The purpose of the current exploration is creation of the mathematical model of different modifications of the underlying surface of the «forest» type. During the exploration the mathematical model of the beating signal of the altimeter was created. That’s allows to explore facet models of different types of underlying surfaces. The model was designed in the MATLAB system. As the result of the exploration the mathematical models of the underlying surfaces for different types of forests were created. During the modeling process it was designed two different variants of the model. The first variant corresponded only to the MATLAB system and based on the layers during the modeling process. The second variant is based on the 3D-Max model of the underlying surface with the following processing into the MATLAB system. The explored variants of the model allows to stress facet parameters during the furtherer exploration of the different types of the underlying surfaces. The diploma project contains four parts and includes 144 pages, 72 figures, 31 sources, 6 appendixes, 58 formulas. / Целью данной работы является создание математической модели различных модификаций подстилающей поверхности типа лес. В процессе работы была создана математическая модель сигнала биений радиовысотомера, позволяющая исследовать фацетные модели различных типов подстилающей поверхности. Модель разработана в математическом пакете MATLAB. В результате исследований созданы математические модели подстилающей поверхности для различных видов лесов. При моделировании поверхности было разработано два подхода. Первый подход использует только программный пакет MATLAB и основан на моделировании наборов фацетов в виде слоев. Второй подход основан на построении требуемой поверхности в программе трехмерной визуализации (3Ds MAX) с дальнейшей обработкой экспортированных данных с помощью разработанной модели в среде MATLAB. Исследованные подходы моделирования поверхности позволяют изучать различные типы подстилающих поверхностей, акцентируя внимание на разных параметрах фацетов. Дипломный проект содержит 144 страницы, 72 рисунка, 31 источник, 6 приложений, 58 формул, состоит из четырех глав.

В работе актуализируется цель создания учебного программного приложения, позволяющего моделировать процесс формирования и обработки сигналов в космических РСА высокого разрешения. В ходе работы разработано программное приложение, которое позволяет создать облучаемую сцену земной поверхности и сформировать в зависимости от сцены отраженный сигнал с пользовательскими характеристиками РСА, провести его обработку с целью получения радиоголограмм и радиолокационных изображений. Результатом разработки стало учебное программное приложение, которое позволит магистрам направления «Радиотехника» понять принцип формирования и обработки сигналов в космических РСА высокого разрешения и провести ряд исследований, направленных на изучения особенностей формирования радиолокационных изображений. / Problem of development of educational software application that allows to simulate the process of forming and signal processing in space high-resolution SAR is disclosed. In result software application that allows to create an irradiated scene of earth's surface and to form depending on the scene reflected signal with custom features SAR in order to obtain RF holograms and radar images was developed. The achievement is the educational software application that allows magisters of speciality «Radiotechnics» to understand the principle of formation and signal processing in high-resolution SAR and to perform a series of test aimed at studying the characteristics of radar image .

Near field imaging using microwaves in medical applications is of great current interest for its capability and accuracy in identifying features of interest, in comparison with other known screening tools. Many imaging methods have been developed over the past two decades showing the potential of microwave imaging in medical applications such as early breast cancer detection, analysis of cardiac tissues, soft tissues and bones. Microwave imaging uses non-ionizing ultra wideband (UWB) electromagnetic signals and utilises tissue-dependent dielectric contrast to reconstruct signals and images using radar-based or tomographic imaging techniques. Microwave imaging offers low health risk, low operational cost, ease of use and user-friendliness. This study documents microwave imaging experiments for early breast cancer detection and bone fracture detection using radar approach. An actively tuned UWB patch antenna and a UWB Vivaldi antenna are designed and utilised as sensing elements in the aforementioned applications. Both UWB antennas were developed over a range of frequency spectrum, and then characteristics were tested against their ability for microwave imaging applications by reconstructing the 3D Inversion Algorithm. An experiment was conducted using patch antenna to test the detection of variable sizes of cancer tissues based on a simple phantom consisting of a plastic container with a low dielectric material emulating fatty tissue and high dielectric constant object emulating a tumour, is scanned between 4 to 8 GHz with the patch antenna. A 2-D image of the tumour is constructed using the reflected signal response to visualize the location and size of the tumour. A Vivaldi antenna is designed covering 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The antenna is tested via simulation for detecting bone fractures of various sizes and 2-D images are generated using reflected pulses to show the size of fracture. The Vivaldi antenna is optimised for early breast cancer detection and detailed simulated study is carried out using different breast phantoms and tumour sizes. Simulations are backed with the experimental investigation with the test setup used for patch antenna. Generated images for simulations and experimental investigation show good agreement, and show the presence of tumour with good location accuracy. Measurements indicate that both prototype microwave sensors are good candidates for tested imaging applications.

No description available.

This paper handles the background theory, methods and results of the master thesis project titled "Variable acoustics in multi-functional stadiums". \\ The purpose of the project was to investigate whether variable room acoustics could be applicable to large multi-functional stadiums to improve their ability to adapt the soundscape in the stadium for different types of events. The two events which were analyzed during the project was electrically amplified concerts and ice hockey matches. \\ The paper starts by going over relevant acoustical and psycho-acoustical parameters and concepts as well as giving a few examples on already existing multi-functional stadiums including their acoustical strengths and weaknesses towards the two types of events. The report concludes that reflections are of the utmost importance for both types of events, especially early-arriving reflection with great magnitudes. At concerts, these are wished to be repressed while at hockey-matches, the early reflections should be amplified and increased in quantity to give the crowd a better feedback from the stadium increasing the supporters ability to create a loud and intense atmosphere. \\ Gallon fabric, aluminum and plexi-glass was tested in the MWL-laboratory in order to assess the materials reflective capabilities as the idea was to use these materials as reflectors during the hockey-matches. The results showed close to full reflection across the entire spectrum for aluminum and plexi-glass while the gallon fabric showed great reflective capabilities for the higher frequencies while letting the lower frequencies pass through the material. \\ The effects off the reflectors on the soundscape was simulated in a fictional stadium which was built in the modelling software SketchUp using the simulation software ODEON. The results showed great promise as the reflectors gave a great increase in the early reflections. As for the concerts, rolling-curtains which can easily be mounted and removed was added around the walls of the stadium while the reflectors was removed. This solution also showed great results during the simulations as the early reflections was now suppressed instead of magnified. / Denna uppsats behandlar bekgrundsteori, metodik och resultat från examensarbetet titulerat "Variabel rumsakustik i multi-funktions arenor".\\ Syftet med projektet var att undersöka huruvida variabel rumsakustik skulle kunna tillämpas på stora multi-funktions arenor för att förbättra dess förmåga att anpass sin ljudbild för olika typer av evenemang. Projektet riktar sig mot elförstärkta konserter och ishockey-matcher. \\ Uppsatsen börjar med att gå igenom relevanta akustiska och psyko-akustiska parametrar och begrepp för att sedan ge några exempel på redan existerande multi-funktions arenors akustiska styrkor och svagheter vid de bägge typerna av evenemang. Rapporten drar slutsatsen att reflektioner är av yttersta vikt vid bägge fallen, särkiljt de som är tidigt anländande och av hög magnitud. Under konserter önskas dessa att dämpas medans man vid ishockey-matcher önskar att förstärka dessa och öka dess antal för att ge publiken en starkare akustisk återkoppling från arenan och underlätta för supportrarna att skapa en högljudd och intensiv atmosfär. \\ Galonstyg, aluminium och plexiglas testades i MWL-laboratoriet för att bedöma dess reflekterande förmågor då idén var att använda dessa material som reflektorer under ishockey-matcherna. Resultaten visade nära full reflektion över hela spektrat för de aluminiumet och plexi-glaset medan galonstyget visade stora reflketerande egenskaper vid högre frekvenser samtidigt som det tillät de lägre frekvenserna passera genom materialet. \\ Reflektorernas effekt på ljudbilden simulerades i en påhittat arena som byggdes i moddeleringsprogrammet SketchUp med hjälp av simuleringsprogrammet ODEON. Resultaten var mycket lovande då en stor ökning sågs hos de tidiga reflexerna, både i kvantitet och kvalitet. För konserterna användes istället ljudabsorberande rullgardiner längs arenans väggar medans reflektorerna togs bort. Simuleringsresultaten visade nu istället en markant minsking i tidiga reflexer.

Motivated by a zero-intelligence approach, the aim of this thesis is to unify the microscopic (discrete price and volume), mesoscopic (discrete price and continuous volume) and macroscopic (continuous price and volume) frameworks of limit order books, with a view to providing a novel yet analytically tractable description of their behaviour in a high to ultra high-frequency setting. Starting with the canonical microscopic framework, the first part of the thesis examines the limiting behaviour of the order book process when order arrival and cancellation rates are sent to infinity and when volumes are considered to be of infinitesimal size. Mathematically speaking, this amounts to establishing the weak convergence of a discrete-space process to a mesoscopic diffusion limit. This step is initially carried out in a reduced-form context, in other words, by simply looking at the best bid and ask queues, before the procedure is extended to the whole book. This subsequently leads us to the second part of the thesis, which is devoted to the transition between mesoscopic and macroscopic models of limit order books, where the general idea is to send the tick size to zero, or equivalently, to consider infinitely many price levels. The macroscopic limit is then described in terms of reflected SPDEs which typically arise in stochastic interface models. Numerical applications are finally presented, notably via the simulation of the mesocopic and macroscopic limits, which can be used as market simulators for short-term price prediction or optimal execution strategies.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre des études liées aux dégâts sur les structures et les blessures subies par les personnes à la suite d’explosions de charges explosives en milieu confiné et semi-confiné. Afin de mener cette étude, des expériences sont réalisées à petite échelle en laboratoire et sont complétées par des simulations numériques. Les ondes de choc sont obtenues grâce à la détonation d’une charge explosive gazeuse composée de propane-oxygène en proportion stoechiométrique. L’étude consiste donc à réaliser des expériences à petite échelle en laboratoire afin d’apprécier les champs de pression obtenus à la suite de la détonation d’une charge explosive au sein de deux configurations différentes. La première représente un atelier pyrotechnique et la seconde met en jeu un entrepôt de stockage de bouteilles de gaz. Les résultats expérimentaux sont ensuite confrontés à des résultats obtenus par simulations numériques réalisées grâce au logiciel AUTODYN. En complément de ces deux configuration principales, une étude est menée sur l’identification des pics de surpressions réfléchis grâce à une approche expérimentale appelée paroi par paroi. Une étude est également menée sur la détermination d’une équivalence massique entre le TNT et le mélange gazeux utilisé pour les expériences. / The goal of this study is to investigate shock waves propagation, in a geometrically complex confined and semi-confined environment, consecutive to the detonation of a spherical explosive charge. In this objective, small scale experiments are conducted in laboratory and are completed with numerical analysis. Shock waves are generated thanks to spherical detonation of a gas mixture composed of propane-oxygen in stoechiometric proportion. Two main configurations are studied: the first represents a pyrotechnic workshop and the second is a warehouse containing gas cylinder. Experimental and numerical results are then compared. Complementary studies are realised to describe blast wave propagation inside a semi-confined volume thanks to a new experimental approach named wall by wall. Finally, in order to simulate TNT charges detonation by computational means, an important study is conducted to determine a mass equivalent between TNT and gas mixture.

Procuramos fundamentar e explicitar neste trabalho o modo pelo qual o sujeito organiza, pessoal, coletiva e historicamente seu conhecimento astronômico. Toma-se como referencial teórico para essa organização a epistemologia genética de Jean Piaget, em particular sua teoria da abstração reflexionante. Apontam-se, na revisão bibliográfica, aspectos que se consideram relevantes para o conhecimento astronômico, tanto do ponto de vista teórico quanto histórico, seguindo uma direção que estrutura a gênese desse conhecimento específico, desde as estruturas sensório-motoras do sujeito, passando pelo pensamento pré-operatório, o pensamento operatório concreto e o pensamento operatório formal. O caminho seguido, uma vez que não podemos abranger o trabalho de Piaget na sua totalidade, foi o de fundamentar a aquisição do conhecimento no equilíbrio cognitivo, conseguido através de abstrações empíricas e reflexionantes, tendo como modelo, principalmente, o equilíbrio dos sistemas biológicos. Isso é, pretendemos mostrar como o conhecimento astronômico, iniciando pela percepção do céu, mediado pelo processo de equilibração e de abstração reflexionante, evolui por sucessivas tomadas de consciência dos fenômenos celestes e, ao mesmo tempo, das compreensões do próprio sujeito. Apontam-se, finalmente, algumas sugestões pedagógicas para que os fenômenos dos céus, inferenciais na sua totalidade, possam ser compreendidos em diferentes níveis de suas possíveis leituras. / This work has the objective of fundament and explicit in what ways one organizes, personal, collective and historically, its own astronomic knowledge. Jean Piaget’s genetics epistemology is taken as the referential theory, and the reflexionant abstraction theory taken as the central point. Through a checking on the bibliography, different aspects considered relevant for the astronomic knowledge are pointed out, in theory as in history, following a direction that structures the genesis of this specific knowledge, since one’s sensory-motor structures, going through the pre-operational thinking, the concrete operational thinking and the formal operational thinking. The way through which it was done, since we cannot go thorough the complete work of Piaget, fundaments the acquisition of knowledge on the cognitive equilibrium, acquired through empiric and reflexionant abstractions, having as a model, mainly, the biological systems equilibrium. In another way, with the astronomic knowledge, taken from the skies’ perception, mediated by the equilibrium theory and the reflecting abstraction theory, leads to the perception and understanding of the celestial phenomenon. By the end, the conclusions also point out suggestions in a pedagogical level so that the skies phenomenon, inferential in their totality, can be fully comprehended in all different ways of possible reading.

Procuramos fundamentar e explicitar neste trabalho o modo pelo qual o sujeito organiza, pessoal, coletiva e historicamente seu conhecimento astronômico. Toma-se como referencial teórico para essa organização a epistemologia genética de Jean Piaget, em particular sua teoria da abstração reflexionante. Apontam-se, na revisão bibliográfica, aspectos que se consideram relevantes para o conhecimento astronômico, tanto do ponto de vista teórico quanto histórico, seguindo uma direção que estrutura a gênese desse conhecimento específico, desde as estruturas sensório-motoras do sujeito, passando pelo pensamento pré-operatório, o pensamento operatório concreto e o pensamento operatório formal. O caminho seguido, uma vez que não podemos abranger o trabalho de Piaget na sua totalidade, foi o de fundamentar a aquisição do conhecimento no equilíbrio cognitivo, conseguido através de abstrações empíricas e reflexionantes, tendo como modelo, principalmente, o equilíbrio dos sistemas biológicos. Isso é, pretendemos mostrar como o conhecimento astronômico, iniciando pela percepção do céu, mediado pelo processo de equilibração e de abstração reflexionante, evolui por sucessivas tomadas de consciência dos fenômenos celestes e, ao mesmo tempo, das compreensões do próprio sujeito. Apontam-se, finalmente, algumas sugestões pedagógicas para que os fenômenos dos céus, inferenciais na sua totalidade, possam ser compreendidos em diferentes níveis de suas possíveis leituras. / This work has the objective of fundament and explicit in what ways one organizes, personal, collective and historically, its own astronomic knowledge. Jean Piaget’s genetics epistemology is taken as the referential theory, and the reflexionant abstraction theory taken as the central point. Through a checking on the bibliography, different aspects considered relevant for the astronomic knowledge are pointed out, in theory as in history, following a direction that structures the genesis of this specific knowledge, since one’s sensory-motor structures, going through the pre-operational thinking, the concrete operational thinking and the formal operational thinking. The way through which it was done, since we cannot go thorough the complete work of Piaget, fundaments the acquisition of knowledge on the cognitive equilibrium, acquired through empiric and reflexionant abstractions, having as a model, mainly, the biological systems equilibrium. In another way, with the astronomic knowledge, taken from the skies’ perception, mediated by the equilibrium theory and the reflecting abstraction theory, leads to the perception and understanding of the celestial phenomenon. By the end, the conclusions also point out suggestions in a pedagogical level so that the skies phenomenon, inferential in their totality, can be fully comprehended in all different ways of possible reading.

Procuramos fundamentar e explicitar neste trabalho o modo pelo qual o sujeito organiza, pessoal, coletiva e historicamente seu conhecimento astronômico. Toma-se como referencial teórico para essa organização a epistemologia genética de Jean Piaget, em particular sua teoria da abstração reflexionante. Apontam-se, na revisão bibliográfica, aspectos que se consideram relevantes para o conhecimento astronômico, tanto do ponto de vista teórico quanto histórico, seguindo uma direção que estrutura a gênese desse conhecimento específico, desde as estruturas sensório-motoras do sujeito, passando pelo pensamento pré-operatório, o pensamento operatório concreto e o pensamento operatório formal. O caminho seguido, uma vez que não podemos abranger o trabalho de Piaget na sua totalidade, foi o de fundamentar a aquisição do conhecimento no equilíbrio cognitivo, conseguido através de abstrações empíricas e reflexionantes, tendo como modelo, principalmente, o equilíbrio dos sistemas biológicos. Isso é, pretendemos mostrar como o conhecimento astronômico, iniciando pela percepção do céu, mediado pelo processo de equilibração e de abstração reflexionante, evolui por sucessivas tomadas de consciência dos fenômenos celestes e, ao mesmo tempo, das compreensões do próprio sujeito. Apontam-se, finalmente, algumas sugestões pedagógicas para que os fenômenos dos céus, inferenciais na sua totalidade, possam ser compreendidos em diferentes níveis de suas possíveis leituras. / This work has the objective of fundament and explicit in what ways one organizes, personal, collective and historically, its own astronomic knowledge. Jean Piaget’s genetics epistemology is taken as the referential theory, and the reflexionant abstraction theory taken as the central point. Through a checking on the bibliography, different aspects considered relevant for the astronomic knowledge are pointed out, in theory as in history, following a direction that structures the genesis of this specific knowledge, since one’s sensory-motor structures, going through the pre-operational thinking, the concrete operational thinking and the formal operational thinking. The way through which it was done, since we cannot go thorough the complete work of Piaget, fundaments the acquisition of knowledge on the cognitive equilibrium, acquired through empiric and reflexionant abstractions, having as a model, mainly, the biological systems equilibrium. In another way, with the astronomic knowledge, taken from the skies’ perception, mediated by the equilibrium theory and the reflecting abstraction theory, leads to the perception and understanding of the celestial phenomenon. By the end, the conclusions also point out suggestions in a pedagogical level so that the skies phenomenon, inferential in their totality, can be fully comprehended in all different ways of possible reading.