Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Chemical Engineering. / M̲i̲c̲ṟo̲f̲i̲c̲ẖe̲ c̲o̲p̲y̲ a̲v̲a̲i̲ḻa̲ḇḻe̲ i̲ṉ A̲ṟc̲ẖi̲v̲e̲s̲ a̲ṉḏ S̲c̲i̲e̲ṉc̲e̲.̲ / Vita. / Bibliography : leaves 378-385. / by John A. Wilkens. / Ph.D.

As energias renováveis têm ganhado destaque como possíveis soluções para a questão da matriz energética mundial. Dentre as diferentes alternativas está a energia solar. As células fotovoltaicas são produzidas majoritariamente com silício metálico de alta pureza que é produzido tradicionalmente por um processo químico de alta complexidade e custo. Alternativas vêm sendo desenvolvidas para produção deste material, sendo a rota metalúrgica uma delas. Nesta rota parte-se de um silício de menor pureza e removem-se as impurezas através de operações metalúrgicas. Um dos elementos a serem removidos é o carbono, que está majoritariamente presente precipitado na forma de carboneto de silício (SiC). Visando o estudo da formação da macrossegregação de partículas de SiC em Si, ensaios de solidificação em um forno do tipo Bridgman com diferentes velocidades de extração e diferentes diâmetros de molde foram realizados. Ensaios para verificar o efeito de decantação destas partículas na macrossegregação também foram conduzidos. Nos ensaios de solidificação, os resultados mostram que um aumento da velocidade de extração do molde para fora da região quente do forno resulta em uma estrutura de grãos menos alinhada na direção axial dos lingotes cilíndricos. Adicionalmente, o aumento do diâmetro do lingote também possui um efeito na macroestrutura, dependo da velocidade de extração. A macrossegregação de carbono para o topo do lingote é mais severa quanto menor for a velocidade de extração e maior for a direcionalidade dos grãos. Esta macrossegregação é causada pelo empurramento das partículas de SiC pela interface sólido/líquido. A decantação de partículas de SiC causou macrossegregação de C para a base dos lingotes de Si, porém menos acentuada que aquela observada nos ensaios de solidificação direcional. A alteração do período de tempo reservado no experimento para ocorrência da decantação de uma para seis horas não influenciou significativamente a macrossegregação. Para um mesmo tempo de processo, a solidificação direcional a uma velocidade de extração de 5 µm/s resultou em uma maior macrossegregação de carbono do que aquela observada após decantação, apresentando um maior potencial para a remoção do carbono contido no silício. / Renewable energies have been considered as possible solutions to the world energy matrix issue. Solar energy is one of the alternatives. Photovoltaic cells are mainly made of high purity silicon, which is produced by a complex and costly chemical process. New alternative processes are under development and one of them is the metallurgical route. In this route, a less pure silicon is refined and impurities are removed by metallurgical operations. One of the elements to be removed is carbon, which is mainly present as silicon carbide (SiC). Aiming at an investigation about the macrosegregation of carbon and SiC particles in Si, solidification experiments were conducted in a Bridgman type furnace using different extraction velocities and different mold diameters. Experiments to investigate the effects of settling of SiC particles were also carried out. The results show that the mold extraction velocity plays an important role in the grain macrostructure formation: higher velocities give rise to a less directional grain structure. Additionally, the change in the ingot diameter also has an effect on the macrostructure depending on the extraction velocity. Carbon macrosegregation to the ingot top is more severe for lower mold extraction velocities. This macrosegregation is a result of SiC particles being pushed by the solid/liquid interface to the ingot top. The settling of SiC particles causes carbon macrosegregation to the ingot bottom, but less intense than that observed in the directional solidification experiments at the ingot top. The change of settling times from one to six hours, have no significant effect on the degree of macrosegregation. For equal processing times, directional solidification at a mold extraction rate of 5 µm/s causes more carbon macrosegregation than settling, representing a higher potential alternative for carbon removal from silicon.

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Copy of author's previously published article inserted. Bibliography: leaves 180-195. Investigation of the contribution of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) to enzymic browning in sugarcane juice.

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This dissertation examines three facets of U.S. energy use and policy. First, I examine the Gulf Coast petroleum refining industry to determine the structure of the industry. Using the duality between cost-minimization and production functions, I estimate the demand for labor to determine the underlying production function. The results indicate that refineries have become more capital intensive due to the relative price increase of labor. The industry has consolidated in response to higher labor costs and costs of environmental compliance. Next, I examine oil production in the United States. An empirical model based on the theoretical framework of Pindyck is used to estimate production. This model differs from previous research by using state level data rather than national level data. The results indicate that the production elasticity with respect to reserves and the price elasticity of supply are both inelastic in the long run. The implication of these findings is that policies designed to increase domestic production through subsidies, tax breaks, or royalty reductions will likely provide little additional oil. We simulate production under three scenarios. In the most extreme scenario, prices double between 2005 and 2030 while reserves increase by 50%. Under this scenario, oil production in 2030 is approximately the same as the 2005 level. The third essay estimates demand for fossil fuels in the U.S. and uses these estimates to forecast CO2 emissions. The results indicate that there is almost no substitution from one fossil fuel to another and that all three fossil fuels are inelastic in the long run. Additionally, all three fuels respond differently to changes in GDP. The result of the differing elasticities with respect to GDP is that the energy mix has changed over time. The implication for forecasting CO2 emissions is that models that cannot distinguish changes in the energy mix are not effective in forecasting CO2 emissions.

Some oil refining companies have recently entered the field of exploration and production (E&P). Both the relatively high financial performances of E&P companies and the shrinking refining margin may motivate refiner’s decision to enter E&P. However, in making this decision, there are other factors to be considered. This study utilizes vertical integration and diversification theories to develop an integrated framework. This framework determines the factors which should be involved in a firm’s decision to enter another business area. In this theoretical approach and its application to Korean refining companies’ decision to enter into E&P, we discuss both the cost benefits and the advantages to acquiring strategic assets of the new business. As sources of short-term cost benefits, the paper discusses site specificity and regional performance. As long-term requirements, the paper explores the need to acquire E&P strategic assets. In early-stage decision making, the best mode may be a small equity investment in regional consortia. As a company acquires more and more strategic assets, it can decide to pursue global opportunities and/or to acquire an E&P company. / text

The soil being delivered with sugar cane consignments. from the cane fields to the factories, has been a recent cause for concern in the South African sugar industry. The soil impurities increase the wear of processing machinery reduce extraction efficiency and represents an unnecessary transport of material. The cost due to soil was estimated at R63 million (about US $8 million) over the 1996/97-season. The need to reduce costs, due to the unwanted soil component, has been given a high priority. Ashing is currently used by the sugar industry to estimate the amount of soil in cane. Although simple to implement, the method is destructive, requires long processing times and limited to small sample sizes. In fecent times, non-destructive techniques have become more prominent in industry. Hence, the decision to apply such techniques to the soil in cane-problem. This dissertation describes an experimental investigation into Dual-Energy Transmission (DuET) and X-ray lmaging for quantifying the amount of soil in cane. DuET can determine the relative concentrations of the components of a binary mixture by measuring the transmission of low- and high-energy gamma photons through the mixture. The principle of DuET was successfully demonstrated with aqueous solutions of ferric chloride. Experimentally-determined mass attenuation coefficients of water and ferric chloride were compared to theoretical values. DuET was then applied to dried, shredded sugar cane spiked with various amounts of soil. Results showed large variations in the predicted soil concentrations. These variations were attributed to radiation scatter and incomplete volume sampling by the radioactive source. However, new experimental arrangements are expected to improve the technique: initial test results are given of a sample holder that continuously rotates a sample up and down through the source-detector axis. An alternative approach to processmg DuET-spectra, using the discrete wavelet transform coupled with an artificial neural network, is also introduced. X-ray Imaging was the second technique investigated. A literature survey revealed that this technique had not previously been applied to the soil in cane-problem. The present work constituted an initial investigation to determine the feasibility of applying X-ray imaging to measure the amount of soil in cane. The soil/cane-samples, that were used for DuET, were imaged us ing a commercial mammography unit, and the resulting radiographs were analysed using image processing techniques. Although the results are promising, a more comprehensive investigation is foreseen. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Currently the cost of solar grade silicon accounts for approximately one third of the total solar cell cost, therefore a new silicon refining process is being proposed with the goal of lowering the cost of producing solar grade silicon. In this new process, Si-Cu alloys were used as the silicon source. One to one molar ratio H2-HCl gas mixtures were used as transport agents to extract Si out from the Si-Cu alloy at about 300-700oC, with following reaction taking place: Si+3HCl(g)=HSiCl3(g)+H2(g) While at about 1000-1300oC, pure Si deposits onto a hot silicon rod according to: Si+3HCl(g)=HSiCl3(g)+H2(g) The role of the copper in the alloy was to trap impurities in the Si and catalyze the gas solid reaction. A study on determining the rate limiting step and impurity behavior was done. A possible silicon extraction reaction mechanism was also addressed.