Dans les années 1789 à 1913, Toulouse connaît de nombreuses phases pour conserver ses monuments historiques. Les mesures prises visent soit l’institutionnalisation de l’administration du patrimoine soit la mise en valeur des monuments historiques en tant que patrimoine local. Dans cette « invention » s’engagent non seulement l’État et les autorités locales mais aussi les érudits locaux. Ces derniers jouent un rôle non négligeable depuis l’époque révolutionnaire dans la fondation du Musée de Toulouse (1793), l’organisation de ses collections et la conservation des monuments historiques. Considérée comme « seconde ville » de France ou d’Europe, Toulouse doit alors reprendre son essor dans le monde artistique à travers ses pratiques patrimoniales. Par ailleurs, dès lors de la mise en place d’un système national de conservation, la « cité palladienne » voit se créer la Société archéologique du Midi de la France (1831). Au XIXe siècle, les érudits toulousains conservent certains édifices historiques ou œuvres d’art pour la mémoire locale, face à un État, qui, avant du moins la loi de séparation des Églises et de l’État, privilégie uniquement ce qu’il juge être d’intérêt national. Parallèlement à l’institutionnalisation du patrimoine, les savants locaux publient des études ainsi que des ouvrages de vulgarisation et des guides touristiques afin de mettre en avant de moins en moins l’intérêt artistique universel des œuvres que la mémoire locale. Cette valorisation du patrimoine local est d’autant plus indissociable de la création de l’appellation de « ville rose », qui symbolise la particularité architecturale de Toulouse. / Toulouse had conserved its historical monuments between 1789 and 1913. The measures were devoted to the institutionalization and valorization of these monuments as local heritage. Not only the government and local authorities, but local scholars also committed themselves to this long project. These scholars had a significant role since the Revolutionary era in the foundation of the Museum of Toulouse (1793), organization of collections and conservation of historic monuments. Seen as the ‘second city’ of France or Europe, Toulouse should be known in the art world for its conservation practices. At the time of the organization of a national system of conservation of historical monuments, local scholars established the Archaeological Society of the South of France (1831). Their frequent conflicts with the government, local authorities and private owners of monuments started in the nineteenth century. But that situation did not prevent them from conserving some historic buildings, artworks and local memory, unlike the government, which intends to find national or universal interest in these monuments especially before the enactment of the law separating the Church and the State. With the progress of the institutionalization of cultural heritage, the valorization of local heritage reflected lesser universal interest in the art of Toulouse than local historic memory with local historic and art studies and their popular books and guides. It is even more inseparable from the birth of the idea of the ‘Rose City’, which symbolizes the characteristics of the architecture of Toulouse.

Ce travail traite de l’émergence, des conséquences et des résultats de la coopération régionale dans les domaines de la santé publique et de la défense au sein du cadre institutionnel de l’UNASUR. En nous concentrant sur la coopération sectorielle dans deux domaines aussi différents et importants que la santé et la défense, nous avons essayé d’éclairer les mécanismes, les moteurs, les schémas institutionnels ainsi que les résultats du régionalisme sectoriel en Amérique du Sud. En procédant ainsi, ce travail prétend contribuer à l’étude de l’UNASUR et du régionalisme sud-américain, en explorant les logiques endogènes et les dynamiques d’une coopération sectorielle entre les états sud-américains qui ont été considérablement négligées par la littérature sur les particularités régionales. Les chercheurs se sont particulièrement penchés sur l’UNASUR en le considérant soit comme le produit d’une mutation structurelle post-hégémonique et post-libérale mise en place par la zone sud-américaine en réponse à la reconfiguration multipolaire du système international et de l’économie mondiale ou comme une organisation régionale souffrant des limitations institutionnelles caractéristiques de l’intergouvernementalité et s’imbriquant inefficacement avec les autres organisations régionales. Une attention moindre s’est portée sur ce qui se joue réellement au sein des Conseils Sectoriels de l’UNASUR. Nous considérons que pour pouvoir comprendre l’importance de l’UNASUR ainsi que les logiques qui sous-tendent l’évolution du régionalisme sud-américain, il est nécessaire d’en savoir plus sur les raisons pour lesquelles les gouvernements ont mis en place une institution régionale pour poursuivre une coopération dans un espace politique donné, sur les caractéristiques et l’impact d’institutions sectorielles régionales ainsi que sur les conséquences et les effets d’une coopération sectorielle. Ce travail tente de combler un vide dans la littérature sur le régionalisme sud-américain en offrant une analyse - fondée sur de nombreux éléments à la fois empiriques et théoriques – de la manière dont les états sud-américains construisent le régionalisme à l’aide d’une coopération sectorielle intergouvernementale. / This research deals with the emergence, outcomes, and effects of regional cooperation in the fields of public health and defence within the UNASUR institutional framework. By zooming into sector-based cooperation in two diverse, yet equally important policy areas such as health and defence, I try to shed light on the triggers, drivers, institutionalisation patterns, and results of sectoral regionalism in South America. In doing so, the research intends to contribute to the study of UNASUR and South American regionalism, exploring the endogenous logics and dynamics of sector-based cooperation among South American states that have been largely neglected by the area-specific literature. Scholars have predominantly analysed UNASUR either as the result of a structural post-hegemonic and post-liberal shift experienced by the South American region in response to the multipolar reconfiguration of the international system and the world economy or as a regional organisation that suffers from the institutional limitations typical of intergovernmentalism and overlaps ineffectively with other regional organisations. Less attention has been paid to what does actually happen within the UNASUR Sectoral Councils. I posit that in order to grasp the significance of UNASUR and the logics underlying the evolution of South American regionalism, we need to know more about why governments set up a regional institution for pursuing cooperation in a given policy area, what are the characteristics and impact of regional sector-based institutions, and what are the outcomes and effects of sectoral cooperation. This research attempts to fill this gap in the literature on South American regionalism by providing an empirically rich and theoretically grounded analysis of how South American states are constructing regionalism through intergovernmental sectoral cooperation.

Since the 1980s, the American federal government has devolved a wide array of crucial policy decisions - from transportation to welfare initiatives - to the state and local levels. With a decrease in federal aid and an increase in the number of tools available to lower tiers of government, scholars of American urban politics have suggested that cooperation among metropolitan jurisdictions could help address critical political and policy challenges, including inequities in municipal resources and unfettered suburban sprawl. This dissertation argues that metropolitan political segregation|that is, geographically-based political divisions - represents a serious obstacle to these partnerships and remains poorly understood. This project thus has two goals: to explain variations in metropolitan political segregation and explore their consequences for regional coalition-building. I first present a theory connecting America's unique racial geography to political segregation. I contend that racially segregated metropolitan areas with large minority population concentrations will experience more political segregation than their more homogenous peers. These political divisions will in turn hinder coalition-building surrounding critical metropolitan policies. Marshaling 1988 and 2000 precinct-level electoral data for every metropolitan area in the country, I find that racial demographics almost exclusively explain variations in political segregation, with more racially segregated, heavily black and Latino metropolitan areas exhibiting greater geographic political divisions. These rifts in turn have a potent impact on metropolitan policy outcomes. Taking advantage of an array of qualitative and quantitative data on mass transportation and affordable housing policy-making, I discover that greater political segregation constrains metropolitan coalition-building and spurs more fragmented policy outcomes. These findings have a disturbing implication: those regions with concentrated pockets of poverty - places most in need of metropolitan cooperation in the contemporary, heavily localized political climate - are the least able to forge partnerships around shared local policy goals.

The meaning of a place results from accumulated interactions between an individual's life history and a setting. Place experiences often include some feeling of ownership. Ownership in this case is a psychological phenomenon that does not require legal title to a piece of land or a building, but rather, a sense that the person has some uncommon, special relationship with that particular setting. Although much of what characterizes a place may be very personal. Groups and even entire communities can develop place attachments. The objective of the study is the design of agri-tourism facilities within the realm of local community development. These facilities need to meet a variety of criteria to fulfil the expectations of the three main stakeholders, being agriculture, tourism and local community. A design that is context, and energy conscious, with a sympathy to existing ecological systems and self-sustainability, will determine the success of this project. The design, including before mentioned criteria, of an agri-tourism complex , incorporates local skills training which form part of the activities on the farm Madi A Thava, Makhado district in the Limpopo province. These facilities must meet the needs of the different clientele for each of the three entities. Each facility has its own identity arising from its specific function. The agri-tourism complex will have a dominant agricultural character, as this facility houses the main activity to ensure self-sustainability of the farm as a whole. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Architecture / unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the change in response of Latin American governments to the economic crisis and thus the change in the character of protectionist measures applied. How do the means of the protection of domestic market change? How does the financial globalization reflect in the Latin American protectionism? What are the further perspectives of the development of Latin American countries? The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter examines the forms of protectionism in the reaction to economic crisis of the 20th century. Firstly, it presents Latin America as a traditionally protectionist region in the period of the import substitution industrialization, secondly it focuses on governments' reactions to the cyclic crises of the 80s and 90s that were caused by the liberalization of the capital accounts and high sensitivity of Latin American economies to the sudden stop on financial markets. The second chapter is devoted to the current global economic crisis. It analyses the means of trade and financial protectionism. Simultaneously, it compares the protectionist measures used to the ones employed in previous periods. The final part of the thesis explores further perspectives of Latin American regionalism and improved macroeconomic stability of Latin American economies.

The objective of this work is to analyze the phenomenon of regionalism in Southeast Asia with the emphasize on ASEAN and its impact on member states. The first part of the theses is theoretical and explains the development and characteristics of regionalism. The second part of the theses is practical and analyses impact of ASEAN in economical area, trade area and also area of diplomatic relations.

Entre 1810 et 1930, les milieux artistiques et culturels des Pyrénées-Orientales ont participé aux différentes politiques de mémoires et ont exprimé leur appartenance collective à la Nation. De ce mouvement culturel est naît la conscience d’une singularité roussillonnaise. Cette étude présente dans une première partie les conditions de réflexion et de mises en place d’actions naissantes sur le patrimoine. Elles ont pour cadre les années 1810-1860 et une France politique qui tente d’effacer les particularismes et éviter son éclatement après le traumatisme de la Révolution française. Cela consiste à étudier les différents modes d’institutionnalisation du patrimoine, de la création et des connaissances. Dans une seconde partie, qui a pour cadre les années 1880-1930, cette étude se penche sur l’évolution de la politique de mémoire non plus dictée par les institutions nationales mais par le mouvement régionaliste et les diverses représentations que les roussillonnais se font de leur région héritée ou à construire. Il s’agit de montrer les influences du régionalisme français, qui associe le fédéralisme au sentiment national, l’influence des séparatismes catalans dans la constitution d’une nouvelle culture matérielle et d’une identité artistique fortement marquée par un lien historique jamais rompu avec la Méditerranée et un retour aux origines de la culture antique. / Between 1810 and 1930 the artistic and cultural circles of the “Pyrénées-Orientales” have been involved in the different policies concerning the local heritage while expressing their will to belong to the French nation. From this cultural movement was born a strong sense of identity. The first part of this study is about the conditions in which this conscience developed as well as the first actions concerning the local heritage. Between 1810 and 1860 the French official policies tried to erase the local sense of identity and to preserve national unity after the trauma of the French Revolution. Our purpose was to study the different ways in which the local heritage as well artistic creation and local historical studies have been institutionalized. The second part studies the years between 1880 and 1930 when the political evolution concerning the local heritage was no longer ruled by national institutions but by the regionalist movement and the way the “Roussillonnais” considered their region as a heritage both to be preserved and enlarged. We have tried to show the influence of French regionalism that associates federalism and a national conscience, the influence of catalan separatism in the creation of a new material culture and an artistic identity strongly marked by a historical and unbroken link with the Mediterrannean world as well as return to antiquity.

For many decades, regionalism was considered a potential solution to the different crises faced by the African continent. So-called old regionalism, as implemented between the 1960s and late 1980s, yielded limited success in addressing the multidimensional challenges on the continent, resulting in a re-evaluation of Africa’s approach to continental cooperation and integration, with a view to continental development. With new trends emerging in international relations following the end of the Cold War, new regionalism was introduced as an innovative way to deal with relations between regional partners. With the launch of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Africa officially declared its endorsement of new regionalism. This study assesses the potential of NEPAD to deal with the numerous developmental challenges facing Africa. It explores how new regionalism could contribute to the resolution of a range of crises and challenges on the continent. The study focuses on Africa’s past regionalist experience, the role of new regionalism in addressing Africa’s trade and investment dilemma, as well as its role in promoting good governance and peace in Africa. The study concludes that notwithstanding the positive contribution of new regionalism, especially through its multidimensional approach, NEPAD will face tremendous challenges, mostly due to the failure of new regionalism in acknowledging the influence of other operational contexts – international and domestic – on the success of regionalist ventures. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Orientador: Marcelo Siqueira Ridena / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ceccarello_VeraHelenaPicolo_M.pdf: 889753 bytes, checksum: f51d64477eeb2f42cbac9ce2db980682 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa analisa relações existentes entre a literatura brasileira e seu contexto histórico, a partir da obra Dois irmãos, de Milton Hatoum, importante escritor contemporâneo. Especialmente no século XX, início do romance, a sociedade brasileira sofreu um processo de industrialização que, aparentemente, separou o Brasil em regiões modernas e atrasadas, dando origem ao assim chamado dualismo brasileiro. A trajetória dos irmãos Yaqub e Omar, oriundos de uma família libanesa em Manaus, exemplifica, de maneira singular, a alegoria do dualismo brasileiro e do desenvolvimento desigual, especialmente a partir da década de 1950. O romance é narrado por Nael, filho da empregada da casa com um dos gêmeos, que reconstrói a história daquela família a partir de suas memórias. Assim, através da mencionada obra de Hatoum propõe-se uma análise da sociedade brasileira a partir de suas características e contradições / Abstract: This research examines the relationships between the brazilian literature and its historical context, from de the book Dois irmãos, by Milton Hatoum, an important contemporary writer. Especially in the twentieth century, beginning of the novel, brazilian society started a process of industrialization which apparently broke the country in modern and archaic regions, giving rise to the brazilian dualism. The trajectory of the twin brothers Yaqub and Omar, from a lebanese family in Manaus, exemplifies the allegory of brazilian dualism and uneven development, especially since the 1950s. The novel is narrated by Nael, son of the servant of the house with one of the brothers, which reconstructs the history of that family from their memories. Through this Hatoum's novel this work proposes an analysis of Brazilian society from its characteristics and contradictions / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestre em Sociologia

Orientador: Marcelo Passini Mariano / Banca: Regiane Nitsch Bressan / Banca: Roberto Goulart Menezes / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar dois momentos do desenvolvimento institucional do Mercosul, tendo como eixo estruturante a revisão institucional de 2004. Para a realização deste objetivo, se faz necessário avaliar a evolução do bloco em dois períodos: de sua configuração institucional em 1994 até os antecedentes da revisão em 2004; e, a partir de 2004, com os debates acerca da criação de novas instituições e o surgimento de novos temas na agenda da integração até 2014. Para isto, se fez necessário entender os antecedentes da formação do bloco, ou seja, o fortalecimento das relações bilaterais entre Brasil e Argentina e o período de transição do bloco (1991-1994). Durante a primeira fase da integração, foram apresentadas as variáveis acompanhadas durante a pesquisa, principalmente a perpetuação das assimetrias sociais e de poder entre os membros do bloco, com foco nas crises enfrentadas especialmente no final da década de 1990. A segunda fase foi tratada a partir da revisão institucional de 2004, explorando o contexto das mudanças de forças políticas na região e a revisão histórica do regionalismo sul-americano. Por fim, a análise da institucionalidade do Mercosul foi realizada por meio da comparação desses dois dos momentos. / Abstract: This master dissertation aims to compare two different moments of Mercosur's institutional development, having as its structural axis the institutional revision of 2004. In order to achieve this objective, it is necessary to evaluate the evolution of the bloc in two periods: from its institutional configuration in 1994 to the institutional review in 2004; as well as from 2004 the debates about the creation of new institutions and the emergence of new themes in the integration agenda until 2014. For this, it was necessary to understand the antecedents of the formation of the bloc, that is, the strengthening of relations between Brazil and Argentina and the transition period of the bloc (1991-1994). During the first phase of regional integration, the variables followed during the research were presented, mainly the perpetuation of social and power asymmetries among the members of the bloc, focusing on crises especially faced in the late 1990s. From the institutional review of 2004, exploring the context of changes in political forces in the region and the historical review of South American regionalism. Finally, the Mercosur institutional analysis was carried out by comparing these two moments. / Mestre