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Migration due to climate change has been going on for millennia, and societies´ resilience will be put to pressure even more with an accelerating global warming.22, 5 million people have left their homes due to climate change since 2008, according to the United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, 2017). All of these people are not recognized as refugees, but some of them will most likely seek refuge abroad. The aim of this Master´s thesis is to explore how the UN, the EU, and Sweden understand and analyse the phenomenon of climate induced migration from a geopolitical aspect. It is furthermore to explore the institution´s preparedness through analysing the suggested measurements they utilise today and recognize a need for the future. Applying a human security perspective, this thesis aims at exploring the following two questions; what views and perspectives of climate induced migration exist in the UN, the EU and among Swedish authorities, and what legal, technical, economic or other measures do they respond with to meet climate induced migration? The results confirm that there is a consensus among the institutions that climate change will lead to cross-border migration to some extent but the preparedness for it is inadequate in terms of available measurements.

This study examines decisions of immigration judges from the Miami and Los Angeles immigration courts, analyzing the asylum grant rates of judges in the courts from 2000-2016. In five-year time frames, the study looks at each immigration court and the decisions yielded, amounting up to nearly 86,000 decisions. Examining judges on an individual level, the study also analyzes the outputs of each court collectively. The analysis reveals very distinct disparities in grant rates, showing up to a 70% disparity between judges within the same immigration court. Based on biographies provided by Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC), this paper explores possible correlations between various extralegal factors of individual immigration judges and their respective asylum grant rates. The results of the analysis showed correlation between gender, political party appointed under and the asylum grant rate, as well as strong correlation between judges’ previous work experience prior to appointment (DHS/INS experience, NGO experience) and the asylum grant rate. Additionally, the analysis reviews case law of the Ninth and Eleventh Circuit Courts, looking at distinct differences in the precedents of asylum law. The paper explores the tension between these judicial entities, the legislative branch, and the executive agencies enforcing the asylum adjudication process in the context of the Los Angeles and Miami immigration courts. The conclusion discusses the implications of the findings, especially in regards to the rapidly changing directives of the current executive administration.

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Thesis advisor: Natana DeLong-Bas / The Syrian Civil War and its displacement of individuals has led to a dramatic increase in intimate partner violence (IPV) among refugee women. Statistics display that 99% of IPV survivors undergo financial control and exploitation, making it difficult to leave these toxic relationships. In 2016, UN Women created a cash-for-work initiative in the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan intended to provide Jordanian and Syrian refugee women with protection through financial empowerment. The initiative was quickly successful, showing a 20% decrease in intimate partner violence. My research over the past year builds on this logic to explore digital social entrepreneurship as a manner of addressing IPV within the Syrian refugee population in Jordan. I argue that digital social entrepreneurship, ICT startups with a greater social mission, is key to addressing many of the MENA region’s most pressing issues post Arab Spring, as well as beneficial to empowering women. My analysis culminated in a policy recommendation for a cross sectional program to give refugee women in Jordan the resources they need to establish their own digital, socially conscious firms and establish a place for themselves and their families in both the Jordanian and Syrian post civil war economy. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Societies.

Esta dissertação reconstitui a trajetória da família de Nissim, Streia e Vivetta Eskenazy, judeus sefaraditas sérvios, sobreviventes da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A primeira parte da pesquisa (Raízes) traz a história de quatro famílias tipicamente sefaraditas, Eskenazy, Ozmo, Russo e Romano, os antepassados de Nissim e Streia, desde meados do século XIX até antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A segunda parte da pesquisa (Ruptura) procura esclarecer o processo histórico que deu origem à invasão nazista na Iugoslávia, a partir de seis de abril de 1941 e quais podem ter sido as ações e decisões dos Eskenazy nesse período. A terceira parte da pesquisa (Travessia ou Travessias?) traz o detalhamento dos percursos dos Eskenazy em busca de um porto-seguro durante a guerra. A quarta e última parte da pesquisa (Refúgio) detalha a busca de refúgio dos Eskenazy após a guerra e, finalmente, como chegaram ao Brasil. Além de colaborar com o arquivo de testemunhos do ArqShoah, da Universidade de São Paulo, nossa pesquisa é inédita em termos de língua portuguesa, pois o judaísmo e o Holocausto na Iugoslávia foram, até hoje, pouco estudados e debatidos para além das suas fronteiras e, em casos esporádicos, em Israel. Para colaborar com esse debate, além dos quatro capítulos centrais da dissertação, apresentamos em anexo uma história resumida do judaísmo na região. / This thesis reconstructs the trajectory of the family of Nissim, Streia and Vivetta Eskenazy, Serbian Sephardic Jews, survivors of Second World War. The first part of the document (Roots) tells the story of four typically Sephardic families, Eskenazy, Ozmo, Russo and Romano, the ancestors of Nissim and Streia, from the mid-19th century until Second World War eve. The second part of the document (Rupture) tries to clarify the historical process that gave rise to the Nazi invasion in Yugoslavia in April 6, 1941 and what may have been the actions and decisions of the Eskenazy in that period. The third part of the document (Crossing or Crossings?) details the Eskenazy routes in search of a safe haven during the war. The fourth and final part of the document (Refuge) details the Eskenazy search for refuge after the war, and finally how they arrived in Brazil. In addition to collaborating with the ArqShoah testimonial archive from Universidade de Sçao Paulo, our research is unprecedented in terms of Portuguese language, since Judaism and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia have until now been little studied and debated beyond its borders and, in sporadic cases, in Israel. To support this debate, in addition to the four central chapters of the thesis, we have attached a brief history of Judaism in the region.

Background: Stress and low physical activity (PA) levels are linked to illness. No studies have been found examining them among refugee school students. Aim: Investigate level of PA and perceived stress and the correlation between them among refugee school students. Method: Cross-sectional study with a descriptive, correlative design. Refugee school students completed one questionnaire on perceived stress: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); and two questionnaires on PA level: Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) and indicator questions for physical activity (SIFA) from the Swedish National board of health and welfare. Results: Altogether 59 students were included. The adult WHO/ FYSS recommended PA levels was met by 55.9%. Median SGPALS was 2 (some light physical activity for at least 4hours/week) out of 4 with 35.6% reported being sedentary during leisure time. Median PSS is 22 out of 40. No significant correlation between SIFA, SGPALS and PSS was found in the population. Conclusion: Over half of the refugee students met the adult WHO/FYSS recommended PA levels and over a third report being sedentary in their leisure time. Initiatives to promote PA among refugee students should be implemented to reduce illness and inactivity. / Bakgrund: Stress och låg grad av fysisk aktivitet (PA) är kopplade till ohälsa. Inga studier har påträffats som undersöker stress och PA hos flyktingar som deltar i svenskundervisning. Syfte: Undersöka PA nivå och upplevd stress och sambandet däremellan hos skolelever med flyktingbakgrund. Metod: Tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv, korrelerande design. Deltagarna fyllde i frågeformulär om upplevd stress: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); och två frågeformulär om PA nivå: Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) och Socialstyrelsens indikatorfrågor om fysiskaktivitet (SIFA). Resultat: Totalt 59 elever inkluderades. WHO/FYSS rekommenderade PA nivå för vuxna nåddesav 55,9 procent. Medianen för SGPALS blev 2 (Någon fysisk aktivitet på fritiden under minst 4 timmar per vecka) av 4 med 35,6% som uppgav stillasittande fritid. Medianen för PSS blev 22 av 40. Ingen signifikant korrelation mellan SIFA, SGPALS och PSS påträffades i populationen. Konklusion: Drygt hälften av deltagarna i studien nådde WHO/FYSS rekommenderade PA nivå för vuxna och drygt en tredjedel uppgav att de var stillasittande på fritiden. Initiativ för att främja PA hos skolelever med flyktingbakgrund bör sättas in för att minska ohälsa och stillasittande.

This dissertation is a material-archival history of the Palestinian refugee camp. Its primary claim is that to read Palestine-Israel one must read the camp; the refugee camp, I argue, is the settlercolony’s irreducible foil. How, then, has the question of the camps (neither synonymous with nor reducible to the ‘refugee problem’) exerted its own gravitational force on Palestinian, Israeli, and humanitarian politics? What kind of historical relation is there, I ask, between camp-form and that spatial form from which it seems inseparable—the colony? Working with a range of textual and visual documents (from bureaucratic reports to prose fiction and architectural drawings) drawn from four different archives, I argue that the Palestinian camps lie at the center of the foundational-temporal impasse of the Israeli state—its inability to decisively render the moment of its inception as past. In other words, my argument is that the camp sits not only at the intersection of the most critical biopolitical sites of the settler- colonial—the colonized body and its movements, land and its possession in regimes of property and ownership—but, and perhaps even more consequentially, at the point of their temporal resolution in definite and final forms. Camp and colony are entangled from the start; co-produced in the double movement of dispossession and substitution, un-homing and homing; twinned but inversed topologies of the freedom of movement.

This thesis is based upon eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in London undertaken between January 2006 and July 2007. It explores the discourses and practices which (re)produce notions of gender, race, ethnicity and class among young people born or raised in London to migrants from Arab states. Instead of taking the existence of an Arab community' in London as self-evident, this thesis looks critically at the idea of Arab-ness in London and the ways in which it is signified, reiterated and recited. Taking the theorising of performative gender as a starting point I explore the possibilities of a sequential reading of ‘gender' and ‘race' and the practices and discourses which produce that which they name ‘Arab woman,' Arab man,' ‘British- Arab'. By looking at discourses, practices and political context, ‘ethnicity' and ‘race' appear to be less about an inner fixity or even multiple identities, instead they can be significantly attributed to a discursive and corporeal project of survival and social intelligibility between structures of subjection which create imperatives to enact and reproduce notions of ‘race' and ‘gender'. In this sense it is no longer satisfactory to see ethnicity as something that one possesses – but something that one does and embodies imperfectly, constantly adding, reinforcing and disrupting its presumed structure. Looking at what it means “to do” Arab-ness in London provides opportunities to look at the underlying normative and psychical structures that inform the doing of ethnicity in a particular setting. The shift from foundationalist and “epistemological account[s] of identity to [those] which locate[s] the problematic within practices of signification permits an analysis that takes the epistemological mode itself as one possible and contingent signifying practice” (Butler 1990: 184). Through the Shisha cafe, ‘Arabic nights', images and narratives I explore the discursive and corporeal acts that signify Arab-ness in London at a particular historical moment.

Responding to the call of contemporary political philosophy to locate ‘the political' beyond the boundaries of formal citizenship (Balibar, 2004; Chatterjee, 2004; Rànciere, 2004), over the last few years researchers across various disciplines have devoted increasing attention to migrant and refugee protests and political mobilization (Tyler and Marciniak, 2013). Research in this area has thoroughly questioned paradigms of biopolitical exception, but also challenged widespread assumptions on the political agency of subaltern subjects as always associated with mundane, silent, and invisible practices. In this context, academic attention has been devoted significantly to Euro-American borderzones and spaces of enforcement, and, in the Global South, to refugee camps. Today however, evidence is growing that the vast majority of refugee and migrant populations are urbanized, and do not live in the West. Based on an 18-month ethnographic fieldwork, this thesis contributes to this growing body of work exploring the contested relations between refugees and humanitarian agencies in Cairo, Egypt. Theoretically, the analysis combines insights from assemblage geographies (De Landa, 2006; McFarlane, 2011) and critical development, refugee, and urban studies (Hyndman, 2001; Simone 2004a, 2004b; Elyachar, 2005; Duffield, 2007, 2011; Bayat, 2010; 2012; Hyndman and Giles, 2011). The empirical sections of the thesis are articulated around two main axes of inquiry. Part B – The Boundaries of Aid – looks at how refugees in Cairo engage with the spatial practices of humanitarian organizations, contesting their growing securitization and the boundaries and hierarchies that separate them from practitioners. Part C – Sociomaterial infrastructures: agency beyond resistance – focuses on the networks – encompassing human and non-human elements – which allow refugees to build relations of support, experience sociality, and organize politically autonomously from aid agencies. The thesis puts forward a two-part argument. Not only do the struggles of refugees in Cairo challenge prevalent understanding of humanitarian aid as a domain of ‘depoliticization', but they also question the distinction between everyday life and overt manifestations of ‘resistance', contestation, and protest. Confronted with a complex and often violent system of humanitarian and urban governance, refugees in Cairo, I demonstrate, are able to mobilize a range of practices and position takings which problematize prevalent conceptualizations of resistance, and point to the need for rethinking questions of agency in conditions of structural violence.