A radiação ionizante prévia promove alterações actínicas em tecidos peritumorais,o que poderia influenciar a demarcação do linfonodo sentinela.O presente estudo desenvolveu modelo experimental para demarcação do linfonodo sentinela do reto do rato e para definição da dose de radiação (curva de calibração). O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da radiação ionizante pré-operatória sobre a marcação, com corante azul patente, do linfonodo sentinela do reto de ratos. A amostra foi constituída por 40 ratos machos Wistar e dividida em 2 grupos:Grupo 1 (controle não irradiado; n = 20) e Grupo 2 (irradiado com 1200cGy e demarcado 2 dias após; n = 20). Foi observado aumento linear do tempo de coloração do linfonodo no Grupo 2. Concluindo,a irradiação pré-operatória não influiu na demarcação do linfonodo sentinela do reto do rato / Previous ionizing radiation induces actinic alterations in peritumoral tissues and thus might influence the localization of the sentinel lymph node. The present study developed an experimental model for the localization of the sentinel lymph node of the rectum of the rat and for the definition of the dose of radiation (calibration curve). The objective was to evaluate the influence of preoperative ionizing radiation on the staining of a patent blue dye in the sentinel lymph node of the rectum in rats.The sample was composed of 40 male Wistar rats and was divided in two groups: Group 1 (non-irradiated control; n = 20 ) and Group 2(irradiated with 1200cGy and stained 2 days afterwards; n = 20). It was observed a linear increase in the time for the staining of the lymph in Group 2.In conclusion, preoperative irradiation did not influence the staining of the sentinel lymph node of the rectum in rats

INTRODUÇÃO: A microcirurgia endoscópica transanal (TEM) é uma técnica minimamente invasiva segura e eficiente para o tratamento de neoplasia retal benigna e maligna precoce. As complicações pós operatórias podem ser graves. Existe controvérsia na literatura a respeito da sua incidência e gravidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados a incidência e gravidade das complicações pós operatórias e seu comportamento temporal em pacientes com neoplasia retal tratados por TEM. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo das complicações pós-operatórias usando a classificação e graduação de Clavien-Dindo. As características estudadas dos pacientes foram: idade, sexo, risco cirúrgico dado pela Associação Americana de Anestesiologia (ASA), quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante, altura e tamanho da lesão, margens patológicas, histologia do tumor e tipo de sutura: por TEM ou por afastador anal convencional. RESULTADOS: Dentre os cinquenta e três pacientes tratados, a morbidade geral foi de 50%. Incontinência foi a complicação mais frequente (17,3%). Apenas uma paciente teve incontinência persistente. As taxas de complicações pós-operatórias grau I e grau II (GII) foram ambas 21,1%; para grau III (GIII) e IV também foram ambas: 3,8%. Não houve mortalidade. Dos pacientes que tiveram complicações pós-operatórias, 61,54% tinham lesões abaixo da primeira válvula retal, comparado com 38,46% dos pacientes com lesões acima da primeira válvula (p=0.039). Pacientes submetidos à quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante tiveram 24 vezes mais chance de apresentarem complicações pós-operatórias GII (p=0,002), e 7,03 vezes mais chance de GIII (p=0,098). Quando a sutura da ferida cirúrgica foi realizada por TEM, houve 16 vezes menos chance de ocorrerem complicações pós-operatórias GIII (p=0,043). 53% das complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 10 dias e 95%, em 20 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Complicações pós-operatórias pós TEM são frequentes, aceitáveis e geralmente controladas com medicamentos. Pacientes com lesões mais distais têm mais complicações pós-operatórias. Pacientes que receberam quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante e submetidos a sutura com afastador de ânus convencional tiveram complicações pós operatórias que requereram intervenção médica - cirúrgica ou endoscópica sobre sedação. O comportamento temporal das complicações é progressivo e inespecífico, a maioria ocorrendo nos primeiros 20 dias / INTRODUCTION: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a safe and efficient minimally invasive treatment for rectal benign and early malignant neoplasia. Postoperative complications may be severe. Controversy exists with regard to incidence and severity. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate risk factors related to incidence and severity of postoperative complications, and time course, in patients with rectal neoplasia treated by TEM. METHODS: Prospective study of postoperative complications using the Clavien-Dindo classification and grading system. Patients\' characteristics included age, sex, ASA score, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), lesion height and size, pathologic margins, tumor histology, and suture type: through TEM or conventional retractor. RESULTS: Among fifty-three patients treated,overall morbidity rate was 50%. Incontinence was the most frequent complication (17.3%). One patient had persistent incontinence. Grade I and Grade II (GII) postoperative complication rates were both 21.1%, and Grade III (GIII) and IV rates were both 3.8%. There was no mortality. Of the patients with postoperative complications, 61.54% had lesions under the first rectal valve, compared with 38.46% of patients with lesions over the first valve (p=0.039). Patients submitted to CRT had a 24-fold greater chance of presenting GII complications (p=0.002), and a 7.03-fold greater chance of GIII (p=0.098). When the surgical defect was treated using the TEM device to perform the suture, there was a 16-fold less chance of having GIII complications (p=0.043). Fifty-three percent of complications occurred in the first 10 days, and 95% within 20 days. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative complications after TEM for the treatment of rectal neoplasia are frequent, acceptable, and usually controllable with pharmacologic treatment. Patients with more distal lesions have more postoperative complications. Patients receiving neoadjuvant CRT and submitted to suture with a conventional anal retractor have more postoperative complications that require intervention under sedation. Over time the nature of complications is progressive and nonspecific, with most occurring within the first 20 days

INTRODUÇÃO: A microcirurgia endoscópica transanal (TEM) é uma técnica minimamente invasiva segura e eficiente para o tratamento de neoplasia retal benigna e maligna precoce. As complicações pós operatórias podem ser graves. Existe controvérsia na literatura a respeito da sua incidência e gravidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os fatores de risco relacionados a incidência e gravidade das complicações pós operatórias e seu comportamento temporal em pacientes com neoplasia retal tratados por TEM. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo das complicações pós-operatórias usando a classificação e graduação de Clavien-Dindo. As características estudadas dos pacientes foram: idade, sexo, risco cirúrgico dado pela Associação Americana de Anestesiologia (ASA), quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante, altura e tamanho da lesão, margens patológicas, histologia do tumor e tipo de sutura: por TEM ou por afastador anal convencional. RESULTADOS: Dentre os cinquenta e três pacientes tratados, a morbidade geral foi de 50%. Incontinência foi a complicação mais frequente (17,3%). Apenas uma paciente teve incontinência persistente. As taxas de complicações pós-operatórias grau I e grau II (GII) foram ambas 21,1%; para grau III (GIII) e IV também foram ambas: 3,8%. Não houve mortalidade. Dos pacientes que tiveram complicações pós-operatórias, 61,54% tinham lesões abaixo da primeira válvula retal, comparado com 38,46% dos pacientes com lesões acima da primeira válvula (p=0.039). Pacientes submetidos à quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante tiveram 24 vezes mais chance de apresentarem complicações pós-operatórias GII (p=0,002), e 7,03 vezes mais chance de GIII (p=0,098). Quando a sutura da ferida cirúrgica foi realizada por TEM, houve 16 vezes menos chance de ocorrerem complicações pós-operatórias GIII (p=0,043). 53% das complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 10 dias e 95%, em 20 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Complicações pós-operatórias pós TEM são frequentes, aceitáveis e geralmente controladas com medicamentos. Pacientes com lesões mais distais têm mais complicações pós-operatórias. Pacientes que receberam quimiorradioterapia neoadjuvante e submetidos a sutura com afastador de ânus convencional tiveram complicações pós operatórias que requereram intervenção médica - cirúrgica ou endoscópica sobre sedação. O comportamento temporal das complicações é progressivo e inespecífico, a maioria ocorrendo nos primeiros 20 dias / INTRODUCTION: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) is a safe and efficient minimally invasive treatment for rectal benign and early malignant neoplasia. Postoperative complications may be severe. Controversy exists with regard to incidence and severity. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate risk factors related to incidence and severity of postoperative complications, and time course, in patients with rectal neoplasia treated by TEM. METHODS: Prospective study of postoperative complications using the Clavien-Dindo classification and grading system. Patients\' characteristics included age, sex, ASA score, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), lesion height and size, pathologic margins, tumor histology, and suture type: through TEM or conventional retractor. RESULTS: Among fifty-three patients treated,overall morbidity rate was 50%. Incontinence was the most frequent complication (17.3%). One patient had persistent incontinence. Grade I and Grade II (GII) postoperative complication rates were both 21.1%, and Grade III (GIII) and IV rates were both 3.8%. There was no mortality. Of the patients with postoperative complications, 61.54% had lesions under the first rectal valve, compared with 38.46% of patients with lesions over the first valve (p=0.039). Patients submitted to CRT had a 24-fold greater chance of presenting GII complications (p=0.002), and a 7.03-fold greater chance of GIII (p=0.098). When the surgical defect was treated using the TEM device to perform the suture, there was a 16-fold less chance of having GIII complications (p=0.043). Fifty-three percent of complications occurred in the first 10 days, and 95% within 20 days. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative complications after TEM for the treatment of rectal neoplasia are frequent, acceptable, and usually controllable with pharmacologic treatment. Patients with more distal lesions have more postoperative complications. Patients receiving neoadjuvant CRT and submitted to suture with a conventional anal retractor have more postoperative complications that require intervention under sedation. Over time the nature of complications is progressive and nonspecific, with most occurring within the first 20 days

Contexte: Le cancer colo-rectal est la deuxième cause de décès, par ordre de fréquence. L’utilisation de l’imagerie dans la stadification du cancer colo-rectal est un élément important de la prise en charge de la maladie. L’échographie endoscopique est une modalité qui permet de préciser la profondeur de l’atteinte néoplasique. Les données probantes concernant la performance diagnostique dans l’identification de cancers peu avancés sont variables. Objectif : Effectuer une revue systématique sur la performance diagnostique de l’échographie endoscopique dans l’identification de cancer de stade T1 et T2. Devis : Revue systématique. Sources bibliographiques : PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid and Cochrane library Méthodes: Dans un premier temps, une recherche de revue systématique publiée dans les 15 dernières années fût effectuée sur la précision diagnostique de l’échographie endoscopique dans les banques PubMed, Cochrne et trip database. Deux revues systématiques, publiées en 2008 et 2009 fûrent identifiées. Une deuxième recherche portant sur des études primaires a été effectuée pour la période 2009 à 2016, dans les mêmes banques bibliographiques. La qualité des études primaires a été évaluée à l’aide de la grille QUADAS2. Les mots clés utilisés étaient échographie endoscopique, EUS, cancer rectal, histo-pathologie, staging. Sélection d’études : Les critères d’inclusion : population adulte avec diagnostic de cancer du rectum pas avancé, articles complets publiés dans des revues avec comité de pairs, articles en anglais. Critères d’exclusion : population pédiatrique, cancers avancés avec atteinte métastatique, patients évalués avec d’autres modalités (CT ou IRM) sans échographie endoscopique, absence de confirmation histologique. Résultats : Dix articles, publiés depuis 2009, répondaient aux critères d’inclusion. Ces articles furent ajoutés aux articles retenus dans les revues systématiques déjà publiées. Au total,49 articles sont inclus dans cette revue systématique. La performance diagnostique de l’échographie endoscopique a été évaluée en calculant la sensitivité et la spécificité des études regroupées. Pour le stade T1, les valeurs de sensitivité et spécificité étaient 0.84 (CI 0.75-0.91) et 0.93 (CI 0.86–0.97), respectivement. Pour le stade T2 les valeurs de sensitivité et spécificité étaient 0.83 (CI 0.74–0.90) et 0.93 (CI 0.86–0.97), respectivement. Conclusion: L’échographie endoscopique présente une performance diagnostique pour l’identification de cancers de stade T1 et T2. Ceci permet d’orienter des patients vers des chirurgies moins invasives avec une survie égale et un taux de complications inférieures comparativement à des chirurgies plus invasives. / Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death. The use of preoperative imaging in the staging of (CRC) plays a major role in the management. Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) is a precise imaging modality to determine the depth of penetration. The data on the precision of (ERUS) to predict early stage of rectal cancer has been variable Objectives: To conduct a systematic review, on the diagnostic performance of (ERUS) in the staging of T1 and T2 CRC. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: A literature search via PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid and Cochrane library. METHODS: An initial search for systematic review articles published in the last 15 years on the diagnostic accuracy of EUS in the staging of CRC using PubMed, Cochrane library, and trip database was conducted. After finding two systematic reviews that were published in 2008 and 2009, a second search of original studies published since the systematic reviews were conducted using the same databases from 2009 to 2016. The primary studies included in the systematic reviews and the primary studies published afterwards were included in the review. Methodological quality was applied using a modified version of the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS2) tool. Terms used for search were endoscopic ultrasound, EUS, rectal cancer, histo-pathological finding, and staging. Study selection: Inclusion criteria includes adult people diagnosed with early stage CRC, all articles in english language and must be a full manuscripts published in peer-reviews journals. Exclusion criteria includes any recurrent or metastasis cancer and children with rectal cancer. Patients who were staged preoperatively by other imaging modality (MRI or CT) and no comparison with post operative pathology. Results: The search identified 420 articles, 97 articles were duplicate and excluded, and 232 refined articles were screened for title and abstract, reviewed. Thirty-two full text studies were assessed for eligibility, and ten published as full text and met the inclusion criteria; they were added to the articles identified in the earlier systematic reviews a total of 49 articles. Results of the evaluation of the accuracy of ERUS analyzed according to the diagnostic measures of sensitivities and specificities calculated for each study. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of EUS for stage T1 CRC was 0.84 (CI 0.75-0.91) and 0.93 (CI 0.86–0.97), and for T2 was 0.83 (CI 0.74–0.90) and 0.93(CI 0.86–0.97) respectively. Conclusion: The range of sensitivity and specificity values suggest that EUS performs well in accurately staging T1 and T2 cancers. Further advancement in this technology will lead to an improved diagnosis, clinical decision-making, and reduce the over staging drawback.

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