Includes bibliographical references / Controversy surrounds the upstream petroleum industry. Although the benefit of petroleum resources is beyond dispute, the exploitation of petroleum resources comes at a price, as history has shown time and again. Not only does petroleum exploitation have detrimental effects on the environment, but host countries often are worse off than countries with little or no petroleum resources. This "resource curse" is partially the result of flawed regulatory frameworks for petroleum resource extraction in host countries. This thesis identifies three elements that must be present in a country's regulatory framework for petroleum extraction if the resource curse phenomenon is to be avoided and benefit s from petroleum are to be maximised. These elements are: transparency, accountability and a balance of interests between the petroleum companies and the host nation. Namibia and South Africa are not yet major players in the international upstream petroleum industry. There is accordingly not much academic engagement with petroleum law in these two jurisdictions. The courts have also not yet had the opportunity to scrutinise the legislation regulating the upstream petroleum industries of South Africa and Namibia. There are, however, indications that both countries may possess viable quantities of petroleum resources. In anticipation of the possibility of finding commercially viable quantities of petroleum, South Africa and Namibia have enacted legislation to regulate the upstream petroleum industry, but the efficiency of the legislation, specifically how it reflects the elements of transparency, accountability and balance of interest, have not yet been considered. The research for this thesis is driven by the question of how the regulatory framework for petroleum exploitation in South Africa and Namibia embraces the elements of transparency, accountability and balance of interest. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the regulatory frameworks for upstream petroleum resources in South Africa and Namibia in anticipation of the demands that will be placed on law as the sectors grow. In doing so, this thesis scrutinises the legislation in South Africa and Namibia to determine the extent to which the three crucial elements of transparency, accountability and balance of interest between the petroleum company and the host nation are reflected in the regulatory frameworks for petroleum resources.

The advance in information technology has encouraged many countries to develop diverse methods of delivering information and communicating. The enhancement of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has made it possible to deliver information and communication more rapidly and conveniently. Many emerging economies have taken advantage of ICT, including it in its development agenda. The development of ICT has had an impact on the provision of retail payment systems and its instruments. One of the main instruments, electronic money, promises to benefit the users with all the advantages of traditional notes and coins, and much more. Many countries have established or are considering the establishment of a regulatory framework of electronic money with its mass use in view. This volume examines the regulatory framework of electronic money, which some emerging economies have already established. It analyses the challenges faced in implementing laws and regulations for an evolving payment instrument where the regulatory framework may quickly become obsolete. The continuing development of electronic money with additional features and functions may invoke legislation leading to cross-regulatory functions among the authorities. The thesis is that the success of implementing the regulatory framework for electronic money will depend on the sound and effective coordination among relevant authorities. The role of the central bank and its relation to relevant authorities will be closely examined, because the central bank is often responsible for the development of payment systems, both wholesale and retail, especially in emerging economies, and plays a key role in its regulation. The use of a Memorandum of Understanding is proposed to ensure effective coordination and cooperation among relevant authorities. Malaysia will be used as the case study as the government has been enthusiastic in adopting electronic money, being involved in its development, implementation and regulation, which may not always be appropriate. Analysis in this thesis will be based on information as of 1 September 2004. The first three chapters of this volume will discuss the enhancement of ICT in emerging economies and the efforts taken to develop retail payment systems in consonant with ICT. Evaluation will be made on the relationship between ICT and the need to modernise the retail payment, which includes developing its regulatory framework. Analysis will then be made specifically on electronic money, focusing on stored-valued products. The overall development on stored-valued cards and why the acceptance of this product was initially slow will be examined, and then the underlying regulatory structure that may affect this is assessed. The last two chapters will focus on Malaysia. Analysis will be made on the approach taken in developing electronic money and its regulatory framework. The roles and functions of the relevant authorities involved will be critically examined, leading to a proposal to execute a Memorandum of Understanding among the authorities as a mechanism of ensuring the effective coordination and cooperation between the parties.

Cloud computing has evolved from cutting-edge technology to a best practice for businesses across industries. However, compliance with regulatory mandates and addressing security challenges in the cloud environment remain significant concerns. This thesis aims to explore the compliance, regulatory, and security challenges associated with cloud computing, with a particular focus on the differences in regulatory frameworks between an Asian country (India) and a European country (Sweden). Additionally, the study delves into the forensic investigation challenges in terms of evidence collection in the cloud environment. The research methodology involves studying the available literature on regulatory rules and cloud forensics, conducting surveys with cloud customers, experts, and cloud service provider (CSP) professionals, and proposing possible solutions and recommendations to overcome the identified challenges. By addressing these issues, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of compliance regulations on cloud and IP Telephony services and the security and forensic investigation challenges in cloud platforms.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-09T16:26:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Martiela Adams Tavares da Silva.pdf: 1173146 bytes, checksum: 6f5082ade0230dd5fd9cd2148d76c7af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-09T16:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martiela Adams Tavares da Silva.pdf: 1173146 bytes, checksum: 6f5082ade0230dd5fd9cd2148d76c7af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-03 / Nenhuma / A ausência de marcos regulatórios no desenvolvimento de nanocosméticos no Brasil é o que se pretende analisar. Obstante a isso, para toda essa análise, orientação e busca de limites - marcos regulatórios - tem-se como elemento orientador o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Diante disso, importante compreender o que são as nanotecnologias e, ademais, ter presente que o surgimento dessas tecnologias, a partir das investigações em escala "nano" é uma realidade da qual o Direito tem obrigação de amparar. Tal obrigação surge em razão do destinatário final de todas essas criações - o ser humano. Entretanto, para o enfrentamento desta revolução científica é indispensável a união das mais variadas áreas científicas, haja vista seu aspecto transdisciplinar, e aqui, da ciência farmacêutica. A possível busca de solução para o problema a ser enfrentado nesta pesquisa - busca por um elemento estruturante permeado pela preocupação ética para os marcos regulatórios - tem como objetivo preservar o ser humano, eis que, tanto os marcos regulatórios aqui buscados, como o destinatário - indireto ou direto - de todas essas criações nanotecnológicas, estão associados ao ser humano. Assim, não pode o Direito descuidar-se ou anular-se na formulação de uma posição minimamente segura para esta revolução científica e aqui em especial, saúde do ser humano quando da utilização de nanocosméticos. / The absence of regulatory frameworks on the nanocosmetics development in Brazil it is the focus of the analysis. Despite of this, throughout this analysis, seeking guidance and limits - regulatory frameworks – it has as a guiding element the principle of human dignity. Therefore, it is important to understand what is nanotechnology and, moreover, be noted that the appearance of these technologies from the research of the "nano" scale it is a reality which the law has an obligation to protect. This obligation arises from the final recipient of all these creations - the human. However, to deal with this scientific revolution it is indispensable the union of several scientific areas, given its interdisciplinary aspect, and here, the pharmaceutical science. The search for a possible solution to the problem of this research - seeking regulatory frameworks - aims to preserve the human, behold, both regulatory frameworks sought here, as the recipient - direct or indirect - of all these nanotechnological creations, are associated with human. Thus, the law can ́t neglect it or cancel it in formulating a minimally safe position for this scientific revolution and here in particular the human health when using nanocosmetics.

yes / The last few years have seen the emergence of a series of regulatory initiatives that have been developed, partly in response to the twin agendas of human security and strong states, but which represent a specific reaction to the political economies deemed to underpin contemporary civil conflicts ¿ most notably the way in which local and global markets in everything from diamonds to drugs have been exploited to fund often vicious civil conflicts, particularly in environments characterised by endemic corruption. This new body of local and global regulation, what might loosely be characterised as new laws and new codes to address the political economies of the new wars, include: UN embargoes on diamonds and timber being used to fund conflicts, the development of regimes such as the Kimberley certification system, and initiatives to ensure the transparent and effective use of natural resource revenues. Generally represented as a progressive response to the political economies that drive contemporary civil conflicts, these new initiatives have produced a set of formal and informal regulatory frameworks that are, in fact, profoundly asymmetric in their scope and application. Indeed, one of the defining features of these initiatives is not so much the impartial application of regulations to firms and corrupt elites but either their selective application or, alternatively, their selective relegation in favour of an emphasis on far weaker norms and voluntary codes. The aim of this paper then, is first, to examine the operation of the new codes and regulations in general and to demonstrate the problems in their implementation. Second, the paper will then go onto examine one specific innovation ¿ the Kimberley Certification Scheme designed to prevent the trade in conflict diamonds in order to demonstrate the asymmetries that exist in current regulatory mechanisms designed to introduce ethical markets. It will do this in particular by focussing on the impact of certification for the diamond sector in Sierra Leone. A key argument in this section will be that whilst this new regime for conflict diamonds aims to transform behaviour through transparency and policing, and whilst it appears to have had some success, it has not in fact transformed the conditions that gave rise to the illicit diamond trade in Sierra Leone prior to conflict. Along with the problems inherent in broader development policy on Sierra Leone this raises serious questions. In particular, whilst there may be little short-term risk of conflict, the planned departure of UNAMSIL, continued regional instability, persistent corruption and the failure to fundamentally transform the nature of the diamond market in Sierra Leone, all raise question marks regarding the nature (and indeed sustainability) of the peace that is being created.

Regulatory frameworks, such as gender quotas, have emerged as crucial tools in promoting gender equity within organizations. This paper investigates the interplay between gender equity policies and organizational culture in German companies. Drawing on a legislative landscape that includes the 2015 German law mandating a quota of at least 30 % women on supervisory boards, this study employs qualitative semi-structured interviews to explore the relationship between gender quotas and organizational culture. Findings reveal a nuanced landscape where organizational values and artifacts reflect both progressive and conservative influences. While initiatives like dual leadership models show promise, traditional gender roles remain and are reflected in organizational processes.   Despite the positive impact of gender quotas in driving change, concerns about tokenism and pressure on women persist. The study underscores the need for consistent policies and a fundamental shift in organizational culture to achieve genuine gender equity. Moreover, it identifies avenues for future research, including the exploration of industry-specific variations in gender equity relevance and the long-term effects of regulatory frameworks on organizational dynamics.

Social regulation, as applied specifically to the telecommunications sector, is a new phenomenon in most countries. It was only in the 1960s, with the establishment of regulatory agencies, that social regulation became important. The regulators are mandated by their country’s legislative and regulatory frameworks to meet social objectives. This study examined the extent to which ICASA protects consumers as it is mandated to do by the Electronic Communications Act 36 of 2005. The study found that ICASA has adopted mechanisms of protecting consumers, namely by conducting awareness campaigns, road shows and workshops in all the nine provinces of South Africa in order to educate and inform consumers about the procedures of lodging complaints and to make them aware of their rights. However, despite ICASA’s endeavours to ensure consumer protection, most consumers are neither aware of their rights and how to efficiently exercise them nor the procedures of lodging complaints. ICASA protects consumers to a reasonable extent but it can do more when the enduser and subscriber service charter regulations are finalised. / Communication Science / M. A. (International Communication)

O Brasil vem passando por um período de mudanças na regulação do mercado de exploração e produção (E&P) de petróleo e gás com o intuito de promover o seu desenvolvimento econômico, tecnológico e científico. Duas destas mudanças foram responsáveis por drásticas modificações no mercado de E&P brasileiro, sendo a primeira, a quebra do monopólio da Petrobras em 1997 com o início da utilização do regime de concessão e, a segunda, a utilização do regime de partilha de produção a partir de 2013 para as áreas estratégicas, especialmente o pré-sal. A busca por um regime regulatório adequado para o mercado de E&P é uma tarefa bastante complexa, porque cada agente envolvido busca defender seus próprios interesses e critérios, o que acaba por resultar em um problema em grupo. Neste trabalho pioneiro, uma nova metodologia é proposta, combinando uma abordagem de tomada de decisão multicritério (MCDM/A) e a teoria de jogos, com o intuito de compreender e analisar mais profundamente este problema e encontrar soluções de equilíbrio. Esta metodologia inovadora é uma das contribuições deste trabalho e propõe modelar a escolha de um regime regulatório mais adequado como um jogo de negociação, levando em consideração as diferentes preferências e perspectivas de todos os agentes envolvidos no mercado brasileiro de E&P de petróleo e gás. Três aplicações práticas do modelo foram realizadas, sendo que as duas primeiras aplicações foram realizadas com dados teóricos e a terceira a partir de coleta de dados com especialistas do mercado de E&P brasileiro. Como principal resultado, verificou-se que a lógica destas aplicações práticas se assemelham ao jogo clássico da Batalha dos Sexos, onde as melhores soluções acontecem quando os agentes coordenam suas ações, mesmo com interesses opostos. Esta dinâmica de conflito de interesses torna a busca por soluções desafiante, sendo improvável que os objetivos de todos os jogadores sejam adequadamente atendidos por somente uma opção, independentemente da alternativa escolhida. / Brazil is facing a period of changes in its regulatory frameworks aiming to promote the economic, technological and scientific development of its entire oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) market. Two of these changes have drastically modified the Brazilian E&P market, which the first one was the utilization of the concession regime breaking the Petrobras monopoly after 1997 and the second one, the adoption of production sharing contracts (PSCs) after 2013 for all the strategic areas, especially the pre-salt. Finding a suitable regulatory framework for the E&P market is a quite complicated task, because every agent involved seeks to defend its own interests and criteria, resulting in a group problem. In this pioneering work, a new methodology is proposed by combining a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM/A) and a game theory approach, targeting to understand and analyze more deeply this complex problem in order to find equilibrium solutions. This innovative methodology is one of the main contributions of this work and proposes to model the choosing of an appropriate regulatory framework as a negotiation game, taking into account the different preferences and perspectives of all agents involved in the Brazilian E&P market. Three practical applications were performed, where the first two were carried out with theoretical data and the third one by using data collected with Brazilian E&P market experts. The main outcome identified that the logic behind these practical applications is similar to the classical game of Battle of sexes, where the best solutions happen when players coordinate their actions, even with opposing interests. This dynamic of conflict of interests makes the search for adequate solutions a challenging task, being unlikely that the objectives of all the players will be sufficiently accomplished by only one option, regardless of the alternative chosen.

Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-07-14T14:59:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 goes.pdf: 120351938 bytes, checksum: 2817935832aa5b54edb1b8238316ed43 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-14T14:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 goes.pdf: 120351938 bytes, checksum: 2817935832aa5b54edb1b8238316ed43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / Nenhuma / A presente Tese de Doutorado traz uma abordagem acerca das nanotecnologias e seus desdobramentos no mundo do trabalho, sobretudo quanto à preocupação de proteção da saúde e da segurança do trabalhador, como forma de preservação da sua dignidade. Essa preocupação não só se mantém quando se trata de trabalho nanotecnológico, como também se acentua e ganha novos contornos, pois ao se falar em anotecnologias, está se falando em um cenário de incertezas e inseguranças. As pesquisas e estudos sobre essas novas tecnologias ainda não possuem definições concretas quanto aos riscos e efeitos das nanotecnologias para o homem e para o meio ambiente, mas dadas a características das nanopartículas, se tem a certeza de que efeitos nocivos serão produzidos. Esse quadro provoca o surgimento de riscos desconhecidos e futuros. Diante deste novo panorama, o Direito do Trabalho deve prestar respostas às demandas nanotecnológicas decorrentes do fato (jurídico) laboral nanotecnológico, até mesmo porque, existindo efeitos nocivos, logicamente, os trabalhadores serão seus primeiros destinatários, em razão da fabricação, manipulação e exposição de nanotecnologias, em decorrência de nanopartículas, nanomateriais e nanotubos. Não restam dúvidas que o Direito do Trabalho, seguindo a linha de que a eliminação e diminuição de riscos laborais é direito fundamental social do trabalhador, possui um vigente sistema normativo de prevenção. Todavia, em se tratando de nanotecnologias, o que existe em termos de normas não é suficiente para promover a efetiva proteção do trabalhador nanotecnológico. Em vista disso e almejando aproveitamento para as nanotecnologias, fixa-se a ideia de utilização do conjunto interpretativo círculo hermenêutico= princípio de solidariedade=consciência coletiva. Com efeito, o princípio da precaução surge como ponto de partida para se criar marcos regulatórios que atendam esse novo fato jurídico. Neste sentido, a Tese apresenta a proposta hermenêutica do “diálogo entre as fontes” de Direito do Trabalho como forma de permitir que se encontrem respostas (“vozes”) a partir de um “diálogo” coordenado pelo intérprete que será estabelecido entre fontes tradicionais e não tradicionais do Direito. Neste contexto a proposta hermenêutica ofertada se aproximará muito mais de um modelo de regulação não tradicional do que de uma regulação tradicional ou legal. Seguindo essa linha, a Tese buscará apresentar propostas de marcos regulatórios que possam ser aplicáveis à relação nanotecnologias x trabalho humano, lançando mão de orientações, recomendações e normas técnicas de determinados órgãos internacionais, os quais têm se dedicado a um tratamento específico acerca dos efeitos do trabalho nanotecnológico, bem como apresenta um Projeto de Lei de alteração da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, representando a expressão de uma nova hermenêutica do Direito ou de um novo Direito. Não obstante as alternativas que se apresentam, todos os argumentos desta Tese restam estruturados na ideia de um objetivo ético universal: o cuidado humano – a preocupação com o irredutível humano -, e o cuidado constitucional – a preocupação com a dignidade do trabalhador que, no caso, somente se materializará com a preservação da sua saúde e da sua segurança em todo o contexto do trabalho nanotecnológico. / This doctoral thesis presents an approach toward nanotechnology and its effects on the realm of labor, especially in terms of occupational health and safety, as a means of preserving the dignity of workers. This concern not only applies to nanotechnological work, but is also intensified and takes on new dimensions, since addressing the issue of nanotechnologies takes place against a backdrop of uncertainties and insecurities. The research and studies on these new technologies have not yet provided concrete definitions regarding the risks and effects of nanotechnologies on man and the environment, but given the characteristics of nanoparticles, it is certain that harmful effects will occur. This scenario gives rise to unknown and future risks. In light of this new panorama, Labor Law must respond to nanotechnological demands that arise from the (legal) nanotechnological labor reality, all the more since, given the existence of harmful effects, workers will naturally be the first to suffer the impact, due to manufacturing, handling and exposure to nanotechnologies, in terms of nanoparticles, nanomaterials and nanotubes. There is no doubt that Labor Law, in accordance with the concept that the elimination and reduction of occupational hazards is a fundamental social right of workers, has a set of rules in force for prevention. However, in the case of nanotechnologies, what exists in terms of standards is insufficient to ensure the effective protection of nanotechnology workers. In view of this and in order to use nanotechnologies, there is an idea established to use the following interpretive equation: hermeneutic circle = principle of solidarity = collective consciousness. In effect, the principle of precaution is a starting point for creating regulatory frameworks that will meet this new legal reality. In this regard, the thesis presents a hermeneutical proposal for "dialogue between the sources" of Labor Law, so that answers ("voices") can be found, based on a "dialogue" coordinated by the interpreter that would be established between traditional and non-traditional sources of Law. In this context, the hermeneutic proposal offered here will be much closer to a nontraditional regulatory model than a traditional or legal regulatory model. Along these lines, the thesis will seek to present proposals for regulatory frameworks that could be applicable to the nanotechnologies x human labor relationship, using guidelines recommendations and technical standards from certain international organizations, which have dedicated themselves to specifically addressing the effects of nanotechnological work. IT also presents a Bill to amend the CLT ("Consolidation of Labor Laws"), which would serve to express a new hermeneutics of law or a new law. Regardless of the alternatives that are presented, all the arguments of this thesis are structured around the idea of a universal ethical objective: human care – concern at the essential human level, as well as constitutional care – concern for the dignity of workers, which will only materialize through the preservation of their health and safety within the entire context of nanotechnological work.

Social regulation, as applied specifically to the telecommunications sector, is a new phenomenon in most countries. It was only in the 1960s, with the establishment of regulatory agencies, that social regulation became important. The regulators are mandated by their country’s legislative and regulatory frameworks to meet social objectives. This study examined the extent to which ICASA protects consumers as it is mandated to do by the Electronic Communications Act 36 of 2005. The study found that ICASA has adopted mechanisms of protecting consumers, namely by conducting awareness campaigns, road shows and workshops in all the nine provinces of South Africa in order to educate and inform consumers about the procedures of lodging complaints and to make them aware of their rights. However, despite ICASA’s endeavours to ensure consumer protection, most consumers are neither aware of their rights and how to efficiently exercise them nor the procedures of lodging complaints. ICASA protects consumers to a reasonable extent but it can do more when the enduser and subscriber service charter regulations are finalised. / Communication Science / M. A. (International Communication)