A lot of people like gambling. Even though it brings excitement, it has its dark sides as well. Problem gambling is a disease that destroys lives every day. As gambling are entering the digital domain, phenomenon such as E-sport has made it easier than ever to gamble. Therefore it is important to minimize the risk of gambling addiction among the users. At present time, as an attempt to make this possible, legislators have started to implement different rules on how companies need to deal with responsible gambling. A trend, that has become a problem, is that gamblers tend to not read warning messages that they get when they have been playing for a long period of time. This thesis is about producing recommendations for how to design these modal windows so that users actually take the time to read the information they receive. The methods used in this thesis are connected to the 6 phases of the design thinking process produced by Nielsen Norman Group and they were literature studies, interviews, prototyping and user testing. It was found that people with a previous gambling addiction wanted to see information about how much money they had spent in total on their account. That could also show more clearly how serious one's playing habits are. One cannot stop everyone from developing a gambling addiction, but one can give everyone a chance to become healthy.

The relationship between citizenship performance and overall performance and the relationship between citizenship performance and reward recommendations were investigated, with gender and scale type as possible moderators. Two hundred and fifty-four University of South Florida students were used in this study. The majority of these participants were undergraduate, psychology majors, female, and between the ages of 17 and 23. Participants were given statements describing a teacher's performance and were asked to evaluate the professor on citizenship and overall performance and recommend them for rewards. No support was found for the hypothesis that men would have a stronger relationship than women between citizenship and overall performance. No support was found for the hypothesis that men would have a stronger relationship than women between citizenship performance and reward recommendations. Scale type was not found to influence these relationships. These results are not consistent with the shifting standards model. Numerous suggestions are made for changes to the experiment, including performing a field study instead of a lab study.

Consumer Studies is a valuable and multifaceted subject in South African schools, requiring that teachers in the subject are well prepared. Pre-service Consumer Studies teachers need to be prepared to become lifelong learners to cope with the dynamic nature of the subject, as well as to develop various 21st century skills to be able to deal with the demands of these times. Structured guidance, however, could not be uncovered for the preparation of pre-service Consumer Studies teachers to empower them with the requirements for Consumer Studies education. Sett-directed learning is a process that supports the developn1ent of various 21st century skills, including lifelong learning, and could thus contribute to the development of preservice Consumer Studies teachers, if included in their preparation. A suitable teaching-leaming strategy that could be utilised in the preparation module for Consumer Studies teachers, as well as a vehicle to promote self-directed learning as part of such preparation, was identified in the form of project-based learning. A qualitative case study was employed to investigate how project-based learning as a teaching-learning strategy could promote self-directed learning in a pre-service Consumer Studies teacher preparation module. Project-based learning was found to foster the development of various skills as part of the process, including planning and collaboration skills. Subject content, consistent with what is required to be taught in Consumer Studies education on high school level, was developed and self-directed learning was promoted in participants using project-based learning. Recommendations were suggested for the preparation of pre-service Consumer Studies teachers, as well as for the effective structuring of projects and project-based learning in Consumer Studies. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Consumer Studies is a valuable and multifaceted subject in South African schools, requiring that teachers in the subject are well prepared. Pre-service Consumer Studies teachers need to be prepared to become lifelong learners to cope with the dynamic nature of the subject, as well as to develop various 21st century skills to be able to deal with the demands of these times. Structured guidance, however, could not be uncovered for the preparation of pre-service Consumer Studies teachers to empower them with the requirements for Consumer Studies education. Sett-directed learning is a process that supports the developn1ent of various 21st century skills, including lifelong learning, and could thus contribute to the development of preservice Consumer Studies teachers, if included in their preparation. A suitable teaching-leaming strategy that could be utilised in the preparation module for Consumer Studies teachers, as well as a vehicle to promote self-directed learning as part of such preparation, was identified in the form of project-based learning. A qualitative case study was employed to investigate how project-based learning as a teaching-learning strategy could promote self-directed learning in a pre-service Consumer Studies teacher preparation module. Project-based learning was found to foster the development of various skills as part of the process, including planning and collaboration skills. Subject content, consistent with what is required to be taught in Consumer Studies education on high school level, was developed and self-directed learning was promoted in participants using project-based learning. Recommendations were suggested for the preparation of pre-service Consumer Studies teachers, as well as for the effective structuring of projects and project-based learning in Consumer Studies. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Bakgrund: Ett lämpligt näringsintag är viktigt för främjandet och bevarandet av både den allmänna och orala hälsan. Karies är en multifaktoriell sjukdom där kosten har en betydelsefull roll. Kosten kan bidra till både kariesförekomst och kariesprevention. Functional food definieras som ”livsmedel som ger hälsovinster utöver basnutritionen” och ”livsmedel som har en eller flera tillsatser som modifierats för att bidra till en hälsosam kosthållning”. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga kunskapsnivån och tillämpningen av information till patienterna om Functional food i det kariesförebyggande arbetet inom Folktandvården, Landstinget Kronoberg. Metod: Enkätstudiens urval bestod av tandläkare, tandhygienister och tandsköterskor, totalt 106 deltagare, från 17 olika Folktandvårdskliniker tillhörande allmäntandvården i Landstinget Kronoberg. Enkäten bestod av 24 frågor som bedömdes enligt ett graderat poängsättningssystem. Resultatet redovisades deskriptivt med hjälp av tabeller och diagram. Statistiska analyser utfördes med hjälp chitvåtest. Resultat: Majoriteten av deltagarna kategoriserades i grupperna: låg kunskapsnivå samt låg till medelhög tillämpningsnivå av Functional food i det kariesförebyggande arbetet. Merparten av deltagarna hade ett stort intresse av att få ytterligare kunskap. Slutsats: Tandvårdspersonalen önskade mer kunskap om Functional food för en ökad tillämpning i patientarbetet, givet att vetenskaplig evidens uppnås. / Background: An adequate nutrition is essential for the promotion and maintenance of the general and oral health. Dental caries is a multifactorial disease in which diet is a important factor. Functional foods are defined as "foods that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition" and "foods that has one or more additives, modified to contribute to a healthy diet". Aim: The aim of the study was to identify the level of knowledge and application regarding information to patients about Functional food in caries prevention work in Public dental services, County Council of Kronoberg. Method: The survey included 106 participants consisted of dentists, dental hygienists and dental nurses from 17 different Public dental services. The survey consisted of 24 questions. The results were presented descriptive, with tables and charts, as well as statistically analyzes using chi-square tests. Results: The majority of participants were categorized into the groups: low level of knowledge and medium or low application level of Functional food in the caries prevention work. Most of the participants had a great interest in obtaining additional knowledge. Conclusion: Dental professionals would like to get more knowledge about Functional food for an increased application in patient care, provided that scientific evidence is obtained.

Financial markets have many different key actors, but one of the most important ones are the financial analysts. They are considered as experts in gathering and disseminating the information that firms produce, to those that seek it, such as stock recommendations and reports on firms. Related to this is a growing interest in society toward disclosures in regards of CSR as well as ESG. There has been considerable discussion in academia of whether or not CSR can be considered to be value relevant. This is a question which relate to both institutional and legitimacy perspectives in terms of theory, but also discussions in regards to agency and stakeholder theory as well:   Has value relevance of CSR disclosures increased in stock recommendations for the Nordic markets?   Thereby, the main purpose of this thesis is to find out whether or not there has been a shifting view of CSR over time, which would be evidenced in an increasing legitimization of CSR in terms of an increasing value-relevance to financial analysts. This would also be related to a shifting institutional logic, whereby it would be possible to relate to a shift in the view of the firm and its role in society. This is both looked at purely from the starting point of the dataset to the end point, but also for two different periods of time, so as to test if there is a different view of the issue after the financial crisis. In addition to this main purpose, this thesis furthermore sets out to answer whether CSR is value-relevant or not in different subsegments, such as nations, industries and the different types of recommendations that exist.   To answer the research question, an objectivist and positivist stance is taken, which subsequently leads the authors to utilize quantitative methods and statistical analysis to the data. Here, different panel models are fitted to the data to account effects that exist within it. To explain the findings, a theoretical framework is built upon three different levels: societal, firm and individual level. Here, on the societal level theories such as institutional theory as well as legitimacy theory are dealt with. On the firm level, agency theory and stakeholder theory as well as theoretical views of CSR forms the basis, and the individual level deals with theory related to the financial analyst.   In looking at the results and the analysis, one cannot draw the conclusion that there has been a shifting view of the value-relevance of CSR. Financial analysts appear to not find it value-relevant in issuing their stock recommendations, except for two cases: namely in terms of the industrial sector Basic Materials and the Buy recommendations. In terms of Basic Materials, it appears to be value-relevant in a positive manner. In regards to the Buy recommendation, it appears to have a negative effect on the value-relevance. All in all, this thesis cannot find evidence for a value-relevance of CSR to financial analysts in the Nordic markets. Essentially, the view of it appears to be pessimistic.

Reliability Generalization (RG) is a meta-analytic method that examines the sources of measurement error variance for scores for multiple studies that use a certain instrument or group of instruments that measure the same construct (Vacha-Haase, Henson, & Caruso, 2002). Researchers have been conducting RG studies for over 10 years since it was first discussed by Vacha-Haase (1998). Henson and Thompson (2002) noted that, as RG is not a monolithic technique; researchers can conduct RG studies in a variety of ways and include diverse variables in their analyses. Differing recommendations exist in regards to how researchers should retrieve, code, and analyze information when conducting RG studies and these differences can affect the conclusions drawn from meta-analytic studies (Schmidt, Oh, & Hayes, 2009) like RG. The present study is the first comprehensive review of both current RG practices and RG recommendations. Based upon the prior research findings of other meta-analytic review papers (e.g., Dieckmann, Malle, & Bodner 2009), the overarching hypothesis was that there would be differences between current RG practices and best practice recommendations made for RG studies. Data consisted of 64 applied RG studies and recommendation papers, book chapters, and unpublished papers/conference papers. The characteristics that were examined included how RG researchers: (a) collected studies, (b) organized studies, (c) coded studies, (d) analyzed their data, and (e) reported their results. The results showed that although applied RG researchers followed some of the recommendations (e.g., RG researchers examined sample characteristics that influenced reliability estimates), there were some recommendations that RG researchers did not follow (e.g., the majority of researchers did not conduct an a priori power analysis). The results can draw RG researchers’ attentions to areas where there is a disconnect between practice and recommendations as well as provide a benchmark for assessing future improvement in RG implementation.

Objective: To describe a sample that received human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Virginia as a result of animal exposures in 2002 and 2003 and to determine the extent to which PEP decisions were appropriate.Methods: PEP surveillance data were requested from 35 Virginia health districts within 5 regions. Retrospective chart review was used to gather demographic, exposure and source animal data from patient records and animal exposure reports. Descriptive statistics are presented. True exposures and appropriateness of PEP were defined using the 2004 Virginia Rabies Control Guidelines and the Recommendations of the 1999 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. The 2003 sample was analyzed for appropriateness of PEP because it was more representative than the 2002 sample. Stepwise syntax was created in SPSS utilizing 3 key decision variables and the 2004 Virginia Rabies Control Guidelines Algorithm for PEP decisions to determine appropriateness of PEP. Results: The 2002 and 2003 sample consisted of 838 PEP records, (73.6%) of 1139 PEP reported to the Division of Zoonotic and Environmental Epidemiology (central office of the Virginia Department of Health). Most PEP patients were young (mean 32.3 years) and had true exposures during spring or summer that resulted from approaching and handling a potentially rabid animal. Over half of the source animals were not captured. For the analysis of appropriateness, 55.2% (270/489) of PEP was appropriate, 22.5% (110/489) was inappropriate and 22.3% (109/489) of PEP had missing data on key decision variables. Inappropriate PEP primarily resulted from not true exposures [79% (87/110)]. Group exposures represented 42% more inappropriate PEP than individual exposures.Conclusion: Much PEP could be avoided in Virginia if more source animals were captured. The majority of inappropriate PEP occurred because PEP was given for exposures that were not true. New educational strategies for health care providers, public health personnel and the public are recommended to reduce the number of inappropriate PEP. Standardization of data collection methods, linking human and source animal data, computerization and formation of a central database are recommended to improve human rabies PEP surveillance in Virginia.

Title: Habitual physical activity of Portuguese university students in the period of summer holidays Aim of the study: The aim of study is to evaluate habitual physical activity of Portuguese university students and to find out if they are meeting physical activity recommendations and could be seen as a sample of active population. Methods: Sample of the study was made of Portuguese university students, exactly students of physical education and sport sciences faculty. Sample size was 125 respondents, 81males and 44females. The sample refers to young adult age group from 18 years old, both genders. Instrument used was International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), long version. Data were collected electronically by Google Docs and then analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2007 and IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Results: Physical activity and sport scientist's students can be seen as a sample of active population. 122 (97.6%) respondents are meeting physical activity recommendations from which 87 (69.6%) are over-meeting these recommendations. PAL of the sample was high in 69,6%, moderate in 28% and low in 6,8% of the cases. No statistical significance was found between total physical activity score and academic year. The habitual physical activity of the sample is not influenced by their study curriculum....

The title of the work: Nutritional status of seniors depending on their dietary habits. The aim of the work: The aim of my project is monitoring of nutritional status of women in the age group between 55-74 years old. Methodology: This work is a case study and is composed as a qualitative research. The main method for determining the nutritional status and dietary habits of the women was interwiev, clinical and anthropometric examination according to a standardized protocol input of Survey Project-Health application (Fiala, 1998). As for data collecting, it is a prospective study. The obtained data regarding nutritional habits, alcohol consumption, smoking, level of physical activity, psychosocial stress, family anamnesis, blood pressure, anthropometric and biochemical parameters of individual respondents were processed by a computer program Survey (Kozina, 2001). The results are in output protocols, which contain charts, scales, tables and text with graphic design program options within Excel. Outcomes: Nutritional status of women in the study (55 - 74 year old) shows the overweight or even obesity. Only 10 % of the women had % of body fat in standard, 90 % had high % of body fat. 7 participants out of 10 showed rather hazardous or risky android fat deposition in the abdominal area. Common to all...