The rigid-body rotational vibration of a resiliently mounted air compressor about an axis parallel to the axis of the rotor is investigated. An analysis of the motion of the compressor base is conducted using empirical acceleration data. The effect on roll vibration of changing various compressor design parameters is studied using a computer simulation program, PABEWE. This digital simulation incorporating slider-crank linkage analysis employs the strict equations of motion. Control theory is used to control the roll vibration. The control theory is applied to simplified equations of motion and incorporates various feedbacks. Recommendations are offered for the reduction of roll vibration levels. / Master of Science

Les polymères sont de plus en plus répandus dans différents secteurs industriels comme une alternative aux métaux. En effet, les composants en polymère permettent une réduction accrue du poids et une meilleure inertie chimique dans les structures où ils sont utilisés. Ils permettent également une réduction du frottement sans recourir à des systèmes de lubrification externe. Parmi ces polymères, le PTFE - connu sous le nom du Teflon et découvert en 1938 - se caractérise par une morphologie semi-cristalline particulière où les molécules de PTFE forment des superstructures dites « à bandes ». Il possède d’excellentes propriétés thermiques, un très faible coefficient de frottement et une très bonne inertie chimique justifiant sa vaste utilisation dans différentes applications : comme renfort de type lubrifiant solide, revêtement antiadhésif, isolant électrique des câbles dans le domaine de l’aéronautique, récipients pour des produits chimiques réactifs. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte et adopte une démarche tribologique globale. Il étudie les réponses tribologiques d’un contact PTFE/Ti-6Al-4V sollicité en fretting-usure alternatif - notamment en mode glissement total et reciprocating - dans une configuration cylindre/plan. Les paramètres étudiés sont : nombre de cycles, vitesse de glissement, force normale et propriétés thermomécaniques et surfaciques des matériaux. Cette étude propose de nouvelles formalisations analytiques basées sur l’approche d’Archard et établit des lois de frottement et d’usure qui intègrent les effets de ces paramètres. Le rôle joué par le film de transfert dans la détermination des réponses tribologiques est également mis en évidence. / The tribology of thermoplastic polymers is nowadays one of the major issues in several engineering fields. These non-metallic materials increasingly provide a useful alternative to metals that are in contact with a harder counterface. Areas of application are various and include offshore oil-drilling, aeronautics and the automotive industry and biomedical applications such as prosthesis designs. The aim of polymer-metal, and especially PTFE/Ti-6Al-4V, designs is to reduce wear and friction. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is one such interesting thermoplastic polymer that has been closely studied since it was discovered in 1938. It is a high-performance engineering polymer characterized especially by a high melting point, chemical inertness and low coefficient of friction due to its banded structure. PTFE is a tribologically attractive material, widely used especially as a solid lubricant in a variety of dry sliding tribosystems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate friction and wear rate evolution for gross slip fretting-reciprocating sliding conditions of PTFE/Ti-6Al-4V interface in a cylinder/plane configuration. Various investigations have been made to study the influence of wear test conditions: number of cycles, sliding speed, normal force, materials thermomechanical and surface properties. Analysis aimed to determine tribological processes as well as formulation of experimental evolution of friction and wear rates regarding selected parameters. Finally, characterization of the transfer film formed on the counterpart under repeated cyclic sliding is undertaken to determine its role and its interference with wear and friction response.

The Reciprocating Mechanism Driven Heat Loop (RMDHL) is a novel heat transfer device that utilizes reciprocating flow, either single-phase or two-phase flow, to enhance the thermal management in high tech inventions. The device attains a high heat transfer rate through a reciprocating flow of the working fluid inside the heat transfer device. Although the concept of the device has been tested and validated experimentally, analytical or numerical studies have not been undertaken to understand its working mechanism and provide guidance for the device design. The objectives of this study are to understand the underlying physical mechanisms of heat transfer in internal reciprocating flow, formulate corresponding heat transfer correlations, conduct an experimental study for the heat transfer coefficient, and numerically model the single-phase and two-phase operations of the RMDHL to predict its performance under different working conditions. The two-phase flow boiling model was developed from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) model, and a virtual loop written in C programming language was used to eliminate the need for fluid structure interaction (FSI) modelling. The accuracy of several turbulence formulations, including the Standard, RNG, and Realizable k-ɛ Models, Standard and SST k-ω Models, Transition k - - ω Model, and Transition SST Model, have been tested in conjunction with a CFD solver to select the most suitable turbulence modelling techniques. The numerical results obtained from the single-phase and two-phase models are compared with relevant experimental data with good agreement. Three-dimensional numerical results indicate that the RMDHL can meaningfully reduce the peak temperature of an electronic device and result in significantly more uniform temperature across the device. In addition to the numerical study, experimental studies in conjunction with analytical studies are undertaken. Experimental data and related heat transfer coefficient as well as practically useful semi-empirical correlations have been produced, all of which provide archival information for the design of heat transfer devices involving a reciprocating flow. In particular, this research will lead to the development of more powerful RMDHLs, achieve a heat flux goal of 600 W/cm2, and significantly advance the thermal management at various levels. Considering the other advantages of coolant leakage free and the absence of cavitation problems, the RMDHL could also be employed for aerospace and battery cooling applications.

This thesis describes an experimental investigation into ignition systems, their effects on the combustion process, and how the discharge is affected by the prevailing pressure, temperature and flow. The work is divided into four main areas, a comprehensive literature review, engine testing for ignition system suitability, non-flow rig testing (including erosion) and flow rig testing. The literature review concluded that the most practical ignition system for lean burn gas engines will continue to be based on the spark plug, but in the medium to long term, laser ignition may become viable. The measurement of the HT voltage and current is not straightforward, and appropriate methods have been identified. Capacitive and inductive ignition system types were compared in lean and diluted conditions on a single cylinder research engine of modern design at different engine loads and speeds. It was found that the most beneficial ignition system was an inductive ignition system, although that for some conditions, capacitive systems induced better engine performance with a fraction of the stored energy of the inductive alternative. Non flow tests showed that the early part of the spark discharge is sensitive to pressure and temperature effects, and as a consequence, the latter stages of the discharge are also affected. A correlation has been developed, for use with conventional nickel electrode spark plugs, to predict breakdown voltage as a function of pressure, temperature and gap. Experiments were carried out at elevated pressures in a stream of flowing air with capacitive and inductive ignition systems. Different electrode designs and orientations were also compared. It was shown that when exposed to a flow field, the discharge can be stretched which results in a shortened spark duration; in some cases the electrode can shield the discharge from flow field effects. This work showed that flow through the spark gap is a hindrance to the spark process, especially for longer duration systems. However for flame kernel growth, the literature review identified that flow is beneficial, serving to convect the kernel away from the electrodes, reducing the heat transfer from the flame. Analysis of the glow voltage history in the pressurised flow rig has been used to develop a correlation relating the voltage, current, flow velocity, pressure and time. This correlation was used to analyse the velocity records from the spark plug in a firing engine. The predicted velocities and turbulence intensity were in agreement with independent measurements.

<div>Vapor compression cycles are the most common method used to provide cooling to environments. In the residential area, refrigerator/freezers as well as air conditioners/heat pumps almost exclusively use vapor compression cycles. The driving force behind a vapor compression cycle is the compressor, where a variety of compressor types are used in the same application. While reciprocating compressors are found in the majority of refrigerator/freezers, scroll compressors are predominantly used in residential air conditioners. Yet other compressors have emerged as replacements due to increased efficiency. A R134a oil-free prototype scroll compressor and a R134a reciprocating compressor are operated in a hot-gas bypass test stand under refrigerator/freezer conditions to compare performance. Additionally, a R407C scroll compressor and a R410A rotary compressor are operated in a compressor calorimeter under air conditioning/heat pump conditions to compare performance. Experimental results show that the reciprocating compressor far outperforms the prototype scroll compressor in the refrigerator/freezer application, while the performance between the scroll and rotary compressors are almost equal in the air conditioning application.</div><div>Pressure fluctuation at compressor discharge is also measured in the compressor calorimeter to determine feasibility of applying a novel muffling design to air conditioning compressors, although it was found that traditional muffling methods currently used are effective to a degree such that this new method is unwarranted. Data from the compressor calorimeter is also used to investigate the accuracy of the AHRI 540 10-Coefficient Correlation compressor map in predicting performance both inside and outside the tested operating conditions. The AHRI 10-Coefficient Correlation achieves high accuracy inside tested operating conditions but is inept in extrapolating performance, where other map correlations are more accurate.</div>

Os sistemas de lima única constituem a mais recente tecnologia no que se refere ao preparo dos canais radiculares, e vem sendo objeto de estudo sob diversos aspectos. Uma das preocupações referentes aos sistemas automatizados é a manutenção da qualidade e segurança nos preparos quando da reutilização do instrumento. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações de superfície de dois sistemas de lima única - Wave One e One Shape - e seu desempenho através do tempo de preparo no decorrer dos usos. Duzentos condutos de molares inferiores humanos extraídos foram instrumentados com 10 limas Wave One e 10 limas One Shape, acompanhados de irrigação com 10 ml de Hipoclorito de Sódio 2.5%. Cada instrumento foi utilizado por 10 vezes. Os tempos para o preparo completo do canal foram registrados por um cronômetro digital e anotados em tabelas. Para avaliação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura as limas novas foram observadas assim que removidas da embalagem. Após as utilizações, os instrumentos foram limpos, esterilizados em autoclave e observados após 2, 6, 8 e 10 usos. Três avaliadores calibrados observaram as fotomicrografias e registraram de acordo com os scores propostos a presença ou ausência de alterações superficiais. O teste Kappa de concordância entre os avaliadores apresentou maioria de resultados ótimo a moderado (?=5%). Os dados referentes à avaliação das imagens foram submetidos ao teste Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney com nível de significância de 5% (?=5%). As alterações mais observadas foram aplainamento e microcavidade. O crack foi observado nos dois instrumentos sendo significante a partir do sexto uso para Wave One e do décimo para One Shape. Os dados relativos aos tempos de preparo foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, ANOVA e Mc-Nemar com nível de significância de 5% (?=5%). Os tempos de preparo registrados para One Shape foram inferiores aos tempos para Wave One. O uso influenciou os tempos de preparo sendo observado um aumento significativo para os dois instrumentos. Um instrumento One Shape fraturou mas a ocorrência não foi estatisticamente significante. / Single-file systems are the most recent technology in regard to the preparation of root canals and have been studied in several ways. One of the concerns related to automated systems is maintaining quality and safety in preparation when the instrument is reused. This study\'s aim was to evaluate the changes on the surface of two single-file systems - Wave One and One Shape - and their performance through preparation time over the uses. Two hundred root canals of extracted human molars were instrumented with 10 Wave One files and 10 One Shape files, followed by irrigation with 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite 2.5%. Each instrument was used 10 times. The time required to complete each root canal was measured by a digital stopwatch and recorded in tables. New unused files were analysed using a scanning electron microscope. After used, the instruments were cleaned and sterilized, then observed after 2, 6, 8 and 10 uses. Three calibrated evaluators observed these SEM images and listed according to the suggested scores the presence or absence of changes on the surface. The Kappa test showed mostly results from moderate to great (? = 5%). The data relating to evaluation of images was submitted to the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 5% (? = 5%). The most frequent changes were blunt edges and microcavities. Cracking was observed in both instruments being significant in Wave One after the sixth use and in One Shape after the tenth use. Data on preparation times were statistically analysed by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Mc-Nemar tests with a significance level of 5% (? = 5%). Regarding the working time taken to shape the canals, One Shape was significantly faster than Wave One. The preparation time was affected by the number of file use increasing significantly on both instruments. A One Shape instrument fractured but the finding was not statistically significant.

Foi objetivo deste estudo, avaliar comparativamente o volume dos debris e a extrusão bacteriana apical durante o preparo de canais radiculares com os instrumentos Prodesign R e Prodesign Logic, com diferentes calibres e presença de irrigação ultrassônica passiva (PUI) ou não, em dentes contaminados com Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212). Métodos: Foram empregados 90 pré-molares inferiores, decoronados e padronizados em 16 mm, divididos em 8 grupos (n=10) segundo os sistemas a serem empregados; Prodesign Logic 25.06, 35.05, Prodesign R 25.06 e 35.05, e o tipo de ativação do irrigante, contaminados durante 5 dias. Debris extruídos foram coletados em microtubos vazios pesados previamente 3 vezes, inseridos na parte inferior de um dispositivo metálico para uma posterior pesagem dos debris. Também foram realizadas coletas dos canais e dos debris extruídos para uma avaliação microbiológica através da contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL). Resultados: O tipo de movimento rotatório e reciprocante e o diâmetro do calibre, 25 ou 35, não mostraram diferenças entre si (P>0.05). Comparando a irrigação convencional com o emprego do ultrassom, este último promoveu uma maior quantidade de debris extruídos pelo forame (P<0.05). Na análise microbiológica das coletas dos debris, o sistema Prodesign Logic 25 promoveu uma maior quantidade de raspas contaminadas (P<0.05). Nas coletas dos canais tanto a irrigação convencional quanto o uso do ultrassom mostraram uma diminuição das UFC/mL das coletas iniciais comparadas com as finais, sem diferença estatística (P<0.05). A contaminação microbiana nas raspas extruídas foi menor no grupo onde foi empregada a irrigação convencional (P<0.05). Conclusões: Os calibres dos instrumentos e o tipo de movimento utilizado nos canais radiculares agiram de forma semelhante, diminuindo a contaminação do canal principal e extruindo a mesma quantidade de debris, com a mesma contaminação. A PUI aumentou a extrusão e a contaminação dos debris dentinários em comparação com a irrigação convencional. / The main of this study was to compare the volume of debris and apical bacterial extrusion during root canal preparation with the Prodesign R and Prodesign Logic instruments, with different calibers and presence of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or not, in teeth contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212). Methods: 90 lower premolars were used, decoronated and standardized in 16 mm, divided into 8 groups (n = 10) according to the systems to be used; Prodesign Logic 25.06, 35.05, Prodesign R 25.06 and 35.05, and the type of irrigant activation, contaminated for 5 days. Extruded debris were collected in empty microtubes previously weighed 3 times, inserted in the inferior part of a metallic device for a later weighing of the debris. Samples of main root canals were also collected in addition of debris for a microbiological evaluation of colony forming units (CFU / mL). Results: The movement, rotational or reciprocating, and the diameter of the caliber, 25 or 35, showed no differences between them (P> 0.05). Comparing conventional irrigation with the use of ultrasound, the latter promoted a greater amount of debris extruded through the foramen (P <0.05). In the microbiological analysis of the debris collections, the Prodesign Logic 25 system promoted a greater amount of contaminated debris (P <0.05). I In the collections of the root canal both the conventional irrigation and the ultrasonic agitation showed a decrease of the CFU / mL from initial collections compared to the finals, with no statistical difference (P <0.05). Microbial contamination in the extruded debris was lower in the group where conventional irrigation was used (P <0.05). Conclusions: The instrument, caliber and the type of movement used in root canals acted similarly, reducing the contamination of the main root canal and extruding the same amount of debris, with the same contamination. PUI increased the extrusion and contamination of dentinal debris compared to conventional irrigation.

Os sistemas de lima única constituem a mais recente tecnologia no que se refere ao preparo dos canais radiculares, e vem sendo objeto de estudo sob diversos aspectos. Uma das preocupações referentes aos sistemas automatizados é a manutenção da qualidade e segurança nos preparos quando da reutilização do instrumento. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações de superfície de dois sistemas de lima única - Wave One e One Shape - e seu desempenho através do tempo de preparo no decorrer dos usos. Duzentos condutos de molares inferiores humanos extraídos foram instrumentados com 10 limas Wave One e 10 limas One Shape, acompanhados de irrigação com 10 ml de Hipoclorito de Sódio 2.5%. Cada instrumento foi utilizado por 10 vezes. Os tempos para o preparo completo do canal foram registrados por um cronômetro digital e anotados em tabelas. Para avaliação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura as limas novas foram observadas assim que removidas da embalagem. Após as utilizações, os instrumentos foram limpos, esterilizados em autoclave e observados após 2, 6, 8 e 10 usos. Três avaliadores calibrados observaram as fotomicrografias e registraram de acordo com os scores propostos a presença ou ausência de alterações superficiais. O teste Kappa de concordância entre os avaliadores apresentou maioria de resultados ótimo a moderado (?=5%). Os dados referentes à avaliação das imagens foram submetidos ao teste Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney com nível de significância de 5% (?=5%). As alterações mais observadas foram aplainamento e microcavidade. O crack foi observado nos dois instrumentos sendo significante a partir do sexto uso para Wave One e do décimo para One Shape. Os dados relativos aos tempos de preparo foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, ANOVA e Mc-Nemar com nível de significância de 5% (?=5%). Os tempos de preparo registrados para One Shape foram inferiores aos tempos para Wave One. O uso influenciou os tempos de preparo sendo observado um aumento significativo para os dois instrumentos. Um instrumento One Shape fraturou mas a ocorrência não foi estatisticamente significante. / Single-file systems are the most recent technology in regard to the preparation of root canals and have been studied in several ways. One of the concerns related to automated systems is maintaining quality and safety in preparation when the instrument is reused. This study\'s aim was to evaluate the changes on the surface of two single-file systems - Wave One and One Shape - and their performance through preparation time over the uses. Two hundred root canals of extracted human molars were instrumented with 10 Wave One files and 10 One Shape files, followed by irrigation with 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite 2.5%. Each instrument was used 10 times. The time required to complete each root canal was measured by a digital stopwatch and recorded in tables. New unused files were analysed using a scanning electron microscope. After used, the instruments were cleaned and sterilized, then observed after 2, 6, 8 and 10 uses. Three calibrated evaluators observed these SEM images and listed according to the suggested scores the presence or absence of changes on the surface. The Kappa test showed mostly results from moderate to great (? = 5%). The data relating to evaluation of images was submitted to the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 5% (? = 5%). The most frequent changes were blunt edges and microcavities. Cracking was observed in both instruments being significant in Wave One after the sixth use and in One Shape after the tenth use. Data on preparation times were statistically analysed by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Mc-Nemar tests with a significance level of 5% (? = 5%). Regarding the working time taken to shape the canals, One Shape was significantly faster than Wave One. The preparation time was affected by the number of file use increasing significantly on both instruments. A One Shape instrument fractured but the finding was not statistically significant.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-192). Also available on the Internet.

Al-Si based alloys are commonly used in the automobile industry due to their superior properties, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, recyclability, etc. These alloys are fabricated by casting and powder metallurgy techniques in which porosity is a common feature. The presence of pores is accompanied by a decrease in mechanical properties, i.e., a drop in hardness and ductility of the materials. In the present study, an attempt was made to understand the effect of surface porosity on the tribological property. A380M and Al-6wt% Si alloys were used to prepare specimens containing 2.6 to 6.9% porosity via casting and 1 to 6.7% porosity via powder metallurgy techniques, respectively. Dry sliding wear behavior was investigated in the load range 6-20 N against an AISI 52100 bearing steel ball using a reciprocating ball-on-flat configuration at a frequency range of 4-20 Hz for cast and 15 Hz for P/M samples.