A study of impulsively started flow over cylindrical objects is made using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique for Reynolds numbers of Re = 200, 500 and 1000 in an X-Y towing tank. The cylindrical objects studied were a circular cylinder of diameter, D = 25.4 mm, and square and diamond cylinders each with side length, D = 25.4 mm. The aspect ratio, AR (= L/D) of the cylinders was 28 and therefore they were considered infinite. The development of the recirculation zone up to a dimensionless time of t* = 4 following the start of the motion was examined. The impulsive start was approximated using a dimensionless acceleration parameter, a*, and in this research, the experiments were conducted for five acceleration parameters, a* = 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10. The study showed that conditions similar to impulsively started motion were attained once a* ¡Ý 3.<p> A recirculation zone was formed immediately after the start of motion as a result of flow separation at the surface of the cylinder. It contained a pair of primary eddies, which in the initial stages (like in this case) were symmetrical and rotating in opposite directions. The recirculation zone was quantified by looking at the length of the zone, LR, the vortex development, both in terms of the streamwise location and the cross-stream spacing of the vortex centers, a and b, respectively, as well as the circulation (strength) of the primary vortices, ¦£.<p> For all types of cylinders examined, the length of the recirculation zone, the streamwise location of the primary eddies and the circulation of the primary eddies increase as time advances from the start of the impulsive motion. They also increase with an increase in the acceleration parameter, a*, until a* = 3, beyond which there is no more change, since the conditions similar to impulsively started conditions have been achieved. The cross-stream spacing of the primary vortices is relatively independent of Re, a* and t* but was different for different cylinders.<p> Irrespective of the type of cylinder, the growth of the recirculation zone at Re = 500 and 1000 is smaller than at Re = 200. The recirculation zone of a diamond cylinder is much larger than for both square and circular cylinders. The square and diamond cylinders have sharp edges which act as fixed separation points. Therefore, the cross-stream spacing of the primary vortex centers are independent of Re, unlike the circular cylinder which shows some slight variation with changes in Reynolds number.<p> The growth of the recirculation is more dependent on the distance moved following the start of the impulsive motion; that is why for all types of cylinders, the LR/D, a/D and ¦£/UD profiles collapse onto common curves when plotted against the distance moved from the start of the motion.

A study of impulsively started flow over cylindrical objects is made using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique for Reynolds numbers of Re = 200, 500 and 1000 in an X-Y towing tank. The cylindrical objects studied were a circular cylinder of diameter, D = 25.4 mm, and square and diamond cylinders each with side length, D = 25.4 mm. The aspect ratio, AR (= L/D) of the cylinders was 28 and therefore they were considered infinite. The development of the recirculation zone up to a dimensionless time of t* = 4 following the start of the motion was examined. The impulsive start was approximated using a dimensionless acceleration parameter, a*, and in this research, the experiments were conducted for five acceleration parameters, a* = 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10. The study showed that conditions similar to impulsively started motion were attained once a* ¡Ý 3.<p> A recirculation zone was formed immediately after the start of motion as a result of flow separation at the surface of the cylinder. It contained a pair of primary eddies, which in the initial stages (like in this case) were symmetrical and rotating in opposite directions. The recirculation zone was quantified by looking at the length of the zone, LR, the vortex development, both in terms of the streamwise location and the cross-stream spacing of the vortex centers, a and b, respectively, as well as the circulation (strength) of the primary vortices, ¦£.<p> For all types of cylinders examined, the length of the recirculation zone, the streamwise location of the primary eddies and the circulation of the primary eddies increase as time advances from the start of the impulsive motion. They also increase with an increase in the acceleration parameter, a*, until a* = 3, beyond which there is no more change, since the conditions similar to impulsively started conditions have been achieved. The cross-stream spacing of the primary vortices is relatively independent of Re, a* and t* but was different for different cylinders.<p> Irrespective of the type of cylinder, the growth of the recirculation zone at Re = 500 and 1000 is smaller than at Re = 200. The recirculation zone of a diamond cylinder is much larger than for both square and circular cylinders. The square and diamond cylinders have sharp edges which act as fixed separation points. Therefore, the cross-stream spacing of the primary vortex centers are independent of Re, unlike the circular cylinder which shows some slight variation with changes in Reynolds number.<p> The growth of the recirculation is more dependent on the distance moved following the start of the impulsive motion; that is why for all types of cylinders, the LR/D, a/D and ¦£/UD profiles collapse onto common curves when plotted against the distance moved from the start of the motion.

No description available.

No description available.

Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes liés à l’érosion du sol sous l’effet du vent, le transport de particules solides dans un écoulement de couche limite turbulente à l’échelle d’une soufflerie est étudié à l’aide de simulations numériques. La présence d’une ou plusieurs collines Gaussiennes au sol permet d’étudier les effets de la topographie sur le transport, le dépôt et la réémission de particules solides. L’écoulement du fluide porteur est résolu par la Simulation des Grandes Échelles (SGE). Des modèles de paroi pour la vitesse du fluide sont implémentés afin de mieux représenter l’écoulement proche d’une colline. Le mouvement des particules est pris en compte par un suivi Lagrangien. Des modèles d’envol et de rebond sont développés et utilisés pour prendre en compte l’émission et l’impact au sol des particules. Dans la première partie, l’écoulement au-dessus de collines transversales est simulé et validé par des comparaisons avec différentes expériences. Selon Oke [1988], l’écoulement dans la canopée urbaine peut être schématiquement caractérisé par différents régimes en fonction du positionnement relatif des obstacles. Ce concept est appliqué au cas des dunes, assimilées à des collines dans notre étude. L’accent est mis sur la zone de recirculation (ZR) formée derrière ces collines. Les variations de la ZR sont examinées en fonction de différents paramètres dont la configuration des collines et le nombre de Reynolds. De plus, une étude portant sur la sous couche rugueuse est effectuée de façon à déterminer l’effet de la rugosité due à la couche de particules solides au sol. La seconde partie du travail porte sur la simulation des particules au-dessus des collines. L’objectif est l’amélioration des modélisations concernant l’envol, le rebond et le couplage entre le fluide et les particules. Un premier travail de validation est réalisé en utilisant le modèle complet de transport des particules solides. En particulier, l’évolution du flux d’émission des particules, estimé par le modèle d’envol, en fonction du nombre de Shields, donne des résultats comparables aux modèles classiques de saltation et aux expériences de la littérature. Au-dessus des collines, le transport des particules solides est étudié par des profils de concentration et de vitesse moyenne. Pour analyser les résultats, deux cartographies sont réalisées. La première donne l’intensité des événements locaux et instantanés qui seraient à l’origine de l’évacuation des particules piégées au sein de la ZR. La seconde montre la distribution des particules déposées au sol. Ces résultats permettent d’identifier des zones sujettes à l’érosion et à l’accumulation autour des collines. Enfin, les flux des particules piégées et déposées à l’intérieur de la ZR sont quantifiés et comparés aux flux des particules émises en amont. Ces flux, bien que faibles par rapport au flux entrant, contribueraient aux migrations des dunes et à l’avancée des déserts. / The transport of solid particles inside a laboratory-scale turbulent boundary-layer is studied by numerical simulations, to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with wind erosion of soil. The presence of one or several Gaussian hills allows a study of the topographic effects on the transport, deposition and re-emission of solid particles. The carrier fluid motion is resolved in a Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Wall models are implemented to better account for the effects of turbulent flow near the terrain. Particle trajectories are calculated using a Lagrangian tracking. Take-off and rebound models are developed in order to take into account particle emissions and impacts at the wall. In the first part, the flow over transversal Gaussian hills is simulated and validated by comparison with different experiments. According to Oke [1988], the flow inside an urban canopy can be schematically characterised into different flow regimes depending on the relative localisation of the obstacles at the ground. This concept is applied to the case of sand dunes, assimilated to 2D hills in this study. The focus is on the recirculation zone (RZ) on the lee side, which has the characteristic of increasing the residence time and the interaction fluid/particle in general, particle trapping and deposition in particular. The variations of RZ with different hill geometries and Reynolds numbers are examined. A study on the roughness sublayer is conducted in order to determine the roughness effects due to the layer of solid particles on the wall. The second part of the work is devoted to the simulation of solid particle transport over the Gaussian hills. The objective is to improve the modelling of particle take-off, rebound and the two-way coupling between the fluid and the particle. A first work of validation is conducted by using the complete model of solid particle transport developed in this thesis. In particular, the evolution of particle emission flux predicted by the take-off model is in accordance with classical saltation models and experiments from the literature. Over the Gaussian hills, analysis of particle transport is conducted using concentration and mean velocity fields. Two mappings are realised. The first indicates the intensity of the local and instantaneous flow structures that arguably regulate the re-entrainment of particles trapped inside the RZ. The second shows the accumulation of particles on the wall. These results highlight zones prone to wind erosion and particle deposition around the hills. Last but not least, the fluxes of particle trapping and deposition inside the RZ are quantified and compared to the incoming flux from upstream. These fluxes, albeit relatively weak in comparison to the incoming one, contribute potentially to dune migrations and desertification.

Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse en co-tutelle concerne deux domaines d’étude de l'interaction fluide-structure. Le premier relevant du Génie Minier traite de l'interaction entre une grille mobile au sein d'un sluice et de l'écoulement confiné associé. Le second relevant de l'Hydrodynamique fondamentale porte sur l'interaction d'un cylindre monté sur appuis souples et un écoulement à surface libre en présence de fond. Notre travail contribue à l’étude des écoulements confinés à surface libre par une approche expérimentale. Nous avons couplé des techniques de visualisation par caméra CCD, de mesures de champs de vitesse par PIV et d'efforts hydrodynamiques pour qualifier la dynamique des objets en mouvement dans l'écoulement. Les méthodes et dispositifs expérimentaux sont alors appliqués à l'étude de l'écoulement autour de deux maquettes simplifiées d'un JIG à grille mobile puis à celui du cylindre vibrant sous l'effet de l'écoulement. L’acquisition par PIV suivi des traitements statistique multi-variables par POD nous a permis d'étudier l'évolution des zones de recirculation dans le compartiment ainsi que le champ de vitesse instationnaire. L’étude expérimentale a été complétée par une simulation numérique par ANSYS14.5 pour la maquette de JIG et par un modèle numérique d’oscillation du sillage pour le cylindre. Ces travaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence une technique simple pour mettre en mouvement, dans un sluice, un filet attaché à un cylindre et d'étudier les effets du confinement sur un cylindre vibrant en présence de surface libre. / The work realized under this co-supervised thesis concerns two study areas of fluid-structure interaction. The first concerned the Mineral Engineering and deals with the interaction between a moving grate in a sluice and the confined flow associated. The second concerns the fundamental Hydrodynamics and deals with the interaction of a cylinder mounted on flexible supports and a free surface flow in presence of plane wall. Our work contributes to the study a confined free surface flow by experimental approach. We coupled techniques of CCD camera visualization, velocity fields measurements by PIV and hydrodynamic forces to qualify the dynamics of structure motion in the flow. Experimental methods and devices are applied to the study the flow around two simplified models of a moving JIG grate and then to study a vibrating cylinder due to flow. Treatments of PIV data acquisitions by multivariable statistical POD enabled us to describe evolution of recirculation zones in the compartment and unsteady velocity field. Experimental study was completed by a numerical simulation of Jig model by using ANSYS14.5 and a numerical wake oscillator model for the case of the cylinder. This work highlighted a simple technique to give motion, in a sluice, a attached net to a cylinder and to study effects of free surface flow confinement on a vibrating cylinder

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This thesis aims at improving our knowledge on swirl combustors. The work presented here is based on Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled to an advanced combustion model: the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC). Numerical predictions have been systematically compared and validated with detailed experimental datasets. In order to analyze further the physics underlying the large numerical datasets, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) has also been used throughout the thesis. Various aspects of the aerodynamics of swirling flames are investigated, such as precession or vortex formation caused by flow oscillations, as well as various combustion aspects such as localized extinctions and flame lift-off. All the above affect flame stabilization in different ways and are explored through focused simulations. The first study investigates isothermal air flows behind an enclosed bluff body, with the incoming flow being pulsated. These flows have strong similarities to flows found in combustors experiencing self-excited oscillations and can therefore be considered as canonical problems. At high enough forcing frequencies, double ring vortices are shed from the air pipe exit. Various harmonics of the pulsating frequency are observed in the spectra and their relation with the vortex shedding is investigated through POD. The second study explores the structure of the Delft III piloted turbulent non-premixed flame. The simple configuration allows to analyze further key combustion aspects of combustors, with further insights provided on the dynamics of localized extinctions and re-ignition, as well as the pollutants emissions. The third study presents a comprehensive analysis of the aerodynamics of swirl flows based on the TECFLAM confined non-premixed S09c configuration. A periodic component inside the air inlet pipe and around the central bluff body is observed, for both the inert and reactive flows. POD shows that these flow oscillations are due to single and double helical vortices, similar to Precessing Vortex Cores (PVC), that develop inside the air inlet pipe and whose axes rotate around the burner. The combustion process is found to affect the swirl flow aerodynamics. Finally, the fourth study investigates the TECFLAM configuration again, but here attention is given to the flame lift-off evident in experiments and reproduced by the LES-CMC formulation. The stabilization process and the pollutants emission of the flame are investigated in detail.