Na última década foram descobertas jazidas de petróleo e gás em águas profundas ao longo da costa sudeste do Brasil, o que tem levado à reavaliação de conceitos e técnicas até então utilizados para sua exploração em pequenas profundidades. Parâmetros que anteriormente eram supostamente não críticos passaram a ser relevantes no dimensionamento estrutural dos risers. Efetivamente, a descoberta de novas jazidas na Bacia de Santos incentivou o desenvolvimento de pesquisas nesta área, no Brasil e no mundo. Os depósitos de petróleo e gás encontrados abaixo da camada de sal (daí serem referidas por pré-sal) ocorrem em áreas com lâmina dágua de mais de 2.000 metros, requerendo novas tecnologias para viabilizar sua extração. Os risers de produção nada mais são do que tubulações que levam petróleo e gás do fundo do oceano para a superfície. Nas suas diversas configurações geométricas (vertical, em catenária, lazy wave, entre outros), são elementos estruturais extremamente esbeltos, que devem suportar carregamentos dinâmicos oriundos da correnteza marítima em grande profundidade, ondas de superfície, escoamento interno e deslocamentos impostos, atendendo a exigentes critérios de projeto. O riser vertical será o foco deste trabalho, no qual se pretende utilizar modelos matemáticos com poucos graus de liberdade, denominados modelos de ordem reduzida (MOR), mas com adequada capacidade de representação qualitativa e quantitativa da resposta estrutural, fazendo uso de modos não lineares como funções de projeção, dentro do método de Galerkin não linear. Os modos não lineares, intensivamente estudados no Grupo de Pesquisa Dinâmica, Estabilidade e Controle de Sistemas Estruturais da Escola Politécnica da USP, por conterem intrinsecamente informações de harmônicos de ordem superior, são capazes de, em menor número do que os modos lineares utilizados no método da superposição modal clássico, descreverem acuradamente a resposta do sistema não linear. Serão utilizados procedimentos baseados tanto no método das variedades invariantes, quanto no método das múltiplas escalas, em modelos analíticos. Para a redução de graus de liberdade, será utilizado o método de projeção que se baseia na imposição da igualdade entre os trabalhos virtuais dos modelos de alta e baixa hierarquia (MOR), de sorte que o sistema sob carregamento dinâmico possa ser estudado em espaço de fase de baixa dimensão. A presente pesquisa, além dos desafios acadêmicos inerentes ao tema, apresenta evidente relevância econômica e estratégica para o País. / In the last decade, deposits of oil and gas under deep waters were discovered along the Brazilian Southeast coast, which led to reassessment of concepts and techniques previously used for their exploitation under shallow waters. Parameters that were not previously considered to be critical became relevant in the structural design of the risers. Indeed, the discovery of new deposits in the so-called Santos Basin encouraged the development of research in this area in Brazil and worldwide. The oil and gas deposits found in the pre-salt layer occur in waters deeper than 2,000 meters, requiring new technologies to facilitate their extraction. The risers of production are nothing more than pipes that carry oil and gas from the ocean to the surface. In its various geometric configurations (vertical, catenary, lazy waves, etc.), they are extremely slender structural elements, which must withstand dynamic loads from deep currents, surface waves, internal flow and imposed motions, observing the strict design criteria regarding ultimate and service limit states. The vertical riser will be the focus of this work, which uses mathematical models with few degrees of freedom, known as reduced-order models (ROM), but with adequate capacity to represent the structural response both qualitatively and quantitatively, using non-linear modes as projection functions within the non-linear Galerkin method. The non-linear modes were intensively studied in the research group \"Dynamics, Stability and Control of Structural Systems\" at the Escola Politécnica of USP. Because they contain information of higher-order harmonics, they are able to accurately describe the response of the nonlinear system, using a smaller number of modes than the linear modes used in the classical modal superposition method. Procedures based on the method of invariant manifold and the method of multiple scales alike will be applied to analytical continuum models (with infinite number of degrees of freedom). For the reduction of degrees of freedom, a method based on the identification of the virtual works in both the high-hierarchy and the ROM will be used, so that the system under dynamic loading can be studied in a low-dimension phase space. 13 This research, in addition to academic challenges inherent to the subject has obvious economic and strategic importance for the country.

<p>There is a growing need to understand the deformation mechanisms in titanium alloys due to their widespread use in the aerospace industry (especially within gas turbine engines), variation in their properties and performance based on their microstructure, and their tendency to undergo premature failure due to dwell and high cycle fatigue well below their yield strength. Crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) modeling is a popular computational tool used to understand deformation in these polycrystalline alloys. With the advancement in experimental techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction, digital image correlation (DIC) and high-energy x-ray diffraction, more insights into the microstructure of the material and its deformation process can be attained. This research leverages data from a number of experimental techniques to develop well-informed and calibrated CPFE models for titanium alloys at multiple length-scales and use them to further understand the deformation in these alloys.</p> <p>The first part of the research utilizes experimental data from high-energy x-ray diffraction microscopy to initialize grain-level residual stresses and capture the correct grain morphology within CPFE simulations. Further, another method to incorporate the effect of grain-level residual stresses via geometrically necessary dislocations obtained from 2D material characterization is developed and implemented within the CPFE framework. Using this approach, grain level information about residual stresses obtained spatially over the region of interest, directly from the EBSD and high-energy x-ray diffraction microscopy, is utilized as an input to the model.</p> <p>The second part of this research involves calibrating the CPFE model based upon a systematic and detailed optimization routine utilizing experimental data in the form of macroscopic stress-strain curves coupled with lattice strains on different crystallographic planes for the α and β phases, obtained from high energy X-ray diffraction experiments for multiple material pedigrees with varying β volume fractions. This fully calibrated CPFE model is then used to gain a comprehensive understanding of deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V, specifically the effect of the relative orientation of the α and β phases within the microstructure.</p> <p>In the final part of this work, large and highly textured regions, referred to as macrozones or microtextured regions (MTRs), with sizes up to several orders of magnitude larger than that of the individual grains, found in dual phase Titanium alloys are modeled using a reduced order simulation strategy. This is done to overcome the computational challenges associated with modeling macrozones. The reduced order model is then used to investigate the strain localization within the microstructure and the effect of varying the misorientation tolerance on the localization of plastic strain within the macrozones.</p>

Dans les centrales nucléaires et thermiques, certaines installations sont sujettes à des couplages acousto-mécaniques pouvant nuire fortement à leur bon fonctionnement. La compréhension et la prédiction de ces couplages multi-physiques nécessitent le développement de modèles numériques de très grande précision. Ces modèles sont si coûteux à résoudre qu’il n’est pas envisageable de les utiliser dans des boucles de contrôle ou encore d’optimisation paramétrique. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, le but est d’exploiter un nombre limité de calculs coûteux pour construire un modèle numérique qui soit de très faible dimension. Ces modèles numériques réduits doivent être capables, en temps réel, de reproduire ces calculs haute-fidélité mais aussi d’extrapoler ces résultats à d’autres points de fonctionnement plus ou moins proches. L’évolution dé petites perturbations compressibles au sein d’un écoulement complexe moyenné est modélisée à partir des équations d’Euler linéarisées dont la nature hyperbolique complique l’application des méthodes de réduction classiques. Les principales problématiques théoriques et numériques qui émergent lors de la construction du système réduit par méthode de projection sont alors exposées. En particulier, les problèmes fondamentaux de la préservation de la stabilité et du contrôle de l’énergie des systèmes réduits sont largement développés et une nouvelle méthode de stabilisation est proposée. Leur sensibilité paramétrique est aussi discutée. Les modèles réduits stables sont ensuite intégrées dans un code de calcul industriel pour prendre en compte des géométries complexes. De plus, la présence de solides dont les parois peuvent être fixes ou mobiles est abordée. En particulier, les petits déplacements de paroi sont modélisés avec une loi de transpiration. Cette condition aux limites est intégrée dans le formalisme du contrôle de façon à lever la difficulté induite par sa non homogénéité. Finalement, les modèles réduits sont exploités pour prédire en temps réel la réponse des systèmes à une loi de contrôle arbitraire. Par exemple, la fréquence et l’amplitude du chargement peuvent varier. Le code de calcul réduit ainsi développé a pour principale vocation de rendre possible des expertises aéroélastiques à faible coût. / In nuclear and thermal power stations, some installations produce acoustics/mechanics coupling which may cause important damage and bad operating performances. Prediction and understanding of these physical phenomena need the development of high-fidelity numerical models which are prohibitive to solve. Therefore, these models cannot be used for control or even parametric optimization applications. In this work, the goal is to use some high-fidelity solutions for building reduced-order models which are able to calculate again these solutions but in real-time, and also to predict solutions for other close configurations. Modelling of compressible disturbances in a complex mean flow is given by hyperbolic linearized Euler equations which create some difficulties to perform classical reduction methods. Theoretical and numerical problems are then introduced when a projection method is applied. In particular, the conservation of stability and the control of energy of reduced-order models are studied and a new stabilization procedure is proposed. Parametric sensitivity is also discussed. Afterwards, stable reduced-order models are developed in an industrial code to consider complex geometries. Furthermore, modelling of solids with fixed or vibrating walls are taken into account. Particularly, small vibrations are modelled thanks to a transpiration law. This boundary condition is implemented in the framework of linear control theory to apply reduction methods. Finally, reduced-order models are tested to predict solutions in real time. For instance, frequency and amplitude of the loading can change. The developed reduced order model should be used for aeroelastic industrial problems with more realistic costs.

Future generation of all-electric ships will be highly dependent on electric power, since every single system aboard such as the drive propulsion, the weapon system, the communication and navigation systems will be electrically powered. Power conversion modules (PCM) will be used to transform and distribute the power as desired in various zone within the ships. As power densities increase at both components and systems-levels, high-fidelity thermal models of those PCMs are indispensable to reach high performance and energy efficient designs. Efficient systems-level thermal management requires modeling and analysis of complex turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer processes across several decades of length scales. In this thesis, a methodology for thermal modeling of complex PCM cabinets used in naval applications is offered. High fidelity computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer (CFD/HT) models are created in order to analyze the heat dissipation from the chip to the multi-cabinet level and optimize turbulent convection cooling inside the cabinet enclosure. Conventional CFD/HT modeling techniques for such complex and multi-scale systems are severely limited as a design or optimization tool. The large size of such models and the complex physics involved result in extremely slow processing time. A multi-scale approach has been developed to predict accurately the overall airflow conditions at the cabinet level as well as the airflow around components which dictates the chip temperature in details. Various models of different length scales are linked together by matching the boundary conditions. The advantage is that it allows high fidelity models at each length scale and more detailed simulations are obtained than what could have been accomplished with a single model methodology. It was found that the power cabinets under the prescribed design parameters, experience operating point airflow rates that are much lower than the design requirements. The flow is unevenly distributed through the various bays. Approximately 90 % of the cold plenum inlet flow rate goes exclusively through Bay 1 and Bay 2. Re-circulation and reverse flow are observed in regions experiencing a lack of flow motion. As a result high temperature of the air flow and consequently high component temperatures are also experienced in the upper bays of the cabinet. A proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) methodology has been performed to develop reduced-order compact models of the PCM cabinets. The reduced-order modeling approach based on POD reduces the numerical models containing 35 x 109 DOF down to less than 20 DOF, while still retaining a great accuracy. The reduced-order models developed yields prediction of the full-field 3-D cabinet within 30 seconds as opposed to the CFD/HT simulations that take more than 3 hours using a high power computer cluster. The reduced-order modeling methodology developed could be a useful tool to quickly and accurately characterize the thermal behavior of any electronics system and provides a good basis for thermal design and optimization purposes.

In this thesis different control methods are applied to the beam and ball system. Test setup for the previous thesis is handled, circuit assemblies and hardware redesigned. As the system is controlled by the control law partitioning method by a computer, discrete time system model is created. The controllability and the observability of the system are analyzed and a nonlinear controller by using control law partitioning in other words computed torque is designed. State feedback control algorithm previously designed is repeated. In case of calculating the non measurable state variables two different reduced order observers are designed for these two different controllers, one for control law partitioning controller and the other for state-feedback controller. Two controller methods designed for the thesis study are tested in the computer environment using modeling and simulation tools (Also a different controller by using sliding mode controller is designed and tested in the computer environment using simulation tools). A controller software program is written for the designed controller algorithms and this software is tested on the test setup. It is observed that the system is stable when we apply either of the control algorithms.

The persistent thrust for a cleaner, greener environment has prompted air pollution regulations to be enforced with increased stringency by environmental protection bodies all over the world. This has prompted gas turbine manufacturers to move from non-premixed combustion to lean, premixed combustion. These lean premixed combustors operate quite fuel-lean compared to the stochiometric, in order to minimize CO and NOx productions, and are very susceptible to oscillations in any of the upstream flow variables. These oscillations cause the heat release rate of the flame to oscillate, which can engage one or more acoustic modes of the combustor or gas turbine components, and under certain conditions, lead to limit cycle oscillations. This phenomenon, called thermoacoustic instabilities, is characterized by very high pressure oscillations and increased heat fluxes at system walls, and can cause significant problems in the routine operability of these combustors, not to mention the occasional hardware damages that could occur, all of which cumulatively cost several millions of dollars. In a bid towards understanding this flow-flame interaction, this research works studies the heat release response of premixed flames to oscillations in reactant equivalence ratio, reactant velocity and pressure, under conditions where the flame preheat zone is convectively compact to these disturbances, using the G-equation. The heat release response is quantified by means of the flame transfer function and together with combustor acoustics, forms a critical component of the analytical models that can predict combustor dynamics. To this end, low excitation amplitude (linear) and high excitation amplitude (nonlinear) responses of the flame are studied in this work. The linear heat release response of lean, premixed flames are seen to be dominated by responses to velocity and equivalence ratio fluctuations at low frequencies, and to pressure fluctuations at high frequencies which are in the vicinity of typical screech frequencies in gas turbine combustors. The nonlinear response problem is exclusively studied in the case of equivalence ratio coupling. Various nonlinearity mechanisms are identified, amongst which the crossover mechanisms, viz., stoichiometric and flammability crossovers, are seen to be responsible in causing saturation in the overall heat release magnitude of the flame. The response physics remain the same across various preheat temperatures and reactant pressures. Finally, comparisons between the chemiluminescence transfer function obtained experimentally and the heat release transfer functions obtained from the reduced order model (ROM) are performed for lean, CH4/Air swirl-stabilized, axisymmetric V-flames. While the comparison between the phases of the experimental and theoretical transfer functions are encouraging, their magnitudes show disagreement at lower Strouhal number gains show disagreement.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Methode der modalen Superposition als Ordnungsreduktionsverfahren in der Mikrosystemtechnik. Typische Anwendungsgebiete sind Inertialsensoren und dabei im Besonderen Drehratensensoren, für die die Simulation von zeitabhängigen Phänomenen von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Im Rahmen der Weiterentwicklung der Ordnungsreduktion nach der Methode der modalen Superposition ist es gelungen für typische lineare Kräfte eine auf analytischen Gleichungen basierende Beschreibung im reduzierten Raum zu finden. Für die Beschreibung von nichtlinearen Kräften ist im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Verfahren entwickelt worden, das es erlaubt, bestehende Modelle im Finite-Elemente-Raum in der modalen Beschreibung zu nutzen. In dieser Arbeit werden die theoretischen Grundlagen zur Berücksichtigung von Einflüssen der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik in ordnungsreduzierten Modellen dargestellt. Neben der Einkopplung äußerer Kräfte und der Veränderung der mechanischen Randbedingungen wird auch der Einfluss der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik auf die elektrostatischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Die Parametrisierung des Verfahrens der modalen Superposition über Fit- und Interpolationsverfahren erlaubt es, parametrisierte ordnungsreduzierte Modelle für die zeitabhängige Systemsimulation zu generieren. Damit wird die Durchführung von Designoptimierung und die Berücksichtigung von Fertigungs- und Prozessschwankungen in ordnungsreduzierten Modellen auf Systemebene möglich.

Bien que les méthodes de calcul peuvent donner de bons résultats, ils ne sont généralement pas en accord avec exactement les données d'essais en vol en raison des incertitudes dans les modelé de calcul de structure et aérodynamiques. Une méthode efficace est nécessaire pour la mise à jour des modelé aeroelastiques en utilisant les données d'essais en vol, les données d'essais de vibration au sol ( GVT ) et les données de soufflerie. Tout d'abord tous les développements ont été valides sur une section de l'aile 2D et sur un modèle 3D simple et après l'approche POD a été applique= a une configuration industrielle (modèle de soufflerie aile-fuselage et modèle d' avions complète). / Although computational methods can provide good results, they usually do not agree exactly with the flight test data due to uncertainties in structural and aerodynamic computational models. An effective method is required for updating computational aeroelastic models using the flight test data along with Ground Vibration Test (GVT) data and wind tunnel data. Firstly all developments have been validated on a 2D wing section and on a simple 3D model and after the POD approach has been applied to an industrial configuration (wing-fuselage wind tunnel model and complete aircraft model).

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La réalisation par des procédés robotisés de pièces composites à destination, notamment, de l’aéronautique vise à en augmenter la productivité. Cependant le Placement de Fibres Robotisé (PFR) est encore en phase de maturation et requiert de nombreux développements, en particulier dans le cas des composites à matrice thermoplastique ou à fibre sèche. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons différents outils qui permettent in fine de déterminer à l’avance la meilleure puissance de chauffe pour la mise en œuvre de ces composites. La difficulté réside dans le fait que cette puissance dépend de nombreux paramètres, non seulement au niveau de la matière utilisée (densité, chaleur spécifique. . .), mais encore au niveau du procédé lui-même (vitesse de déplacement, nombre et orientation des plis. . .). Nous avons construit un modèle réduit multi-paramétrique en utilisant la technique appelée Proper Generalised Decomposition (PGD). Les résultats ont été confrontés à ceux obtenus par des méthodes plus conventionnelles et aussi à des données expérimentales. / Realising composite parts mainly dedicated to aeronautics sector by robotised processes tends to increase productivity. However, Automated Tape Placement (ATP) is still in ripening stage and requires various developments, particularly in case of thermoplastic composites or dry fibres. In this manuscript, we propose different tools allowing to determine in advance the best heating power to drape composite fibres. Difficulty arises from dependence on many parameters, from material (density, specific heat) or from process itself (velocity, number and orientation of plies). Therefore we construct a multi-parametric reduced order model using the so called Proper Generalised Decomposition (PGD). Results have been faced to those obtained from more conventional methods but also to experimental data.