PhD - International Relations / The thesis examines the design and implementation of African regional economic cooperation initiatives using the Lagos Plan of Action (LPA) and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as comparative case studies. With regards to design, it focuses on the international political economy of the shift from the LPA’s state-led, inward-looking, collective self-reliance model to NEPAD’s outward looking, market-friendly orientations. Pertaining to implementation, it examines the domestic political economy of institutionalising compliance with regionally agreed policy prescriptions in the absence of an overarching central authority. It focuses on the level of implementation of the LPA and the prospects of implementing NEPAD. The thesis pursues two main sets of arguments: First, it argues that African states’ common concerns about their vulnerability in the global economy have informed the design of a number of ambitious regional initiatives. Within this context, the shift from the LPA to the NEPAD has been dictated by changes in global realities and circumstances. Second, it argues that individual African governments’ concern with vulnerability nationally has been responsible for the low levels of implementation of regional economic initiatives. In this regard, the prospects for the sustained implementation of regional cooperation initiatives is structured by expectations of socio- economic benefits, the cost of compliance to states and the institutions to enforce compliance. The study employs neo-liberal and nationalist perspectives of international political economy to explain how global realities have dictated Africa’s economic cooperation options. To explain African governments’ attitude towards regional initiatives, the thesis uses insights from comparative political economy. The thesis meanwhile employs insights from institutional economics and rational choice institutionalism to highlight the difficulties of institutionalising compliance with regional policy prescriptions. To capture the differences in the contexts within which the LPA and the NEPAD were crafted and the variations in their orientations, the thesis uses a combination of ‘historical explanation’ and ‘structured focused comparison’ methodology that allows for two separate, but structurally linked accounts of the processes of design and implementation of the two initiatives.

Student Number : 9812559F - MA dissertation - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / This research explores the various strategies being proposed to address the perceived governance crisis on the African continent. It identifies the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) as the most recent African transnational initiative with a stated continental governance strategy. It is argued that in many respects NEPAD represents the best possible alternative for African rejuvenation, providing a valuable blueprint for continental reform and development conceived and developed within the continent itself. The potential of NEPAD to meet this objective is evaluated through an analysis of its response to the Zimbabwean crisis of governance. The research suggests that firstly, NEPAD has failed to meet the expectations of those African who were hoping that NEPAD would represent something radically different to earlier transnational initiatives. Secondly, NEPAD has failed to respond to the demands of democratic activists in Zimbabwe. The dissertation argues that these findings stem from the lack of political will among African leaders to fully implement NEPAD; their reluctance to fundamentally alter their understanding of sovereignty away from individual towards increased collective responsibility and finally the failure of NEPAD itself to make provision for the active involvement of civil society in all areas of the governance process.

At the turn of the new century, ideas were circularly floated, arising from axiomatic concerns for development particularly in the developing nations. The idea that resonated across the continent was that the 21st century would be an African century, in which a homespun development initiative would be utilised as a central development framework. Nepad was derived from the commonality and convergence of these contentions. It advent has been embraced with mixed feelings across the divides – thereby generating discourses on its viability and uncertainty, given the development imperatives that have pervaded the continent over the years. The allusion may well be that another of its kind will be superseded that will be better organised and equipped. These debates seemingly enjoy currency without necessarily engaging the relevant theoretical models of policy implementation and the implementation analysis principles for NEPAD. This has created a missing link in the analysis of the implementation process. This standpoint has evidently provided stimulus for a critical examination of the implementation process, as the policy goals are inconsistent with the measures to achieve them. There are certain conditions that indicate the scale and magnitude of the challenges facing the implementation process of Nepad. It appears suspect, nebulous and deeply misleading given over-emphasis on ‘substance’ instead of ‘process’. To direct focus on ‘process’ offers the opportunity for holistic framework analysis of the process to probe possible externalities. This study therefore seeks to present a paradigm shift and argues that Nepad should move beyond rhetoric and rather focus more on the implementation process. The aim is to premise that ‘externalities’ that suffuse the process would in the long term gravely threaten the process and cause fragility of Nepad, but if carefully articulated would strengthen the process over the long term and cause modest, but positive dividends. The externalities provide input functions to create greater momentum in bringing the implementation closer to the policy goals of Nepad. In short, an implementation that prepares for the worst to attain the best possible. / Thesis (PhD (Public Affairs))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science, Department Of Information Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Zululand, South Africa 2012. / This study was conducted to evaluate the success of the pilot phase of the NEPAD e-School project in Kenya. The specific objectives were to: establish the ICT infrastructure installed in the e-Schools and determine the infrastructure‟s quality, accessibility and suitability for enhancing teaching and learning; determine the effectiveness of the training imparted to teachers and students to enable them to constructively engage with the installed ICT infrastructure in teaching and learning; establish the extent to which e-School infrastructure is being used to enhance teaching and learning and provide health information; determine the extent to which e-School users (students and teachers) felt that the e-Schools were preparing students to function in the global economy; and establish the extent to which the e-School improves the efficiency of school management and the processes of teaching and learning. The study employed survey research methodology. All six of the NEPAD e-Schools in Kenya were included. Chevakali High School, Isiolo Girls Secondary School, Maranda High School, Menengai Secondary School, Mumbi Girls Secondary School and Wajir Girls Secondary School and the teachers and students in those schools formed the study population. Of the 5,186 students and teachers, a representative sample of 1,508 was selected using probabilistic techniques that involved stratification based on the number of students in each school, the number in each class level (forms I, II, III and IV), and gender in the case of Menengai Secondary School. Data was collected using an observation schedule, interview schedule and questionnaire. Observations were made of the infrastructure installed in the e-Schools with specific attention to computer laboratories, computer hardware, networking accessories, and presentation and communication equipment. The interviews were conducted with the principals of the e-Schools and self-administered questionnaires were hand-delivered to students and teachers. The collected data was edited and cleaned. An analysis of quantitative data was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) together with Microsoft Excel, while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests assisted with the rejection or acceptance of the hypotheses. xviii The study established that all six of the e-Schools had installed the basic computing facilities required for integrating ICT in teaching and learning. All the e-Schools had VSAT for internet access via satellite in computer laboratories in which a variable number of computers were installed. The computers were networked using structured cabling into a LAN, and the LANS were linked into a WAN through the VSATs. The computer laboratories also had smart televisions, smart boards and LCD projectors. The study revealed that the conceptualized E-School Success Model is valid for the evaluation of the e-School. All seven of the dimensions were found to correlate well with e-School success, with Cronbach‟s alpha values above 0.4. It was further revealed that students and teachers were trained in the use of e-School infrastructure and they were using the ICT infrastructure for teaching and learning. Students found learning with integrated ICT enjoyable, and it appeared to improve their performances. Using document analysis, performance improvement was confirmed in four out of six of the e-Schools. The other two e-Schools experienced decline in academic performance over the period 2005 and 2010. It also seemed as though e-School infrastructure had enabled students and teachers to collaborate and had contributed to their teamwork skills. By testing hypotheses the study revealed that six of the seven dimensions of the E-School Success Model contribute towards the success of the e-School. It was established that the user satisfaction dimension does not contribute towards the success of the e-School. Three variables for measuring the user satisfaction dimension - the ability of the e-School system to facilitate discussion between students, their peers and teachers; sharing what students learn with the learning community; and overall satisfaction with the e-School - were poorly rated and could not support the rejection of the hypothesis that high user satisfaction does not contribute to the success of the e-School. The study concluded that the E-School Success Model is a good model for the evaluation of e-Schools. In addition, the NEPAD e-School project in Kenya has considerable potential for success. Having identified the aspects limiting its level of success, it was recommended that stakeholders should continue investing in the NEPAD e-School project as the gaps highlighted in the study are addressed. Further studies on the impact of e-School benefits are recommended. / University of Zululand

This research is an analysis of security and good governance as prerequisites for the achievement of sustainable development, a neglected element of research on NEPAD. Studies assume that security and good governance results in the stability and create a conducive environment for development; especially on the African continent. On this basis, it is assumed that the implementation of NEPAD by the African Union needed self-imposed security and governance pre-conditions. This study reflects on this assumption in order to establish its veracity in relation to NEPAD practices. It provides an analysis of the need for conditions as ascribed by Article 71 of the NEPAD’s founding document prior to developmental initiatives to ensure sustainability. This research delves looks into the connections and effects of security and good governance in the implementation of NEPAD in Africa. It does accept the fact that these are the major areas in which difficulties have emerged in some of the African countries since independence, conditions that have continued to worsen in some cases. Guided by the conceptual framework and a perusal of the history of grand developmental blueprints in Africa, this study draws from the analysis of primary and secondary documents available in the public domain including project reports and NEPAD statements to understand the security and good governance as preconditions to sustainable development. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Political Sciences / MA / Unrestricted

Au début des années 1990, l’Afrique de l’ouest francophone (AOF) a connu une vague de processus de remise en cause des instances politiques et décisionnelles. En effet, lassées par des décennies de négation de leurs droits fondamentaux, les populations de cette partie du continent africain ont matérialisé leur désir de mettre à bas les régimes dictatoriaux préexistants, ouvrant la voie au plus grand mouvement de démocratisation des instances et de la vie publique qu’ait connu l’Afrique. Profitant de cette occasion inespérée, le droit de l’environnement tel qu’appréhendé alors dans les pays développés, notamment en Europe, a fait son apparition dans la sous-région ouest-africaine, s’introduisant sous sa forme actuelle au plus haut niveau des systèmes juridiques, par sa reconnaissance constitutionnelle.Depuis sa consécration et alors que le débat sur la prise en compte des problématiques environnementales au sein des mécanismes économiques continue de faire rage, il importe de se pencher sur l’apparition et l’évolution de ce droit jeune au sein des Etats d’AOF, sur son appréhension par les destinataires de la norme, en bref, sur son efficacité et son opportunité au sein d’Etats, obnubilés par la course au développement auquel ils aspirent légitimement. Les Etats sur lesquels portent nos recherches font en effet partie des Etats les moins avancés du monde, statut qui ne va pas sans complexifier la tâche aux différents processus de mise en œuvre des règles de protection de l’environnement. / In the early 1990s, several french-speaking West Africa countries (FsWAc) have experienced a wave of process to change legal framework and policy. Indeed, weary by decades of denial of their fundamental rights, the people of this part of Africa have realized their desire to overthrow the dictatorial regimes existing, paving the way for greater democratization movement that Africa has ever known. Taking advantage of this golden opportunity, environmental protection rules, apprehended as they’re in developing countries, particularly in Europe, were introduced in they current form at the highest level of legal systems, by its constitutional recognition. Since its consecration and while the debate on the consideration of environmental issues within economic mechanisms continues to rage, it is important to examine the onset and progression of rules of protection of environment within the FsWAc, on its understanding by the recipients of the standard, in brief, its effectiveness and timeliness within States, obsessed with the race to develop which they legitimately aspire. Indeed, all States on which our researches focuses, are part of the least developed countries of the world, a status that is not without complicating the task at different processes of implementation of the rules of environmental protection .

This thesis investigates the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (Nepad) in order to engage debates about neoliberalism in African development policy. In identifying limitations with commentaries of Nepad and pervasive narratives of neoliberalisation, I employ an analytic of governmentality to reinterpret neoliberalisation as the governmental re-management of populations into societies of free, entrepreneurial, self-regulating subjects. Firstly, I investigate how Nepad makes Africa knowable and amenable to technical intervention in the form of “development”, particularly drawing attention to how the African subject is understood and the intimacy between technical solutions and expert diagnosis. Secondly, I explore four initiatives and techniques that attempt to render these rationalities reality. The conclusions elucidate how neoliberalism ought not to be understood as a monolithic, unrolling totality that simply implants itself through coercive power relations, but rather is comprised of a patchwork of rationalities, knowledges and discourses and given effect through prosaic governing practices.

This thesis investigates the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (Nepad) in order to engage debates about neoliberalism in African development policy. In identifying limitations with commentaries of Nepad and pervasive narratives of neoliberalisation, I employ an analytic of governmentality to reinterpret neoliberalisation as the governmental re-management of populations into societies of free, entrepreneurial, self-regulating subjects. Firstly, I investigate how Nepad makes Africa knowable and amenable to technical intervention in the form of “development”, particularly drawing attention to how the African subject is understood and the intimacy between technical solutions and expert diagnosis. Secondly, I explore four initiatives and techniques that attempt to render these rationalities reality. The conclusions elucidate how neoliberalism ought not to be understood as a monolithic, unrolling totality that simply implants itself through coercive power relations, but rather is comprised of a patchwork of rationalities, knowledges and discourses and given effect through prosaic governing practices.

Les chefs d'Etats Africains, après avoir mué l'Organisation de l'Unité Africaine en Union Africaine, ont proposé le Nouveau Partenariat pour le Développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD), comme cadre pour une nouvelle relation de partenariat entre l'Afrique et la communauté internationale. Dans le cadre de ce nouveau partenariat, les dirigeants africains s'engagent à promouvoir dans leurs pays, leur région et dans le continent, la paix, la sécurité, la démocratie, le bonne gouvernance, le respect des droits de l'homme et une saine gestion économique, comme une stratégie pour guider le développement de l’Afrique au 21è Siècle. Le NEPAD a suscité une réaction positive dans la communauté internationale. Le NEPAD repose sur des fondements du développement durable sur le continent, sans lesquels il sera impossible d'arriver à des résultats probants. Parmi ces fondements, on peut citer : la démocratie, la bonne gouvernance, la gouvernance économique et la gouvernance des entreprises. Pour atteindre cet objectif, le NEPAD propose des réformes institutionnelles comme l´utilisation d´outils d'évaluation qui permettront d'instaurer définitivement la bonne gouvernance dans les structures de l'Etat. / Os chefes de Estado africanos, após a transformação da Organização da Unidade Africana em União Africana, propuseram a Nova Parceria para o Desenvolvimento da África (NEPAD), como um quadro para uma nova relação de parceria entre a África e a comunidade internacional. Neste sentido de nova parceria, os dirigentes africanos se engajaram em promover nos seus países, na sua região e no Continente, a paz, a segurança, a democracia, a boa governança, o respeito dos direitos humanos e uma saudável gestão econômica, como uma estratégia para orientar o desenvolvimento da África no século XXI. A NEPAD suscitou uma reação positiva na comunidade internacional. A NEPAD repousa sobre fundamentos de desenvolvimento duradouro no Continente, sem os quais tornam-se impossíveis resultados concretos. Entre esses fundamentos podemos citar: a democracia, a boa governança, a governança econômica e a governança das empresas. Para alcançar o objetivo, a NEPAD propõe reformas institucionais como a utilização de meios de avaliação que permitem instaurar definitivamente a boa governança nas estruturas do Estado.

Les chefs d'Etats Africains, après avoir mué l'Organisation de l'Unité Africaine en Union Africaine, ont proposé le Nouveau Partenariat pour le Développement de l'Afrique (NEPAD), comme cadre pour une nouvelle relation de partenariat entre l'Afrique et la communauté internationale. Dans le cadre de ce nouveau partenariat, les dirigeants africains s'engagent à promouvoir dans leurs pays, leur région et dans le continent, la paix, la sécurité, la démocratie, le bonne gouvernance, le respect des droits de l'homme et une saine gestion économique, comme une stratégie pour guider le développement de l’Afrique au 21è Siècle. Le NEPAD a suscité une réaction positive dans la communauté internationale. Le NEPAD repose sur des fondements du développement durable sur le continent, sans lesquels il sera impossible d'arriver à des résultats probants. Parmi ces fondements, on peut citer : la démocratie, la bonne gouvernance, la gouvernance économique et la gouvernance des entreprises. Pour atteindre cet objectif, le NEPAD propose des réformes institutionnelles comme l´utilisation d´outils d'évaluation qui permettront d'instaurer définitivement la bonne gouvernance dans les structures de l'Etat. / Os chefes de Estado africanos, após a transformação da Organização da Unidade Africana em União Africana, propuseram a Nova Parceria para o Desenvolvimento da África (NEPAD), como um quadro para uma nova relação de parceria entre a África e a comunidade internacional. Neste sentido de nova parceria, os dirigentes africanos se engajaram em promover nos seus países, na sua região e no Continente, a paz, a segurança, a democracia, a boa governança, o respeito dos direitos humanos e uma saudável gestão econômica, como uma estratégia para orientar o desenvolvimento da África no século XXI. A NEPAD suscitou uma reação positiva na comunidade internacional. A NEPAD repousa sobre fundamentos de desenvolvimento duradouro no Continente, sem os quais tornam-se impossíveis resultados concretos. Entre esses fundamentos podemos citar: a democracia, a boa governança, a governança econômica e a governança das empresas. Para alcançar o objetivo, a NEPAD propõe reformas institucionais como a utilização de meios de avaliação que permitem instaurar definitivamente a boa governança nas estruturas do Estado.