-1 and OCN genes, at least in 14 days, were significantly higher in G8 compared to all other groups, except for the groups G3 and G7. These groups showed similar expressions of DSPP and OCN than G8 in 14 days. G8 showed the highest ALP activity in 3 days and the lowest in 14 days compared to all other groups. The largest amount of calcium deposits was observed in G8 in 14 days. The most striking feature on induction of odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs was observed when LPT was applied in association with BMP-2. Therefore, the use of a combined LPT and BMP-2 therapy could be of relevance for the re-establishment of pulp physiology when applied in cases of dental pulp exposure by promoting the differentiation of hDPSCs.

STAT1是一個轉錄因子，在細胞生理功能中是非常重要的訊息傳遞者，在免疫系統具有抗病毒的角色，但是目前為止對於STAT1在中樞神經系統所扮演的角色仍不清楚。爲證實STAT1的表現與空間記憶的形成有關聯，我們將大白鼠分成兩組，一組為有訓練的組別，另一組則為無訓練的組別分別進行水迷津試驗，試驗完畢後取出大鼠的海馬迴CA1區域組織進行即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應與西方墨點法分析。結果顯示，經過水迷津訓練的刺激下，STAT1 mRNA與蛋白質分別減少約34 %及40 %，而STAT2 mRNA及蛋白質的表現則不受空間學習的影響。爲了進ㄧ步探討STAT1在空間學習記憶過程中所扮演的角色，實驗利用STAT1 siRNA轉染至海馬迴CA1區域抑制STAT1的表現，發現降低STAT1表現會促進大白鼠在水迷津試驗的學習能力，實驗同時也轉染STAT2 siRNA至CA1區域，結果顯示STAT2不參與大白鼠空間記憶的形成。本實驗室先前發現降低laminin β1表現量會促進大白鼠的空間學習記憶 (unpublished observation, 附錄二)，此外laminin β1基因啟動子上具有STAT1結合序列：interferon-γ activated site (GAS)。因此，實驗利用PC12細胞進行laminin β1報導基因分析，結果顯示STAT1會促進 laminin β1啟動子的轉錄活性。而爲了進一步探討在STAT1影響空間學習與記憶歷程中與laminin β1的關聯性，實驗利用STAT1 siRNA抑制大白鼠海馬迴CA1區STAT1的表現並促進空間學習與記憶的同時，發現laminin β1 mRNA及蛋白質表現量都受到STAT siRNA的抑制，而轉染野生型STAT1-Flag質體則會增加laminin β1 mRNA及蛋白質的表現量，顯示STAT1正向調控laminin β1的表現。本篇論文提出海馬迴CA1區域的STAT1參與動物空間學習與記憶的形成，其中可能與STAT1正向調控laminin β1的表現有關。 / STAT1 is a signal transducer and transcription factor in the cell. Several reports have indicated that STAT1 plays a critical role in immune response against virus infection in animals. However, the role of STAT1 in the central nervous system is still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to examine the role of STAT1 involved in spatial memory formation in rat and the possible downstream gene that STAT1 regulates. Rats were randomly divided into the trained group and the non-trained group. Animals were subjected to water maze learning according to the previous behavioral paradigm. Their hippocampus CA1 tissues were dissected out for STAT1 mRNA level and protein level determination. Results indicated that spatial training markedly decreased STAT1 mRNA level and protein level in the CA1 area, but this change was not found for STAT2 mRNA and protein expression. To further confirm the role of STAT1 involved in spatial learning and memory, animals were transfected with STAT1 siRNA in the CA1 area. Results showed that STAT1 siRNA transfection significantly facilitated water maze performance, whereas their water maze performance under STAT2 siRNA transfection was not altered. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that laminin β1 impairs spatial memory formation in rat (unpublished observation). In addition, promoter analysis indicates that the laminin β1 promoter region contains two GAS elements, which is the STAT1/STAT1 and STAT1/STAT3 binding site. Results from luciferase reporter assay revealed that transfection of STAT1 siRNA decreased laminin β1 promoter activity, whereas transfection of STAT1 wild-type plasmid increased laminin β1 promoter activity. To further study the relationship between STAT1 and laminin β1 in spatial memory formation, we used STAT1 siRNA to knockdown STAT1 expression and these animals were subjected to spatial training. We then determined their laminin β1 expression. Results showed that the laminin β1 mRNA level and protein level were both significantly decreased by STAT1 siRNA transfection. Besides, STAT1 wild-type plasmid transfection increased laminin β1 mRNA level and protein level in the CA1 area associated with spatial memory impairment. These results together suggest that STAT1 negatively regulates spatial memory formation. Further, STAT1 may impair spatial memory formation through increased laminin β1 expression.

A fototerapia com laser em baixa intensidade (FTLBI) é capaz de aumentar o metabolismo celular, o que poderia influenciar na diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica das células-tronco da polpa dentária humada (hDPSCs). O PDGF e o BMP-2 são fatores de crescimento envolvidos na dentinogênese e na reparação tecidual. O PDGF tem papel importante durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, na proliferação e migração celular e na angiogênese, enquanto o BMP-2 está fortemente associado à diferenciação celular em tecidos mineralizados, como o osso e a dentina. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar os efeitos da FTLBI e dos fatores de crescimento (PDGF-BB ou BMP-2), isolados ou em associação, na diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica das hDPSCs. Para o estudo hDPSCs foram cultivadas em meio regular (G1) e irradiadas (G2), meio mineralizante (G3) e irradiadas (G4), meio mineralizante contendo PDGF-BB (G5) e irradiadas (G6), meio mineralizante contendo BMP-2 (G7) e irradiadas (G8). Para os grupos irradiados, a FTLBI foi realizada no modo pontual e em contato, com um laser de diodo semi-condutor, com área de feixe de 0,028cm2 e comprimento de onda 660nm (InGaAlP-vermelho), utilizando-se os seguintes parâmetros: potência de 20mW, densidade de energia de 5J/cm2, tempo de irradiação de 7 segundos por ponto e 0,14J de energia por ponto. A expressão dos genes relacionados à diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica (DSPP, DMP-1 e OCN) através do PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR), a atividade da fosfatase alcalina e os depósitos de cálcio foram analisados em 3, 7 e 14 dias. Os dados obtidos foram comparados pelo teste ANOVA complementado pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As culturas tratadas com meio mineralizante contendo BMP-2 e irradiadas (G8) foram as que mostraram os maiores índices de diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica nos testes realizados. As expressões de DSPP, OCN e DMP-1, ao menos em 14 dias, foram significantemente maiores no G8 que nos demais grupos experimentais, exceto os grupos G3 e G7. Estes grupos apresentaram expressões de DSPP e OCN semelhantes às do G8 em 14 dias. A maior atividade de ALP foi observada no G8 em 3 dias e a menor no mesmo grupo aos 14 dias. A maior quantidade de depósitos de cálcio também foi encontrada no G8 em 14 dias. A associação de FTLBI e BMP-2 se mostrou capaz de induzir a diferenciação ósseo/odontogênica em células-tronco de polpa dentária humana de forma mais marcante que as demais terapias isoladas ou associadas estudadas. Portanto, o uso de uma terapia associando FTLBI e BMP-2 poderia ser de relevância para o restabelecimento da fisiologia pulpar quando aplicada em casos de exposição deste tecido, uma vez que poderia favorecer a diferenciação das células indiferenciadas da polpa dentária. / Laser phototherapy (LPT) is able to increase cellular metabolism, which in turn could influence the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). PDGF and BMP-2 are growth factors involved in dentinogenesis and tissue repair. PDGF plays a role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis, whereas BMP-2 is strongly associated with cell differentiation in mineralized tissues such as bone and dentin. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of LPT and the growth factors PDGF-BB and BMP-2 combined or not on the odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. These cells were grown in regular medium (G1) and irradiated (G2), mineralizing medium (G3) and irradiated (G4), mineralizing medium containing PDGF-BB (G5) and irradiated (G6), mineralizing medium containing BMP-2 (G7) and irradiated (G8). For irradiated groups, LPT was performed in punctual and contact mode with a semiconductor diode laser, with a beam spot area of 0.028 cm2 and wavelength of 660nm (InGaAlP-visible red), using the following parameters: power of 20mW, energy density of 5J/cm2 and irradiation time of 7 seconds per point (0,14 J per point). Differentiation was assessed by the following analysis: expression of genes related to odontogenic differentiation (DSPP, DMP-1 and OCN) using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR); alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition using alizarin red staining in 3, 7 and 14 days. Data were compared by ANOVA and Tukey´s test (p<0.05). The cultures treated with mineralizing medium containing BMP-2 and irradiated (G8) showed the highest rate of odontogenic differentiation. The expressions of DSPP, DMP-1 and OCN genes, at least in 14 days, were significantly higher in G8 compared to all other groups, except for the groups G3 and G7. These groups showed similar expressions of DSPP and OCN than G8 in 14 days. G8 showed the highest ALP activity in 3 days and the lowest in 14 days compared to all other groups. The largest amount of calcium deposits was observed in G8 in 14 days. The most striking feature on induction of odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs was observed when LPT was applied in association with BMP-2. Therefore, the use of a combined LPT and BMP-2 therapy could be of relevance for the re-establishment of pulp physiology when applied in cases of dental pulp exposure by promoting the differentiation of hDPSCs.

Prenatal assessment of fetal health is routinely offered throughout pregnancy to ensure that the most effective management can be provided to maintain fetal and maternal well-being. Currently, invasive testing is used for definitive diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy, which is associated with a 1% risk of iatrogenic fetal loss. Developing non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a key area of research and methods to increase the level of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) within the maternal circulation have been discussed to improve accuracy of such tests. In this study, three strategies; co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature polymerase chain reaction (COLD-PCR), inverse-PCR and Pippin Prep™ gel electrophoresis, were analysed to identify a novel approach to selectively enrich shorter cffDNA fragments from larger maternal cell-free DNA (cfDNA). The sensitivity of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) against real-time PCR (qPCR) was compared for fetal sex and RHD genotyping. In addition RHD zygosity testing was carried out for non-maternal samples. Consequently, Pippin Prep™ gel electrophoresis was combined with ddPCR analysis for the NIPD of Down Syndrome (DS) in pseudo-maternal samples. The results revealed that the Pippin Prep™ gel electrophoresis enrichment approach successfully demonstrated 2-fold to 5-fold increases in the cffDNA fraction. However, further optimisation assays of COLD-PCR and inverse-PCR using actual maternal samples were required. The spike experiments for DS detection revealed that with the present assay IV overrepresentation of the chromosome 21 target could be significantly detected for samples with ≥15% ‘cffDNA fraction’. In conjunction with the Pippin Prep™ enrichment method, this would have enabled assessment of all 10 maternal samples. Alternatively, fetal sex and RHD genotyping results determined that ddPCR provides a more sensitive platform compared to qPCR approaches, particularly for samples that express low cffDNA fractions (<2%). The ddPCR platform also proved to be a rapid and accurate system for the determination of RHD zygosity. This study highlights that ddPCR could be used as opposed to qPCR for accurate determination of fetal sex and RHD status. While sequencing approaches currently provide the most sensitive platforms for NIPT of fetal aneuploidy, high costs (>£400) prevent universal application. The combination of cffDNA enrichment with ddPCR analysis could provide a cheaper and more widely available platform for NIPD. However, further large scale validation studies using actual maternal samples are required.

Les cellules souches embryonnaires (cellules ES) sont pluripotentes et ont donc le potentiel de se différencier en cellules des trois feuillets embryonnaires, ainsi qu’en cellules de la lignée germinale. Ces propriétés en font un modèle pour l’étude des mécanismes de prolifération et de différenciation. Le facteur de transcription Lmx1b est impliqué dans la maintenance du phénotype différencié des neurones dopaminergiques mésencéphaliques. Et il a aussi été montré comme un facteur clef dans la différenciation et la maintenance des neurones sérotoninergiques du rhombencéphale générés dans les noyaux du Raphé. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux capacités de Lmx1b d’influencer la différenciation des cellules ES de souris en neurones sérotoninergiques. La première stratégie adoptée a résulté en une expression ectopique stable de Lmx1b dans les cellules ES et leurs dérivés. Le niveau d’expression de Lmx1b a fortement influencé les capacités de différenciation neuronale des cellules. Puis, l’analyse de marqueurs de différenciation spécifiques a montré une augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs sérotoninergiques, au contraire des marqueurs dopaminergiques ou de neurones moteur. La seconde stratégie a consisté en une surexpression inductible de Lmx1b dans les précurseurs neuraux dérivés de cellules ES pour mimer l’expression physiologique de Lmx1b. Après induction, Lmx1b était bien exprimé dans les cellules durant toutes les étapes de différenciation neuronale. L’activation de l’expression de Lmx1b au stade des colonies neuroépithéliales a aussi résulté en une amélioration de la différenciation sérotoninergique. Les résultats de ce travail soulignent les capacités de Lmx1b à diriger la différenciation des précurseurs neuraux dérivés de cellules ES vers la voie sérotoninergique in vitro. / Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) have the potential to develop into cells of the three germ layers and of the germ line. Therefore, they are used as a model to study the proliferation and differentiation mechanisms. The LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lmx1b is involved in the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. And it has been also demonstrated to be a key factor in differentiation and maintenance of hindbrain serotonergic neurons generated in the Raphe Nuclei. Here, we explored the capacity of Lmx1b to direct differentiation of mouse ESC (mESC) into serotonergic neurons. In the first approach, stable ectopic expression of Lmx1b was achieved. First, the level of Lmx1b expression was found to strongly influence the capacity of mESC to accomplish neuronal differentiation. Then, analysis of lineage-specific differentiation markers showed an increase in serotonergic markers’ expression by contrast to dopaminergic or motor neurons markers. In the second approach, Lmx1b was over-expressed in mESC-derived neural precursors by an inducible system in order to mimic the physiological onset of Lmx1b expression. After induction, Lmx1b was found to be stably expressed throughout neuronal differentiation. Activation of Lmx1b expression in neuroepithelial colonies resulted in enhancement of serotonergic differentiation, consistently with the stable system results. The results of this work highlight the capacity of Lmx1b to promote the shift of mESC-derived neural precursors toward a serotonergic fate in vitro.

Para obter resultados rápidos e confiáveis que permitam o monitoramento da segurança microbiológica de alimentos, seja pela indústria ou pelos órgãos de fiscalização, diversos métodos alternativos têm sido desenvolvidos para a detecção e quantificação de Salmonella. Os propósitos do estudo foram avaliar a viabilidade de emprego do QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit para extração e purificação de DNA de Salmonella; validar ensaios baseados em PCR-tempo real (PCR-RT) para quantificar o DNA de Salmonella empregando ttr ou tuf e desenvolver um ensaio para quantificar Salmonella baseado na transcriptase reversa-PCR-tempo real (RT-PCR-RT). Para avaliação do QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit empregaram-se fezes coletadas diretamente do reto de animais infectados ou não, sendo estas últimas artificialmente contaminadas e submetidas à extração segundo protocolo do fabricante. As amostras de DNA isoladas foram quantificadas empregando um ensaio Salmonella-específico PCR-RT utilizando como alvo o lócus ttr. O mesmo ensaio foi utilizado para células de Salmonella provenientes de meio de cultura. O ensaio PCR-RT baseado no alvo tuf foi validado empregando-se primeiramente cepas de diferentes sorotipos de Salmonella e de outras Enterobacteriaceae. A seguir sua eficiência foi avaliada para alimentos-modelo (ave e suíno) artificialmente contaminadas com elevada (&#8776; 6 log UFC/mL) e baixa (&#8776; 2 log UFC/mL) população de Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104. A validação do método quantitativo de Salmonella por RT-PCR-RT foi realizada primeiramente com células em meio de cultura e posteriormente nos mesmos alimentos-modelo utilizados para PCR-RT. Em ambos os métodos, alíquotas dos alimentos-modelo foram mantidas a 20 ºC e a 8 ºC, sendo examinadas em diferentes tempos pós-inoculação. Como controle empregou-se a enumeração de microrganismos mesófilos totais e de Salmonella por técnicas convencionais. A taxa de recuperação de Salmonella em fezes suínas artificialmente inoculadas, após tratamento com QIAamp® DNA Stool Kit, variou entre 25% a 50%, dependendo da quantidade inicial de células. Empregando o DNA extraído e submetendo-o à PCR-RT para o ttr obteve-se limite de detecção de 2,8 log UFC eq/g de fezes; método que foi menos sensível que o convencional. A quantificação de Salmonella por PCR-RT empregando tuf apresentou limite de detecção menor que 1 log UFC eq. Os resultados obtidos com este método, empregando-se células em meio de cultura ou alimentos-modelo, foram, de maneira geral, ligeiramente inferiores aos do método convencional. A eficiência de amplificação para PCR-RT e tuf foi de 94%. O método RT-PCR-RT apresentou limite de detecção semelhante ao obtido com o ttr (2 log UFC eq) e sua eficiência de amplificação foi de 100%. Observou-se que tuf é expresso na fase logarítmica de multiplicação bacteriana, o que o torna um bom indicador da viabilidade de Salmonella. / In order to get fast and trustworthy results that allow monitoring the microbiological food safety either by industries or governmental agencies, diverse alternative methods have been developed for Salmonella detection and quantification. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the viability of the use of QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit for Salmonella DNA extraction and purification; to validate assays based on real time-PCR (PCR-RT) to quantify Salmonella DNA by using ttr or tuf, and to develop an assay to quantify Salmonella based on reverse transcriptase- PCR-real time (RT-PCR-RT). For QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit evaluation feces taken directly from the rectum of infected or health animals were used, with the former being artificially contaminated. Samples were submitted to DNA extraction, according to manufacturers protocol. The isolated DNA were quantified using a Salmonella-specific PCR-RT targeting the ttr locus. The same assay was used for Salmonella cells originated from culture medium. The PCR-RT assay with tuf as target was first validated employing different Salmonella serovars and other Enterobacteriaceae strains. After, its efficiency was evaluated on food-models (chicken and swine) spiked with high (&#8776; 6 log CFU/mL) and low (&#8776; 2 log CFU/mL) Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 populations. The validation of the quantitative RT-PCR-RT method was first conducted with cells grown in culture medium, and then in the same food-model used for PCR-RT. For both methods aliquots of foodmodels were maintained at 20 ºC and 8 ºC being evaluated at different incubation times. Enumeration of total mesophilic microorganisms and Salmonella based on conventional methods were used as controls. The DNA recovery rate in swine feces artificially inoculated, after QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit treatment, was between 25% to 50% depending the initial amount of cells. Using the extracted DNA and submitting it to PCR-RT for ttr a detection level of 2,8 CFU eq/g of feces was obtained. This method showed lower sensitivity than the conventional. Salmonella quantification by PCR-RT employing tuf showed a detection level lower than 1 log CFU eq. The results obtained with this method and cells suspended in culture medium or in food-model systems were, in general slightly lower that those obtained with the conventional method. The efficiency of amplification for PCR-RT tuf was 94%. Detection limit of RT-PCR-RT was similar to that of ttr (2 log CFU eq) and efficiency of amplification was 100%. tuf was expressed in logarithmic phase of bacteria growth curve showing that it is a good viability indicator for Salmonella.

[ES] La familia Tephritidae constituye un grupo de dípteros de gran interés económico debido a que incluye especies consideradas plagas en casi todas las áreas frutícolas del mundo. Entre las especies de tefrítidos citadas en España, se encuentra Ceratitis capitata, la mosca de la fruta del Mediterráneo, plaga de gran relevancia económica en el país. La gestión de esta plaga requiera de actuaciones en grandes áreas frutícolas y con integración de diversas tecnologías y herramientas de control, siendo las actuaciones principales los tratamientos químicos, el trampeo masivo y la aplicación de la técnica del insecto estéril (TIE). Conocer la biología reproductiva de C. capitata es de gran importancia para desplegar nuevos métodos de control y mejorar los ya existentes, especialmente la TIE. En este sentido, y haciendo uso de los avances biotecnológicos, se desarrolló un método molecular de cuantificación, basado en la aplicación de una PCR en tiempo real mediante el uso de marcadores del cromosoma Y, para estimar la cantidad de espermatozoides contenidos en las espermatecas (capítulo 2). Este método fue validado satisfactoriamente como medio de cuantificación de la cantidad de esperma almacenado en las espermatecas después del apareamiento para dos cepas de C. capitata, la cepa silvestre y la cepa Vienna-8, empleada internacionalmente en la producción masiva de machos estériles para el programa TIE. Además, los resultados obtenidos mostraron detecciones positivas de esperma en apareamientos de corta duración (10 minutos) y se confirmó la transferencia efectiva de esperma en el 78 % de los casos evaluados. Una vez obtenido un método más eficaz para cuantificar el esperma almacenado en las espermatecas, éste se empleó para estudiar (Capítulo 3) la influencia de la edad del macho y la duración de la cópula en la cantidad de esperma trasferido durante la misma, en ambas cepas. Estos aspectos que se han relacionado con el rendimiento de los machos estériles empleados en los programas TIE. Además de observarse un efecto de la cepa, se determinó una influencia positiva de la duración de la cópula en la cantidad de esperma recibido por las hembras. Los resultados mostraron un patrón gradual de transferencia no lineal que aumenta con la duración del apareamiento en ambas cepas. En cuanto a la edad de los machos no se observó una influencia en la cantidad de esperma transferido dentro del rango de edad evaluado. Por último, se estudió la capacidad de los machos Vienna-8 estériles para volver a aparearse e inseminar a las hembras (Capítulo 4). El fenómeno del apareamiento múltiple, relacionado con la eficacia reproductiva de C. capitata, ha sido observado en las poblaciones naturales, tanto en hembras (poliandria) como en machos (poliginia), pero ha sido poco estudiada en machos irradiados. Los resultados mostraron que el 57 % de los machos estériles recopularon hasta en tres ocasiones y el 73 % al menos en una ocasión y que en estos reapareamientos hubo transferencia efectiva de esperma en el 99 % de los casos. En cuanto a la cantidad de espermatozoides transferidos en las recópulas producidas, se observó una tendencia a disminuir respecto a la primera cópula, pero no se detectó una situación de aspermia. En conclusión, esta tesis desarrolla un nuevo método molecular basado en la detección del cromosoma Y para evaluar el esperma almacenado en las espermatecas de hembras en C. capitata. Este método ha sido validado para estimar los espermatozoides de las cepas silvestre y Vienna-8 de esta especie, y podría servir como modelo base para la cuantificación de gametos en otras especies de tefrítidos. Se han mejorado los patrones de transferencia del esperma con relación al tiempo de apareamiento para ambas cepas, y se ha determinado, por primera vez, el potencial de recópula de los machos estériles Vienna-8 y su capacidad para transferir esperma no viable a lo largo de múltiples apareamientos. / [CA] La família Tephritidae constituïx un grup de dípters de gran interés econòmic pel fet que inclou espècies considerades plagues en quasi totes les explotacions frutícoles del món, especialment les conegudes com a mosques de la fruita. Entre les espècies de tefrítids citades a Espanya, es troba Ceratitis capitata, la mosca de la fruita del Mediterrani, plaga de gran rellevància econòmica al país. La gestió d'aquesta plaga requerisca d'actuacions en grans àrees frutícoles i amb integració de diverses tecnologies i ferramentes de control, sent les actuacions principals els tractaments químics, el trampeig massiu i l'aplicació de la tècnica de l'insecte estèril (TIE). Conéixer la biologia reproductiva de C. capitata és de gran importància per a desplegar nous mètodes de control i millorar els ja existents, especialment la TIE. En este sentit, i fent ús dels avanços biotecnològics, en primer lloc (capítol 2) es va desenvolupar un mètode molecular de quantificació, basat en l'aplicació d'una PCR en temps real mitjançant l'ús de marcadors del cromosoma Y, per a estimar la quantitat d'espermatozoides continguts en les espermateques. Este mètode va ser validat satisfactòriament com a mitjà de quantificació dels espermatozoides emmagatzemats en les espermateques després de l'aparellament per a dos soques de C. capitata, la soca silvestre i la soca Vienna-8, empleada internacionalment en la producció massiva de mascles estèrils per al programa TIE. A més, els resultats obtinguts van mostrar deteccions positives d'esperma en aparellaments de curta duració (10 minuts) i es va confirmar la transferència efectiva d'esperma en el 78% dels casos avaluats. Una vegada obtingut un mètode més eficaç per a quantificar l'esperma emmagatzemat en les espermateques, aquest es va emprar per a estudiar (capítol 3) la influència de l'edat del mascle i la duració de la còpula en la quantitat d'esperma transferit durant esta, en ambdues soques. Estos aspectes s'han relacionat amb el rendiment dels mascles estèrils empleats en els programes TIE. A més d'observar-se un efecte de la soca, es va determinar una influència positiva de la durada de l'acoblament en la quantitat d'esperma rebut per les femelles. Els resultats van mostrar un patró gradual de transferència no lineal que augmenta amb la duració de l'aparellament en ambdues soques. Quant a l'edat dels mascles, no es va observar una influència en la quantitat d'esperma transferit dins del rang d'edat avaluat. Finalment, es va estudiar la capacitat dels mascles Vienna-8 estèrils per a tornar a emparellar-se i inseminar a les femelles (capítol 4). El fenomen de l'aparellament múltiple, relacionat amb l'eficàcia reproductiva de C. capitata, ha sigut observat en les poblacions naturals, tant en femelles (poliàndria) com en mascles (poligínia), però ha sigut poc estudiada en mascles irradiats. Els resultats van mostrar que el 57% dels mascles estèrils van recopular fins a tres ocasions i el 73% almenys en una ocasió i que en estos reaparellaments va haver-hi transferència efectiva d'esperma en el 99% dels casos. Quant a la quantitat d'espermatozoides transferits en les récopulas produïdes, es va observar una tendència a disminuir respecte a la primera còpula, però no es va detectar una situació d'aspèrmia. En conclusió, esta tesi desenvolupa un nou mètode molecular basat en la detecció del cromosoma Y per a avaluar l'esperma emmagatzemat en les espermateques de femelles en C. capitata. Este mètode ha sigut validat per a estimar els espermatozoides de les soques silvestre i Vienna-8 d'esta espècie, i podria servir com a model base per a la quantificació de gàmetes en altres espècies de tefrítids. S'han millorat els patrons de transferència de l'esperma en relació amb el temps d'aparellament per ambdues coques, i s'ha determinat, per primera vegada, el potencial de recòpula dels mascles estèrils Vienna-8 i la seua capacitat per a transferir esperma no viable al llarg de múltiples aparellaments. / [EN] Tephritidae family constitutes a great interest group of dipterans as it includes species considered pests in almost all fruit-growing areas around the world, especially those known as fruit flies. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, is among the recorded tephritids species in Spain and it is recognized as a pest of great economic importance by Spanish government. The ability to adapt to different environmental conditions of each of its development stages and its polyphagy are two of the key aspects to become such a harmful pest. C. capitata has the largest host range known among tephritids. These biological and adaptative traits make management of this pest require actions in large fruit-growing areas and the integration of various technologies and control tools. The integrated pest management programme includes chemical treatments, mass trapping and the application of the sterile insect technique (SIT). The study of the reproductive biology of C. capitata is relevant for deploying new control methods and improving existing ones, especially SIT. Taking it into consideration, and making use of biotechnological advances, in chapter 2, we develop a molecular quantification method, based on the application of real-time PCR using Y-chromosome markers, to estimate the amount of sperm contained in spermathecae. This method was successfully validated to quantify the amount of spermatozoa stored in the spermathecae after mating for two strains of C. capitata, wild-type strain and Vienna-8 strain, used internationally in the mass production of sterile males in TIE programmes. Positive sperm detections were obtained in short-term matings (10 minutes) and effective sperm transfer was confirmed in 78% of the cases evaluated. Once obtained this effective method to quantify the sperm stored in the spermathecae, it was used to study in chapter 3 the influence of male age and copula duration on the amount of sperm transferred during mating in both strains. These aspects have been related to the performance of sterile males used in TIE programmes. In addition to observing a strain effect, it was determined a positive influence of copula duration on the amount of sperm received by females. The results showed a gradual pattern of non-linear transfer that increases with mating duration in both strains. Regarding the age of the males, no influence was observed on the amount of sperm transferred within the evaluated age range. Finally, the ability of sterile Vienna-8 males to remate and inseminate females was studied in chapter 4. The phenomenon of multiple mating, related to the reproductive efficiency of C. capitata, has been observed in natural populations, both in females (polyandry) and males (polygyny), but it has been barely studied in irradiated males. The results of this chapter showed that 57% of the sterile males recopulated up to three times and 73% at least once, and there was effective sperm transfer in 99% of these rematings. Regarding the amount of sperm transferred along the remating occasions, a tendency to decrease was observed with respect to the first copulation, but a situation of aspermia was not detected. In conclusion, this thesis develops a new molecular method based on the detection of the Y-chromosome to estimate the sperm stored in the spermathecae of females in C. capitata. This method has been validated to estimate spermatozoa from wild-type and Vienna-8 strains of this tephritid and it could be used as a model for the quantification of gametes in other fruit fly species. Sperm transfer patterns have been improved in relation to mating time for both strains, and the remating potential of sterile Vienna-8 males and their ability to transfer non-viable sperm over multiple matings have been determined for the first time in a period of their lifetime. / Català Oltra, M. (2024). Cuantificación y análisis de la transferencia de espermatozoides en Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): Aplicaciones en programas de la Técnica del Insecto Estéril [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/213442