It is the existence of trauma and its associated responses that categorize refugees as different from other migrants. These circumstances create significant and complex special needs which this thesis suggests should be addressed (initially) on resettlement programmes. Because of the high vulnerability of refugees as a consequence of previous losses and their exposure to sustained deprivation, empathy must be a primary requisite of teachers who are responsible for delivering these programmes. This thesis enquires whether the teaching methodology and approach for refugee resettlement programmes, however, should entail more than just an empathic disposition and indeed whether educational programmes should seek to address the unique and very special needs of refugees through the imparting of 'critical' skills and strategies. Furthermore, the thesis investigates the various educational theories and approaches that appear to have particular correspondence with the unique needs of refugees.The six-week period at the Mangere Refugee Reception Centre represents a significant moment in the lives of refugees. It is for many the turning point from their traumatic past to a future of hope. During this 'renaissance' period, the Centre for Refugee Education under the auspices of AUT University, offers an education programme for all quota refugees. It is this programme, in particular, that forms the focus of this thesis; however the principles and recommendations have wider ramifications and could (with modifications) equally apply to refugee provision in the wider sector. The broad aim of this thesis is to investigate what it is that refugees need on arrival in New Zealand and the extent to which the content and methodology of the orientation programme offered to refugees can be enhanced to better support and prepare refugees for the transition into New Zealand society. A teaching approach heavily nuanced by the post-structural appropriation of critical theory is discussed and it is proposed that this approach in conjunction with collaborative, participatory and constructivist elements could form a 'refugee-centred approach' which has the potential to more effectively and appropriately address the specific needs identified as pertaining to refugees. An oft-heard criticism of 'critical theory' and its many renderings is that it is 'too theoretical' and difficult to implement. This thesis argues that the post-structuralist interpretation can, indeed translate into practice and suggestions for its pedagogical implementation represent a key outcome of this research.

The increase in right wing populist parties in Europe combined with the sudden influx of asylum applicants has given rise to the debate regarding immigration both politically and within research. This paper sets out to examine the relation between asylum seeker group size and people’s attitudes towards immigration. Based on group threat theory and ethnic competition theory we hypothesize that countries´ increases in asylum seekers is correlated with decreases in attitudinal support for immigration. We test this hypothesis using cross- national time series survey data from the Eurobarometer from 2014 to 2017 and conducting a multilevel analysis. Despite the extensive theoretical arguments that strengthen the hypothesis, we find no evidence that the group size of asylum seekers is related to attitudes towards immigration from outside EU.

This dissertation investigates regime-based efforts by states to cooperate in providing assistance and protection to refugees since 1648. It argues from a constructivist perspective that state interests and identities are shaped both by other actors in the international system - including norm entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations - and by the broader normative environment. Refugees are a by-product of this environment. Fundamental institutions - including territoriality, popular sovereignty, and international law - formed a system in which exit was one of the few mechanisms of survival for those who were religiously and politically persecuted. This led states to recognize that people who were so persecuted were different from ordinary migrants and had a right to flee their own state and seek accommodation elsewhere. States recognized this right to leave, but did not recognize a requirement that any given state had a responsibility to accept these refugees. This contradiction creates a dilemma in international relations, one which states have sought to solve through international cooperation. The dissertation explores policy change within the United States and Great Britain at the international and domestic levels in order to understand the tensions within current refugee protection efforts. Three regimes, based in different normative understandings, have framed state cooperation. In the first, during the 19th century, refugees were granted protections under domestic and then bilateral law through extradition treaties. The second, in the interwar period, saw states taught by norm entrepreneurs that multilateral organizations could successfully assist refugees, though states remained unwilling to provide blanket assistance and be bound by international law. These issues led to the failure of states to accommodate Jewish refugees fleeing from Germany in the 1930s. The third, since the Second World War, had a greater consistency among its norms, especially recognition by states of the need for international law. Once again, this process was shaped by other actors, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). This regime has been challenged by increased refugee numbers and restrictions on the part of states, but its central purpose remains robust due to the actions of actors such as the UNHCR. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Background: Integration policy and immigration policy advocate for the needs of refugees, protection and integration into society. Measures through policies have been arranged to facilitate integration, but there are problems with the implementation of a successful integration policy for refugees. There are various laws and guidelines that support refugees and their living conditions and rights. Problem: Refugee families consisting of children, young adults and adults may face difficulties in integration into a new country. It is important to know how that group is to be received and managed in order to meet the needs of the refugees. Aim: The purpose of this study is to highlight the problems that may appear for refugees and refugee families’ social integration in Europe. This will be accomplished through a systematic literature study. Method: Systematic literature study based on 12 scientific articles. Selected articles were: 7 qualitative articles, three quantitative and two with mix method. Result: The language, the school, the residence permit, good treatment of a refugee and a social network proved to be significant in promoting the integration process for the refugees. Conclusion: In social work, it is important to know how refugees should be treated in order to not impede their integration into the new society. It is important that refugees do not feel excluded or discriminated against. It is valuable to have sympathy for the refugees and to understand that no individual would want to leave their country voluntarily. Further research is needed to be able to find new approaches that can promote the refugee family’s integration process and a sustainable future. / Bakgrund: Integrationspolitiken och invandringspolitiken redogör för flyktingarnas behov, skydd och integration i samhället. Integration -och invandringspolitiken har anordnat ett flertal åtgärder för att underlätta integrationen. Trots detta kvarstår mycket problematik kring implementeringen av en lyckad integrationspolitik för flyktingar. I Europa har det inrättats specifika lagar och riktlinjer som ska stötta flyktingarnas livsvillkor och rättigheter i det nya samhället. Problem: Flyktingfamiljer som består av barn, unga vuxna och vuxna kan bemöta svårigheter vid integrationen i ett nytt land. Det är viktigt att veta hur denna grupp ska bemötas och introduceras till samhället för att därmed kunna tillgodose flyktingarnas behov. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att genom en systematisk litteraturstudie belysa vilka problem som kan uppstå för flyktingar och flyktingfamiljer vid den sociala integrationen i Europa. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie som är baserad på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar. Valda artiklar var: 7 kvalitativa artiklar, tre kvantitativa och två med mix-metod. Resultat: Språk, skola, uppehållstillstånd, ett bra bemötande av flyktingar och ett socialt nätverk visade sig vara betydande faktorer för främjandet av integrationsprocessen för flyktingarna. Slutsats: I det sociala arbetet är det viktigt att veta hur flyktingar ska bemötas för att inte försvåra deras integration i det nya samhället. Det är viktigt att flyktingarna inte känner sig exkluderade eller diskriminerade. Det är värdefullt att ha sympati för flyktingarna och förstå att ingen individ skulle frivilligt vilja lämna sitt hemland. Vidare forskning behövs för att kunna hitta nya förhållningssätt som kan främja flyktingfamiljernas integrationsprocess och en hållbar framtid.

The politics of labeling is not a brand-new discussion in the political science field, however, the discussion on refugee labeling in the Global South context is barely discussed. The Rohingyas and the Venezuelans fled their countries to avoid persecution and other human rights violation happening in the countries. Although according to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1984 Cartagena Declaration they fall under the refugee label, in reality, the label is determined by the receiving states. Some labels (such as those offered by Colombia and Peru), offer higher protection, whilst others (such as those offered by Malaysia and Thailand) offer lower or even no protection at all. This thesis analyzed how this label affects human security by using comparative and document analysis. The findings show how labeling impacts the human security of the refugees which for some of them, is a life-and-death situation.

No description available.

Refugee children and adolescents living in refugee camps are a vulnerable population, at high risk for developing mental health disorders, behavioural problems and experiencing violence or trauma. However, not all children exposed to these stressors of displacement show negative outcomes; several refugee children and adolescents show adaptive functioning and resilient outcomes. Given the rising number of refugee minors, it is increasingly important to examine and understand protective factors for resilience among minors living in refugee camps. This knowledge could be used to develop resilience-building programs. This systematic literature review sought to identify protective factors for resilience, and available programs in the refugee camps targeting the development of resilience. Six databases were used for the searching process; ten studies were identified meeting predefined selection criteria and quality standards. Based on bio-ecological theory and the model of “7 Crucial Cs of resilience”, numerous protective factors were identified on multiple levels, including personal resources, social support, education, and connection to culture and community. Findings of this review highlight the need for a multidimensional view of resilience; the use of the “7 Crucial Cs of resilience” showed that focusing only on individual sources of resilience is not sufficient as these individual resources emerge from higher levels and systems. Two intervention programs were identified showing a resilience-building approach. Based on these results, recommendations for interventions and programs in this context are discussed. Limitations and the need for future research on sources of resilience and resilience-building interventions are outlined. / Kinder und Jugendliche, die aus ihrer Heimat geflüchtet sind, und temporär in Flüchtlingscamps leben, sind besonders gefährdet, psychosoziale Dysfunktionen zu entwickeln sowie Gewalt oder andere traumatisierende Erlebnisse zu erfahren. Dennoch zeigt sich, dass nicht alle Kinder, die diesen Stressoren ausgesetzt sind, negative Auswirkungen auf ihre Entwicklung aufweisen; einige Kinder bleiben resilient und reagieren mit erfolgreichem Anpassungsverhalten. Die hohen Flüchtlingszahlen und die steigenden Zahlen minderjähriger Flüchtlinge verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit, Faktoren zu evaluieren und identifizieren, die zur Resilienz von Kindern, die in Flüchtlingslagern leben, beitragen. Es ist essenziell für Interventionsprogramme und Professionalisten, diese Schutzfaktoren zu erkennen, um Interventionen in Flüchtlingscamps durchzuführen, die auf eine Stärkung und Verbesserung der Resilienz von Kindern und Jugendlichen abzielen. Die vorliegende systemische Literaturarbeit evaluierte Schutzfaktoren, die positiv zur Resilienz von minderjährigen Flüchtlingen beitragen, sowie verfügbare Interventionsprogramme in Flüchtlingscamp, die präventiv auf Prozesse der Resilienzentwicklung einwirken. Sechs Datenbanken wurden ausführlich nach verfügbarer Literatur durchsucht; zehn Studien wurden schlussendlich ausgewählt, welche vordefinierten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien entsprachen. Basierend auf ökosystemischer Theorie und dem „Modell der 7 essentiellen C für Resilienz“ wurden mehrere Schutzfaktoren in verschiedenen Systemen identifiziert. Persönliche Ressourcen des Kindes, soziale Unterstützung, Bildung, sowie kulturelle Faktoren und enge Verbindungen mit ethnischen Gemeinschaften zeigten sich als Schlüsselfaktoren für erfolgreiche Anpassung in diesem Kontext. Die Ergebnisse dieser Literaturarbeit betonen die Notwendigkeit einer multidimensionalen Sichtweise des Konzeptes Resilienz. Zwei Interventionsprogramme wurden gefunden, deren Ziel die Stärkung von Schutzfaktoren und Resilienz ist. Folglich werden Empfehlungen für Interventionen in Flüchtlingscamps diskutiert. Limitationen dieser systematischen Literaturarbeit und Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung werden debattiert.

While there exists in the literature on refugees’ rights a broad consensus on the existence of an overlapping and common ground between IHRL and IRL, gaps continue to exist in state implementation of these two legal systems. Concepts of sovereignty and border control continue to take predominance when refugees are the rights-bearers, and this tendency is more pronounced in the event of complementary protection. This thesis investigated the recent creation of a temporary protection status in the Danish Aliens Act by legal method and political case study to understand the interrelation of these systems, as manifested by the ECHR and the Refugee Convention. The legal analysis revealed the amendments’ misinterpretation of the principle of good faith of treaty interpretation. The political reasoning behind the amendment was used to shed light on domestic alignment with international law, in order to clarify the political and moral function of human rights. It was suggested that the main challenge to such misinterpretations remains the separation of human rights with its inherent moral purpose.

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation examines the expansion of refugee student services in postwar France during three subsequent refugee crises involving students from Eastern Europe. More than just a product of Franco-Soviet Cold War relations, I show how French support for the students developed in the context of decolonization and contemporary migration politics that favored white Europeans. The Algerian Revolution (1954-1962) in specific transformed the way the French thought about citizenship and strengthened the importance of race to national identity. The racial and ethnocultural compatibility of Eastern Europeans students with postwar France became a distinct advantage that manifested itself in the financial and social support that students received.</p><p dir="ltr">Beginning in 1945 with the rebirth of the refugee student organization the <i>Entraide Universitaire Francaise</i>, I analyze how the arrival of Eastern European refugee students over the next thirty years coincided with these changes to French self-image and citizenship. I further explore how key developments in international and national refugee law helped establish and maintain Eastern Europeans as the stereotypical refugee figure in postwar France, despite the increasingly globalized nature of refugee emergencies. This dissertation therefore reveals the influence of migration politics, decolonization, and race on France’s treatment of refugee students in the postwar period.</p>

This study explores the international obligations of the European Union to the unaccompanied asylum-seeking and refugee child. In doing so, it involves an investigation into the concept and content of durable solutions for the refugee child. As such, it analyses the effect of the temporary European relocation scheme in the search for durable solutions. To that end, it engages a comprehensive explanation of the relevant refugee law, the law of the rights of the child and the European legislative framework governing the reception and protection of refugees. Cumulatively, an assessment is made as to the effectiveness of the durable solutions that currently exist. This study seeks to establish whether, in an attempt to relieve the pressure from the frontline member states by creating a system for effective integration, Europe encourages the development of a children’s rights perspective and ultimately, provides a path for the unaccompanied child’s development and self-fulfilment. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M.