This thesis investigates the relationship between neoliberal market reforms and corruption in the developing countries. Against those approaches which consider market reforms and corruption as incompatible and mutually exclusive, it offers to look into the changing forms and functions that corruption and rent-seeking take in neoliberalism. The study aims to show that on the one hand corruption, rent-seeking and cronyism are used by neoliberal governments as a political strategy to implement their market reforms and on the other hand they functioned as an accumulation mechanism to strengthen big capital groups. In order to elaborate these arguments, a critical evaluation of the dominant methodological approach in the literature, new political economy is made and the changing state-business relations as well as the changing institutional framework in the neoliberal context of the selected countries of Latin America and Turkey are examined. The thesis is also arguing that the recent anti-corruption discourse assumed the function of legitimizing second-generation of structural reforms and the separation of the economic from the political.

Property relations of spouses in the period of the Emperors Augustus and Justinian I. Abstract The topic of this thesis is the property relations of the spouses in Roman law during the reign of Emperors Augustus and Justinian I. Marriage is generally an important legal institute, which can be viewed from different points of view. Legal regulation of marriage was included also in Roman law. Since the Roman marriage was very specific, it was relatively often undergoing major or minor reforms. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the property situation of spouses during the reign of Emperors Augustus and Justinian I. Emperor Augustus came to power in 27 BC, in the time, when the institute of marriage and family was declining in importance and the whole Roman society was in a crisis. On the other hand, the religious-minded Justinian came to power in 527 AD. At this time the state religion was Christianity. The thesis is divided into six main chapters. The first chapter gives a general view of the institute of marriage. The second part of the first chapter focuses on Roman marriage. The second chapter explains the basic legal institutes of matrimonial property law. The third chapter deals with the historical development of the Roman Empire. Coming to power of Emperor Augustus is discussed at the end of this...

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Reissued 30 May 2017 with correction to degree on title page. / The thesis argues that the Maoist-led government in post-insurgency Nepal has failed to deliver on the promises of reform that brought it to power. The long-enduring social and economic grievances based on the Nepali Hindu social structure persist. Starting in 1996, the Maoists successfully capitalized on such grievances, and with the promise of radical reforms, led a decade-long successful insurgency. A political negotiation incorporating major Maoist demands ended the insurgency in 2006. The electoral victory right after the end of the insurgency provided the Maoists with the mandate and opportunity to reform traditional socio-economic and political structure. Unfortunately, the post-2006 period is seeing an emergence of political instability akin to the post-1991 era. This thesis examines the state of reforms in post-insurgency Nepal to identify the gaps between the promises made and the reforms implemented that are causing ongoing grievances. The thesis also highlights the importance of the coalition culture in producing political stability to eliminate persistent grievances and implement reforms for the future stability of Nepal. / Lieutenant Colonel, Nepalese Army

After the break-up of the former Soviet Union in 1991, several states declared independence, including the Republic of Kazakhstan. Under the centralised soviet system Kazakhstan provided mainly raw materials to the USSR, and agriculture operated under a Moscow-based command and control model. Kazakhstan possesses vast wealth of mineral and energy resources and its agricultural land is well able to ensure national food security. However, after independence the rapid and frequently unplanned state actions such as land reform, taken to move from socialism to a market economy, were not always successful and the state of agriculture was initially one of chaos. A major exodus from the land to the cities ensued. Gradually Kazakhstani agriculture recovered some of its productivity but still lags well behind developed nations in the use of ICT supported agricultural information management (AIM). This research contributes to new knowledge in the area of ICT-based AIM by supplementing the limited statistical and scientific analyses of Kazakh agriculture by seeking to discover, through semi-structured interviews, the views and perceptions of agrarians who are both the customers and end users of ICT-based AIM in a post-soviet state. The researcher established that agrarian stakeholders were aware of the need for a centralised AIM system, but felt that to implement it, more assistance was required from the state. Kazakhstan can learn from the experiences of both developed and developing countries in furthering ICT-based AIM, and although its situation is unique, understanding of the perceptions of end users, who have had to make a series of flawed initiatives work, will arguably be relevant to policy makers in other post-soviet states.

<p>The Electricity Industry Reforms (EIR) is a worldwidephenomenon that is inducing an intensive business orientedcontext in the organization, processes and functions of theElectricity Industry (EI). The electric power grid is nowtreated as the electricity market, the consumer as thecustomer, the power system activities are related to marketactors (i.e. generators, distributors and retailers) and theElectricity Industry Control Centers (EICC) provide theessential coordination and economic trade functions andtransactions.</p><p>The EICC are looking for solutions to introduce, amongstothers, emerging information processes in the business orientedcontext with all the Electricity Industry actors without losingthe technical reliability of the EI. The EIR is delineated as amajor change on the traditional EI relying heavily oninformation exchange amongst the market actors.</p><p>In the Central American countries, these EIR started around1996. The EICC in this region are facing the demanded changeswith information legacy systems, in operation long time beforethe EIR and considered already obsolete.</p><p>This thesis exploresand summarizes, as a researchcontribution, the main problems at the EICCs in CentralAmerica, in managing the incorporation of emerging informationproc-esses.</p><p>An Information System Migration Framework (ISMF) for theEICC is proposed as a re-search contribution and solution tothe problems identified. The ISMF here presented provides a setof steps and guidelines to follow for managing any emerginginformation processes in a systematic, feasible and reliableway. The ISMF is a continuous description of emerginginformation processes, risk assessments, requirementelicitation and specifica-tions with traceable and incrementalimplementations without completely replacing the system. TheISMF has as fundamental characteristic that provides a feasibleview of the current operation of the EICC, a continuous anditerative process of controlled changes and a systematicprocess to update the EICC operation model with a set of stepsthat are implementation independent, technology independent,process ori-ented and user centered.</p><p>The ISMF’s feasibility, replicability and useracceptance has partially tested at the EICC in El Salvador andNicaragua.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Electricity Industry, Electricity IndustryReforms, Electricity Industry Control Centers, InformationSystem Migration, Information Systems Modeling andRequirements, Case Studies in the Electricity Industry inCentral America.</p>

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The end of the Cold War and the September 11th 2001 attacks changed the strategic environment of the world. New socio-political realities increased the use of armed forces. The War on Terror brought the necessity of expeditionary warfare even to countries whose security doctrine had been so far exclusively focused on territorial defense. Poland is one such country. Throughout Polish history, there have been no expeditionary operations. New requirements after 1999 generated the necessity for reforms in Armed Forces of Poland. Since expeditionary warfare has never been practiced by Polish Army before, the reform process needs to be strongly coordinated with such military forerunners as the US Army. The thesis presents a study of contemporary war and its effects on force structure. It also shows how the US Army has reacted to the changing character of warfare. Such reforms as the Stryker Brigades, Army XXI and "Army After Next" program are analyzed in order to assess which of these solutions can be used in Polish Army reforms. The current capabilities of the Polish Army are also assessed in order to judge the background for military reforms in Poland. Finally a recommendation for reforms in Polish Army is made. / Captain, Polish Army

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the assessment process in Swedish compulsory school practice, and the changes that occur in relation to the introduction of national school reforms. The fieldwork forming the basis of the thesis was conducted in year five and year six classrooms between 2011-2013, a period during which new national syllabuses with knowledge requirements, grades in year six and extended national tests were introduced. The thesis consists of four articles, the first of which explores how the assessment process is put into practice in a year five classroom and how it is understood by the students and one of their teachers. The fieldwork on which the first article is based was conducted prior to the introduction of the above-mentioned reforms. The second article investigates the assessment process in two different year five classrooms in two schools, after the introduction of the new syllabuses but prior to the introduction of grades in year six and extended national tests. The third article investigates changes in the assessment process in the same two schools. The fieldwork was conducted in year five and year six, in relation to the introduction of grades in year six and extended national tests. The fourth article addresses how changes in the assessment process have affected students’ learner identities. The empirical material was collected during four fieldwork periods in three schools, chiefly through classroom observations, interviews and student essays. The analysis in the thesis is based primarily on Basil Bernstein’s (e.g. 2000) theoretical framework but also on the theoretical concepts of Torrance and Pryor (1998). The study shows that the reforms are exerting a significant influence on the assessment process in the investigated classroom practices. Teachers monitor their students’ performance more closely and students strive to acquaint themselves with what is expected of them. It also appears that the focus is increasingly on students’ performance in relation to the steering documents, that the more regulated practices restrict teachers’ and students’ autonomy and that the assessment process in the two schools investigated in both year five and year six are becoming increasingly similar. Furthermore, the study shows that students tend to pay more attention to their school work, while at the same time experiencing more negative pressure to perform. In the concluding analysis and discussion sections, connections are drawn between prevailing education policy and the reforms, as well as their influence on classroom practice, students and teachers.

Esta pesquisa trata de reformas da instrução pública no Maranhão Imperial entre 1838 e 1864. A legislação é encarada simultaneamente como fonte e objeto de pesquisa. Assim, leis e regulamentos, tipologias textuais elaboradas para ordenar práticas, são tomados a partir de seu processo de produção. O termo ganha sentido amplo com a perspectiva do ciclo de políticas, bem como de orientações que consideram a legislação educacional pela distinção entre as etapas de elaboração e implementação. O prisma escolhido foi o das disputas entre grupos políticos da Província, entendendo que essa dinâmica se expressava por diferentes formas, entre elas, as reformas educacionais. Nesse sentido, recorremos a fontes diversas, além da própria legislação, como os relatórios de presidentes da Província e de Inspetores da Instrução Pública, a correspondência oficial trocada por essas autoridades, atas da Assembleia Legislativa Provincial e artigos publicados em periódicos. Escolhemos como eixo do estudo o Regulamento de 2 de fevereiro de 1855, que reorganizou o ensino primário e secundário da Província, expedido pelo Presidente Eduardo Olímpio Machado, que assumira o cargo em 1851. A partir dele, recuamos e avançamos temporalmente, abrangendo outras leis de instrução pública promulgadas no período, resultando em uma organização de capítulos que seguem a trajetória dessa reforma. Nos dois primeiros, observamos as condições de emergência do regulamento, sendo o primeiro dedicado a aspectos discursivos e legais desenvolvidos desde 1838, enquanto o segundo aborda as Leis n. 267 e 282, de 1849 e 1850, respectivamente, consideradas as primeiras duas reformas da instrução pública maranhense. O capítulo três se dedica ao Regulamento de 2 de fevereiro de 1855, esmiuçando seus aspectos principais e observando argumentos invocados para legitimar o projeto; são apresentadas, ainda, algumas críticas à figura de Olímpio Machado. Na sequência, o capítulo quatro aborda os primeiros anos após a promulgação da reforma, iniciando pela sua aprovação na Assembleia Legislativa Provincial. Observamos também as censuras feitas pelos oposicionistas e as tensões decorrentes de sua implementação e a relação entre a reforma e as leis de orçamento provincial. O capítulo cinco se debruça a primeira alteração no regulamento, realizada pela Lei n. 611, de 23 de setembro de 1861, sob a ótica das polêmicas intensas que algumas de suas disposições geraram nos debates parlamentares. Por fim, o capítulo seis remete a novas alterações na legislação educacional da Província, dentre elas, a Lei n. 719, de 1864, que promoveu um retorno quase integral ao Regulamento de 2 de fevereiro de 1855. O estudo possibilitou compreender as maneiras pelas quais as reformas da instrução pública eram produzidas no século XIX, bem como sua relação com a política, da qual eram um poderoso meio de expressão. Um aspecto que atravessa toda a análise é a tensão entre Presidência da Província e Assembleia Legislativa Provincial. A perspectiva adotada permitiu identificar a presença de redes de sociabilidade a partir das quais a legislação educacional era planejada, elaborada e implementada, em uma dinâmica na qual mobilizavam-se laços entre sujeitos, mas que também era repleta de conflitos. / This study deals with public instruction reforms in Imperial Maranhão between 1838 e 1864. The legislation is approached simultaneously as source and object of research. So, laws and regulations, textual typologies elaborated for ordering practices, are considered from their production process. Such idea gets a broad sense with the perspective of policy cycle, as well as orientations that consider educational legislation through the distinction between phases of elaboration and implementation. As prism, we adopted the disputes of political groups in the Province, understanding that this dynamic had different forms of expression, among them, educational reforms. Therefore, we used different sources, in addition to legislation, as provincial president and public instruction inspector reports, official correspondence exchanged by these authorities, Provincial Legislative Assembly minutes of reunion and articles published in newspapers. We elected the Regulation of February 2th, 1855, which reorganized primary and secondary instruction in Maranhão, as axis of the research, promulgated by President Eduardo Olímpio Machado, who was in charge of administration since 1851. Then, we went back and forwards, taking other public instruction laws of that period, resulting in a organization of chapter that follow the trajectory of that reform. In the first two, we observe the emergency conditions of the regulation, the first being devoted to discursive and legal aspects developed since 1838, while the second deals with Laws n. 267 and 282, of 1849 and 1850, respectively, considered the first two reforms of the public education in Maranhão. Chapter three is devoted to the Regulation of February 2, 1855, discussing its main aspects and observing arguments invoked to legitimize the project; some criticisms are also presented to the figure of Olímpio Machado. Next, chapter four addresses the first years after the promulgation of the reform, beginning with its approval in the Provincial Legislative Assembly. We also observe the censures made by the oppositionists and the tensions arising from its implementation and the relationship between the reform and the provincial budget laws. Chapter five deals with the first amendment to the regulation, carried out by Law n. 611, of September 23, 1861, from the perspective of the intense controversy that some of its provisions generated in the parliamentary debates. Finally, chapter six refers to new changes in the educational legislation of the Province, among them, Law n. 719, of 1864, that promoted a almost integral return to the Regulation of 2 of February of 1855. The study made it possible to understand the ways in which public education reforms were produced in the nineteenth century. One aspect that crosses the whole analysis is the tension between the Presidency of the Province and the Provincial Legislative Assembly. The perspective adopted allowed to identify the presence of networks of sociability from which the educational legislation was planned, elaborated and implemented. In such dynamic, subjects mobilized links between themselves, but also created an ambience full of conflicts.

Ao refletir sobre a administração pública, é preciso conhecer o contexto em que está inserida e suas regras e, com base nessa análise, é possível modificar ou criar novas regulamentações, que irão introduzir novas legitimidades. Ao longo dos anos, a evolução da organização do Estado corresponde às necessidades e às complexidades para se adaptar aos cenários de mudanças e transformações. Assim, o Estado foi caracterizado como absoluto, liberal, social-democrático. Bresser-Pereira apresenta o Estado social-liberal. Assim como as formas de governo, que foram definidas, como monarquia, aristocracia e democracia. Também se desenvolveu a teoria do governo misto, o modelo bipartite, a separação de poderes e os governos ditatoriais. O mesmo ocorreu com os modelos de administrar o Estado, conhecidos como patrimonialista, burocrático e gerencial. Essas concepções determinaram o rumo do papel do Estado e visaram à efetividade de suas ações, tanto para o mercado quanto para os cidadãos. No entanto, atualmente, as reformas adotadas não deram respostas desejadas, tornando-se um desafio transformar a administração pública brasileira federal para melhor servir aos cidadãos. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como principal objetivo descrever as diversidades das reformas administrativas (DL 200/1967 e EC 19/1998), comparando-as com os tipos ideais (patrimonialista, burocrático e gerencial), sob a ótica da desregulamentação e regulamentação. A partir da revisão bibliográfica e de documentos oficiais, o estudo tem o intuito compreender as dificuldades da administração pública federal em suprimir as heranças patrimonialistas, como clientelismo e corrupção, e as disfunções burocráticas, como a centralização e rigidez, utilizando-se da adoção do modelo gerencial para modernizar e racionalizar. Ao se pensar em reformar a administração do Estado brasileiro, é primordial ter como base o papel do Estado, isto é, a sua forma e o seu governo. Para que a reforma da administração pública apresente, como resultado, eficiência em suas ações, é fundamental uma discussão da competência do Estado com relação à sociedade. No entanto, ao continuar pensando de forma peculiar as medidas emergenciais para superação das crises corriqueiras do sistema capitalista, sempre haverá grupos que se favorecerão delas e adotarão as reformas de acordo com seus interesses. Portanto, há a necessidade de alternativas para a administração pública e a adoção de outros conceitos como princípios fundamentais para a administração pública brasileira. / Reflecting on public administration, it is necessary to know the context in which it is inserted and its rules and, based on this analysis, it is possible to modify or create new regulations, which will introduce new legitimacy. Over the years, the evolution of the organization of the State corresponds to the needs and complexities to adapt to the scenarios of changes and transformations. Thus, the State was characterized as absolute, liberal, social-democratic. Bresser-Pereira presents the social-liberal State. Just like the forms of government that have been defined, such as monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. Also developed was the theory of mixed government, the bipartite model, the separation of powers and dictatorial governments. The same happened with the models of administering the State, known as patrimonialist, bureaucratic and managerial. These conceptions determined the direction of the State\'s role and aimed at the effectiveness of its actions, both for the market and for the citizens. However, currently, the reforms adopted did not give desired answers, making it a challenge to transform the Brazilian federal public administration to better serve the citizens. Thus, the main objective of this work is to describe the diversity of administrative reforms (DL 200/1967 and EC 19/1998), comparing them with the \"ideal\" types (patrimonialist, bureaucratic and managerial), from the point of view of deregulation and regulation. Based on the bibliographical review and official documents, the study intends to understand the difficulties of the federal public administration in suppressing patrimonial inheritances, such as clientelism and corruption, and bureaucratic dysfunctions, such as centralization and rigidity, using the adoption of the management model to modernize and rationalize. When thinking about reforming the administration of the Brazilian State, it is essential to have as base the role of the State, that is, its form and its government. For the reform of public administration to present, as a result, efficiency in its actions, it is fundamental a discussion of the competence of the State in relation to society. However, by continuing to think in a special way of emergency measures to overcome the crises of the capitalist system, there will always be groups that will favor them and adopt reforms according to their interests. Therefore, there is a need for alternatives for public administration and the adoption of other concepts as fundamental principles for the Brazilian public administration.

Poverty is a historical development curse in Tanzania, which has incited extensive institutional reforms and policy changes and received numerous analyses in development research literature. Paradoxically, taking actions to study and alleviate poverty have increased with its continuing severity. A substantial body of research on poverty in the country suggests that, the vast majority of these studies focus on the content rather than the context of poverty alleviation processes. Specifically, the focus has been on: ideas, interests and struggles for resources between political leaders and bureaucrats believed to be taking place at the expense of the poor; ill-informed and unrealistic development policies and strategies; anti-development behaviour and tendencies of the peasants and their alleged conservatism and resistance to modernity, and weak incentive structures of the economy. There is little focus on the character and dynamics of the (historical) institutional context in which these economic conditions, struggles and policy initiatives emerge and take place. Motivated by the disappointing results of anti-poverty initiatives and weaknesses of previous studies, this study uses historical institutional impact analysis guided by institutionalist theory to analyse the problem. The central argument is that the existence and functioning character of institutions are necessary conditions for any human development activity. So, acceptance of the crucial importance of historically oriented institutional context analysis in understanding poverty alleviation initiatives and outcomes is imperative. The study draws on primary and secondary data collected through documentary review and interview methods to explain the ways in which institutional reforms result in an institutional order tolerant of poverty and which create conditions that perpetuate it. It does this by exploring the mode of historical institutional development and by examining the functioning character of the institutional order in respect of poverty alleviation. The study argues that achieving success in poverty alleviation related reforms is dependent on proper understanding of institutional realities of Tanzanian society and the functioning character of the existing institutional order. It proposes a reform process in which institutional legacies and their impact on society become the focus of the reform process itself. The findings indicate that, while reforms and policy changes have taken place and new patterns of behaviour introduced, the logics of institutions central to development and poverty alleviation have not, been fundamentally altered and new patterns of behaviour have simply perpetuated it. Specifically, the findings suggest: first, that institutional reforms pursued by the government are inadequate due to misconception of institutional problems of Tanzanian society; second, that the reforms have created new conditions which perpetuate poverty; and, third, that fundamental character of the functioning of the Tanzanian institutional order will need to change before such anti-poverty measures can hope to succeed. Thus, the study offers a correction to ill-informed poverty analysis by providing an alternative account of the root cause of poverty while insisting that a better understanding of the failure of poverty alleviation requires a strong focus on the historical institutional realties of the country.