O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de sucedâneo lácteo com alto conteúdo proteico de origem vegetal no desempenho e saúde de bezerros, e avaliar métodos de reidratação para o tratamento de diarreias. No primeiro estudo foram utilizados 33 bezerros da raça Holandês distribuídos nos tratamentos: 1) Alto volume e baixa proteína (AV/BP): 8 litros, 21,4% PB; 2) Alto volume e alta proteína (AV/AP): 8 litros, 23,7% PB e 3) Baixo volume e alta proteína (BV/AP): 6 litros, 23,7% PB. Os bezerros foram alojados em abrigos individuais, com livre acesso a água e concentrado. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para o desempenho animal (P>0,05). Os tratamentos AV/BP e AV/AP resultaram em maior consumo de sucedâneo (P<0,05), mas não afetaram o consumo de concentrado nem o consumo total (P>0,05). O escore fecal foi maior (P>0,05) para animais nos tratamentos AV/AP e BV/AP. Os animais nos tratamentos AV/BP permaneceram maior número de dias em diarreia (P<0,05), em comparação aqueles aleitados com BV/AP, os quais tiveram menos dias com vida (P<0,05). A concentração de lactato foi maior (P<0,05) para animais nos tratamentos AV/BP e AV/AP enquanto a concentração de proteína total foi maior (P<0,05) nos tratamentos AV/BP e BV/AP. Sucedâneos com elevado conteúdo de proteína de origem vegetal afetam negativamente o desempenho de bezerros podendo levar o animal a morte. No segundo estudo foram comparados três soluções de hidratação oral quanto a sua eficiência em repor eletrólitos e água, além de manter o desempenho de bezerros. Foram utilizados 42 bezerros mestiços Holandês-Jersey, distribuídos nos tratamentos: 1) Soro comum, 2) Glutellac&reg; e 3) Soro comum + Aminogut&reg;. Os animais foram aleitados com 4 L/d de sucedâneo lácteo até a oitava semana de vida quando foram desaleitados de forma abrupta. As terapias de reidratação foram oferecidas quando os animais apresentavam escore fecal >= 3 na escala de 1 a 5. Não houve efeito das terapias de reidratação no desempenho nem em metabólitos sanguíneos (P>0,05). O consumo voluntário de água foi maior para os animais reidratados com Glutellac&reg;, mas o consumo total maior para os animais reidratados com Soro comum. As concentrações de HCO3 e Na+ foram maiores para os animais no tratamento Glutellac&reg; (P=0,088 e P=0,073 respectivamente), sendo a concentração de glicose também afetada pelo protocolo de hidratação (P<0,05). A concentração de HCO3 aumentou do primeiro para o segundo dia, a de K+ e glicose diminuíram do primeiro para o segundo dia, enquanto que o Beecf teve um comportamento variável segundo a terapia de reidratação utilizada. Houve efeito da interação tratamento x dia de avaliação apenas para a concentração de BUN (P<0,05). O pH, a concentração de Na+ e Beecf foram maiores em animais mais velhos, enquanto K+, hematócrito e hemoglobina, foram menores (P<0,05). O consumo voluntário de água foi maior em animais reidratados com Glutellac&reg;, o que junto com a simplicidade de uso, representam as principais vantagens deste método de reidratação. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk replacer with high inclusion of vegetable protein in regard to performance and health of dairy calves, and evaluate rehydration methods for the treatment of diarrhea. In the first study 33 Holstein calvesdistributed in the treatments: 1) High volume and low protein (HV/LP): 8L/d, 21.4% CP; 2) High volume and high protein (HV/HP): 8L/d, 23.7% CP and 3) low volume and high protein (LV/HP): 6L/d, 23.7% CP. The calves were housed in individual shelters, with free access to water and starter concentrate. There was no effect of the treatments for animal performance (P>0.05). The treatments HV/LP and HV/HP resulted in higher milk replacer intake (P<0.05), but did not affect concentrate intake, neither the total dry matter intake (P>0.05). The fecal score was higher (P>0.05) for animals in treatments HV/HP and LV/HP. The animals in the treatments HV/LP remained more days in diarrhea (P<0.05), compared to LV/HP animals, which had fewer days with life (P<0.05). Lactate concentration was higher (P<0.05) for animals in treatments HV/LP and HV/HP while the concentration of total protein was higher (P<0.05) in treatments HV/LP and LV/HP. The use of milk replacer with high contents of vegetal protein, negatively affects the performance of calves and could lead to animals´ death. In the second study, three oral rehydration protocols were compared in regard to their efficiency in replace electrolytes and water, and in the maintenance of calves performance. Forty-two crossbred calves were used Holstein-Jersey, distributed in the treatments: 1) Common electrolytes oral solution, 2) Glutellac&reg; and 3) Common electrolytes oral solution + Aminogut&reg;. Calves were feed with 4 L/d of milk replacer until the eighth week of life when they were abruptly weaned. The rehydration therapy were offered when the animals presented fecal score >= 3 in a scale of 1 to 5. There was no effect of rehydration therapies for the variables related to animal\'s performance neither for blood metabolites (P>0.05). Voluntary water intake was greater for the animals that were rehydrated with Glutellac&reg;, however total intake was higher for animals rehydrated with a common electrolytes oral solution. HCO3 and Na+ concentration were higher for the animals in the treatment Glutellac&reg; (P=0.088 and p=0.073, respectively) being the glucose concentration also affected by protocol of rehydration (P<0.05). The HCO3 was increased from the first to the second day, the K+ and glucose reduced from the first to the second day, while the Beecf was variable according to rehydration therapy used. There was a significant interaction treatment x day only for the concentration of BUN (P<0.05). pH, concentration of Na+ and Beecf, were higher for older animals, while K+, hematocrit and hemoglobin, were lower (P<0.05). The voluntary water intake was significantly greater in animals rehydrated with Glutellac&reg;, which together with simplicity of use, form the main advantages of this rehydrating.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-29T12:49:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kárita Christina Soares Kanaiama Alves - 2015.pdf: 6936934 bytes, checksum: ded492627f968f50b4e27aa48d4c9d22 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-29T12:50:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kárita Christina Soares Kanaiama Alves - 2015.pdf: 6936934 bytes, checksum: ded492627f968f50b4e27aa48d4c9d22 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-29T12:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kárita Christina Soares Kanaiama Alves - 2015.pdf: 6936934 bytes, checksum: ded492627f968f50b4e27aa48d4c9d22 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The phosphogypsum is a by-product of process for producing phosphoric acid in the phosphate fertilizers industries and its most common chemical composition is the same as gypsum (calcium sulphate dehydrate). Due to the large amounts produced daily studies are needed to enable its use. As research results, the phosphogypsum is already used in paving, as raw material blocks and boards, in cement industries, in sulphur recovery and sulphuric acid production, and is passed unprocessed to the agricultural sector. In this context, the main objective of this work was the study of phosphogypsum subjected to heat treated (TT) in mixtures with tropical soil in order to enable and expand its use in geotechnical works. To that end, it made the thermal treatment of phosphogypsum, which promotes its dehydration. For definition of mixtures were carried out Atterberg limits, compaction and expansion tests in samples containing soil, phosphogypsum TT and cement. The choice was made so that if using the highest percentage of phosphogypsum TT, since the samples having greater or equal to 7 plasticity index and expansion less than 0.5%. From this mixture, four mixtures were defined with tropical soil, phosphogypsum TT or dihydrate (DH), with or without cement. Miniature compaction tests were carried out with wet curing times of 5min, 25min and 2h so check their influence on compaction parameters of mixtures. In the analysis of hydromechanical behaviour, were carried out expansion testing, mini-CBR, expansability, simple compression test, slaking test and permeability test. To complement the analysis, scanning electron microscopy images were made, as also energy dispersive spectroscopy and testing of X-ray diffraction. For the reactions of phosphogypsum TT in the presence of water, the study of its rehydration was conducted and analysed the implications in its hydromechanical behavior. From the results it was observed that occurs the formation of hemihydrate and anhydrous gypsum by thermal treatment, and the formation of hemihydrate occurs from 110°C. The dry unit weight of mixtures with phosphogypsum TT decreases with increase of wet cure time, which is related to the growth of gypsum crystals during the rehydration process. The hydro-mechanical behavior of the mixtures containing phosphogypsum TT is better than those with DH phosphogypsum, and although rehydration occurs, the resistance of these mixtures are still higher than for mixtures containing phosphogypsum DH not subject to saturation. The mixture of soil and phosphogypsum TT showed high resistance, even after being subjected to saturation, which suggests that the cement used is unnecessary. / O fosfogesso é um subproduto da produção de ácido fosfórico nas indústrias de adubos e fertilizantes fosfatados e sua composição química mais comum é a mesma do gesso natural (sulfato de cálcio diidratado). Devido às grandes quantidades produzidas diariamente são necessários estudos que viabilizem seu aproveitamento. Como resultados de pesquisas, o fosfogesso já é utilizado na pavimentação, na construção civil como matéria prima de blocos e placas, nas indústrias de cimento, de recuperação de enxofre e de produção de ácido sulfúrico, além de ser repassado sem processamento ao setor agrícola. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi realizar o estudo do fosfogesso tratado termicamente (TT) em misturas com solo tropical, a fim de viabilizar e ampliar sua utilização em obras geotécnicas. Para tanto, foi feito o tratamento térmico do fosfogesso, o qual promove a sua desidratação. Para definição das misturas, foram realizados ensaios de limites de consistência, de compactação e de expansão em amostras contendo solo, fosfogesso TT e cimento. A escolha foi feita de modo que se utilizasse a maior porcentagem de fosfogesso TT, desde que os ensaios apresentassem índice de plasticidade maior ou igual a 7 e expansão inferior a 0,5%. A partir dessa mistura, foram definidas no total quatro misturas com solo tropical, fosfogesso TT ou diidratado (DH), com ou sem cimento. Foram realizados ensaios de compactação miniatura, com tempos de cura úmida de 5min, 25min e 2h de modo a verificar sua influência nos parâmetros de compactação das misturas. Na análise do comportamento hidromecânico, foram realizados os ensaios de expansão, mini-CBR, expansibilidade, resistência à compressão simples, desagregação e permeabilidade. Para complementação das análises, foram feitas imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva e ensaios de difração de raios X. Pelas reações do fosfogesso TT na presença de água, foi desenvolvido o estudo da reidratação do mesmo e as implicações no comportamento hidromecânico. Dos resultados foi possível observar que ocorre a formação do fosfogesso hemidratado e anidro pelo tratamento térmico, sendo que a formação do hemidratado ocorre a partir dos 110ºC. O tempo de cura úmida diminui o peso específico seco das misturas com fosfogesso TT, o que está relacionado ao crescimento de cristais de fosfogesso TT durante o seu processo de reidratação. O comportamento hidromecânico das misturas com fosfogesso TT é melhor do que o daquelas com o fosfogesso DH, e que, embora ocorra a reidratação, as resistências dessas misturas ainda são superiores aos das misturas com fosfogesso DH não submetidas à saturação. A mistura de solo e fosfogesso TT mostrou elevadas resistências, mesmo após ser submetida à saturação, o que sugere que o uso do cimento seja desnecessário.

Ground granulated blast furnace slag is a by-product of the steel industry and is often used in combination with ordinary Portland cement as a binder in concrete. When concrete is exposed to high temperatures, physical and chemical transformations lead to significant loss of mechanical properties. This study aims to investigate the effect of high temperatures and rehydration on the mechanical properties, microstructure and phase composition of alkali activated slag. The results of the research could make an important contribution to decisions made concerning the reconstruction of structures affected by fire. In suitable cases it would be possible to regenerate parts of a structure instead of totally rebuilding it.

No description available.

Anfíbios anuros, de uma forma geral, são caracterizados por baixa resistência cutânea à perda de água por evaporação, altas taxas de reidratação a partir da pele e alta tolerância à desidratação. Entretanto, diferenças interespecíficas destes parâmetros do balanço hídrico podem estar associadas a características ambientais das áreas de ocorrência. No Brasil, encontramos biomas com características climáticas contrastantes e uma rica anurofauna, consistindo em um modelo interessante para o estudo da evolução do balanço hídrico em anuros. Através de uma abordagem comparativa, este estudo testou as hipóteses de que, quando comparadas às espécies de anuros que habitam ambientes mais mésicos, espécies de ambientes mais xéricos deveriam apresentar: (1) maior resistência à perda de água por evaporação, (2) maior taxa de reidratação, (3) menor sensibilidade do desempenho locomotor à desidratação e (4) maior sensibilidade do desempenho locomotor à temperaturas mais baixas e menor sensibilidade deste a temperaturas mais altas. As taxas de reidratação e a resistência da pele à perda de água por evaporação apresentaram relação alométrica respectivamente positiva e negativa com a massa corpórea, indicando a evolução de mecanismos compensatórios das modificações das relações entre área de superfície e volume corpóreo com a variação de tamanho. Anuros de ambientes caracterizados por maior restrição em disponibilidade hídrica e temperaturas mais altas apresentaram maiores taxas de reidratação, menor sensibilidade do desempenho locomotor a temperaturas mais altas e maior sensibilidade deste a temperaturas mais baixas, indicando padrões de adaptação fisiológica a características ambientais. A variação em sensibilidade do desempenho locomotor à desidratação apresentou padrões mais complexos de relação com variáveis ambientais, sendo esta relação dependente dos ambientes e grupos filogenéticos amostrados / Anuran amphibians, in general, are characterized by low skin resistance to evaporative water loss, high rates of hydration through the skin and high tolerance to dehydration. However, interspecific differences of these water balance traits can be related to environmental characteristics of the areas of occurrence. In Brazil, there are biomes with contrasting climatic conditions and rich anuran fauna, which constitute an interesting model for studies on water balance evolution in anurans. Through a comparative approach, this study tested the hypotheses that, when compared to anuran species that inhabit more mesic environments, species from xeric environments should show: (1) increased resistance to evaporative water loss, (2) higher rates of rehydration, (3) low sensitivity of locomotor performance to dehydration and (4) increased sensitivity of the locomotor performance at lower temperatures and lower sensitivity of it at higher temperatures. Rehydration rates and skin resistance to evaporative water loss showed, respectively, positive and negative allometric relations with body mass, indicating the evolution of compensatory mechanisms to changes in the relationship between surface area and volume with body size variation. Anurans from environments characterized by higher restriction in water availability and higher temperatures had higher rates of hydration, lower sensitivity of locomotor performance at higher temperatures and higher sensitivity of it at lower temperatures, indicating patterns of physiologic adaptation to environmental characteristics. The variation in sensitivity of the locomotor performance to dehydration showed more complex relation patterns with environmental variables. These relations were dependent on the environments and phylogenetic groups sampled

O refinamento dos poros, associado à reação pozolânica e ao efeito filer, reduz a permeabilidade do concreto com cinza de casca de arroz (CCA), o que pode antecipar a sua degradação em altas temperaturas. A literatura mostra que o concreto reidratado em água pode recuperar substancialmente a sua resistência inicial, porém, os estudos sobre a reidratação ao ar e sobre a influência do modo de resfriamento na reidratação são escassos. A pesquisa desenvolvida teve como principal objetivo avançar na análise experimental de concretos convencional e com CCA em altas temperaturas e na reidratação. Na etapa exploratória se avaliou a influência da temperatura de exposição, da adição mineral, do ambiente de acondicionamento, da taxa de aquecimento e do tempo de exposição na resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade. Na etapa principal se avaliou a influência do modo de resfriamento, da adição e da idade de reidratação na resistência residual. Complementarmente se utilizou o ensaio de velocidade de pulso ultrassônico (VPU) para avaliar o grau de microfissuração e correlacionar a VPU com as propriedades mecânicas residuais. Na etapa exploratória concluiu-se que a adição, a temperatura, a taxa de aquecimento e o tempo de exposição influenciaram significativamente os resultados. O concreto com CCA cristalina apresentou pior desempenho em altas temperaturas. O concreto com CCA amorfa apresentou desempenho ligeiramente inferior ao concreto convencional em 200°C, devido ao efeito da poro-pressão. No entanto, ambas as CCA podem ser alternativas viáveis considerando sustentabilidade. Na etapa principal, o resfriamento brusco com água provocou maior redução na resistência devido aos gradientes térmicos, porém, permitiu maior recuperação logo nos primeiros sete dias de reidratação. Apesar da recuperação parcial, a resistência ao fim de 154 dias foi inferior a 40% do valor inicial. Nas análises térmicas e de DRX foi possível observar nos concretos resfriados com água a recristalização dos aluminatos de cálcio, do C-S-H e da portlandita, em maior grau no concreto convencional. Foi possível observar correlações fortes entre as variáveis de resposta na etapa exploratória, porém, o mesmo não ocorreu na etapa principal, devido à fissuração e presença de água nos poros. / The pore refinement, associated with the pozzolanic reaction and the filler effect, reduces the permeability of blended concrete with rice husk ash (RHA), which can anticipate its degradation at high temperatures. The literature shows that concrete rehydrated with water can recover substantially its initial strength, but studies on rehydration in air and on the influence of the cooling method on rehydration are scarce. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the performance at high temperatures and in rehydration of conventional and blended concretes with RHA. In the exploratory stage, the influence of exposure temperature, mineral admixture, conditioning environment, heating rate and exposure time on residual strength and modulus of elasticity of heated concrete was evaluated. In the main stage, the influence of cooling method, mineral admixture and time of rehydration in an unsaturated environment on residual strength of concrete was evaluated. The ultrasonic pulse velocity test (UPV) was used to evaluate the degree of micro cracking of concrete and to correlate the UPV with residual strength and modulus. In the exploratory stage it was concluded that mineral admixture, temperature, heating rate and time of exposure significantly influenced the results. In general, concrete with partially crystalline RHA presented the worst performance at high temperatures. Concrete with amorphous RHA presented worse performance than conventional concrete only at 200°C, due to the pore-pressure effect. Despite these results, RHA can be a viable option considering sustainability and high temperatures performance. In the main stage, the rapid cooling with water caused a greater reduction in strength, due to thermal gradients, however, caused a greater strength recovery in the first seven days of rehydration. Despite this partial recovery, the final strength of both concretes after 154 days of rehydration was less than 40% of the initial value. In water-cooled concretes thermal and XRD analyzes show recrystallization of the calcium aluminates, C-S-H and portlandite, to a greater degree in conventional concrete. In the exploratory stage it was possible to observe strong correlations between the independent variables; however, the same did not occur in the main stage, due to cracking and to the presence of water in the pores.

The present work had as objective to study the hydration process of grains and its possible enhancement using the ultrasound technology. For that, it was studied the hydration kinetics of different grains (Andean lupin, Adzuki beans, sorghum grains and corn kernels) correlating the morphology with mathematical models and the mass transfer mechanisms. Moreover, the effect of the soaking water temperature and the grain initial moisture content were studied to complement the description of this process. The ultrasound application was studied for improving the hydration process, describing the possible mechanisms (direct and indirect effects) that improve the mass transfer process. Therefore, it was established the way by how water enters in the studied grains, demonstrating that the water transfer into the grains is a complex phenomenon and takes place not only due to diffusional mechanisms, but also by capillarity. In addition, suitable mathematical models were proposed and used to explain the processes, describing their parameters according to the grains morphology and the mass transfer mechanisms. Further, it was determined how ultrasound enhances the mass transfer and in which conditions the direct (inertial flow and sponge effect) and the indirect effects (micro channels formation by acoustic cavitation) take place in the process, maximizing the effect of this technology. Finally, it was demonstrated that the ultrasound technology enhanced the hydration process for corn kernels, reducing significantly the process time in approximately 35 %, without modifying the thermal, structural and rheological properties of their starch. In conclusion, the present work improved the description of the grain hydration phenomenon and proved that the ultrasound technology can be used to enhance this process without changing its main industrial component. It is highlighted that the obtained results are thus high desirable for both the industrial and academic point of view. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o processo de hidratação de grãos e sua possível melhora usando a tecnologia do ultrassom. Estudou-se a cinética de hidratação de diferentes grãos (tremoço andino, feijão Adzuki, grãos de sorgo e grãos de milho) correlacionando a morfologia com modelos matemáticos e os mecanismos de transferência de massa. Também foi estudado o efeito da temperatura e o conteúdo de umidade inicial do grão para complementar a descrição deste processo. Estudou-se a aplicação do ultrassom no processo de hidratação descrevendo-se os possíveis mecanismos (efeito diretos e indiretos) que melhoram a transferência de massa. Como resultado, foi estabelecida a forma como a água entra nos grãos estudados, demostrando que a transferência de água dentro dos grãos é um fenômeno complexo e que acontece por difusão e capilaridade. Foram propostos e utilizados modelos matemáticos apropriados para explicar os processos, descrevendo os parâmetros de acordo com a morfologia dos grãos e os mecanismos de transferência de massa. Ainda, determinou-se como o ultrassom melhora a transferência de massa e em que condições do processo acontecem os efeitos diretos (fluxo inercial e efeito esponja) e efeitos indiretos (formação de micro canais pela cavitação acústica), maximizando o efeito dessa tecnologia. Finalmente, demonstrou-se que a tecnologia do ultrassom melhora o processo de hidratação de grãos de milho, diminuindo significativamente o tempo do processo em cerca de 35 % sem alterar as propriedades térmicas, reológicas e estruturais do seu amido. Como conclusão, o presente trabalho melhorou a descrição de como os grãos são hidratados, demonstrando que o ultrassom pode ser usado para melhorar o processo de hidratação de grãos sem alterar os seus principais produtos industriais. Ressalta-se que os resultados obtidos são desejáveis tanto do ponto de vista acadêmico quanto industrial.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude de l’effet du traitement par champs électriques pulsés (CEP) sur différents procédés de séchage et de friture à partir de produits végétaux (pommes de terre et carottes). Les interactions entre différents modes de séchage et de prétraitement ont été étudiées. L’impact du traitement par CEP et du pré-séchage par l’air chaud ou pré-séchage par le vide sur la cinétique de friture et sur la qualité des produits frits ont été analysés. Le prétraitement par CEP entraîne une électro-perméabilisation des membranes cellulaires, ce qui favorise l’accélération des cinétiques de perte en masse (humidité). Les résultats montrent que le temps de séchage a été réduit significativement dans tous les procédés étudiés (séchage par l’air chaud, séchage par microonde, séchage sous vide). L’avantage du traitement par CEP se manifeste également par une diminution au niveau de la température interne du produit séché. Cette température basse présente un avantage notable dans la préservation des composés sensibles à la chaleur (caroténoïdes…). La couleur des échantillons prétraités par CEP puis séchés, gardent mieux la coloration initiale et présente une déviation réduite en termes de couleur après réhydratation. En ce qui concerne le procédé de friture, l’application du traitement par CEP montrent un avantage en termes de temps de friture mais également en termes de la teneur en huile absorbée. En effet, cette teneur en huile est moins élevée pour le cas des échantillons traités électriquement comparés aux échantillons non traités. La combinaison du CEP et du pré-séchage à l’air chaud (ou du pré-séchage sous vide) montre une réduction importante du temps de friture et également en terme de teneur en huile absorbée. / This research project focuses on the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on various drying and frying processes from plant products (potatoes and carrots). Interactions between different drying modes and pretreatment have been studied. The impact of PEF treatment and pre-drying by hot air or pre-drying by vacuum drying on frying kinetics and the quality of fried products were analyzed. PEF pretreatment results in electro-permeabilization of the cell membranes, which favors the acceleration of mass transfer processes. The results showed that the drying time was significantly reduced in all processes (hot air drying, microwave drying, vacuum drying). The advantage of the PEF treatment was also manifested by a decrease of the internal temperature of the product during drying. This lower temperature has a significant advantage in the preservation of heat-sensitive compounds (carotene, etc.). The dried sample pretreated by PEF could better retain the initial product color and had a reduced color deviation after rehydration. In regards to the frying process, the application of the PEF treatment showed not only an advantage in terms of the frying time but also in terms of oil content absorbed. The oil content of PEF treated sample was lower compared to untreated ones. Moreover, the combination of the PEF pretreatment and hot air pre-drying (or vacuum pre-drying) showed a synergistic efficiency on frying time and also in terms of oil content absorbed.

Tang Chi-wing, Wendy = 飲品味道對炎熱中運動的華籍男女小童之體液平衡及體温調節之影響 / 鄧稚穎. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-86). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Tang Chi-wing, Wendy = Yin pin wei dao dui yan re zhong yun dong de hua ji nan nü xiao tong zhi ti ye ping heng ji ti wen diao jie zhi ying xiang / Deng Zhiying. / Dedication --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figure --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Hypotheses --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Definition of Terms --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Assumptions --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6 --- Delimitations --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7 --- Limitations --- p.8 / Chapter 1.8 --- Significance of Study --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Water Balance during Exercise --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Effect of Dehydration on Human Body during Exercise --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Physiological Responses of Dehydration for Children when Exercising in the Heat --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effect of Fluid Ingestion during Exercise --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- Drivers of Fluid Replacement --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Participants --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Equipment and Instrumentation --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Preliminary Measurement --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Design and Procedures --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Collection and Analysis of Blood Samples --- p.44 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- RESULTS --- p.46 / Chapter 4.1 --- Exercise Intensity --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Body Fluid Balance --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Thermoregulatory Responses --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4 --- Taste Perception Analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary of the Results --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- DISCUSSION --- p.67 / Recommendations and Applications --- p.73 / REFERENCES --- p.74 / APPENDIXES --- p.87

The health picture in the developing world is still very bleak. The varlOUS Black populations of South Africa (be they Africans, Indians or Coloureds) are part of this developing world. In a total world population of 4,607 million (of which 75 % are in the developing world); there are 10.3 million annual infant deaths (0-11 months) (of which 97 % are ln the developing countries); and 4.3 million annual child deaths (1-4 years) (of which 98 % are in the developing countries).*l The infant mortality rate (IMR) (infant deaths per 1,000 live births) in 1980 for the developing countries as a whole, and for Southern Africa specifically is 100; as compared to the IMR of 20 for developed countries. South Africa has an IMR of 90 (1982). However, a few relatively simple and inexpensive methods could enable parents themselves to bring about a revolution ln child survival and development. The idea that could make this revolution possible is primary health care. The vehicles that could make this revolution achievable are the spread of education, communications and social organization. The techniques which could make this revolution affordable even with very limited resources, are growth monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast-feeding and immunization (GOBI). These four principle life line techniques are low-cost, available now, achieve rapid results and a l most universally relevant. They involve people in taking more responsibility for their own health, and thus promote primary health care. In combination they offer an even greater degree of protection against the synergistic alliance of malnutrition and infection which is the central problem of child health and child development today. *3 In addition, three other changes-female education, family spacing and food supplementation (FFF) are also among the most powerful levers for raising the level of child survival and child health. Although more costly and more difficult to achieve, these changes in the lives of women are of such potential significance that they must also now be count ed among the breakthrough in knowledge which could change the ratio between the health and wealth of nations. *3 However, against this information is the stark reality that only up to 15 % of the world's families are using oral rehydration therapy (ORT), the revolutionary low-cost technique for preventing and treating diarrhoeal dehydration, the biggest single killer of children in the world. *4 This then rai ses the vital question that although the potential for child survival and a healthy and normal child development is there, to what extent is the average mother aware of and implementing these cost-effective methods of GOBI-FFF in her own situation? These questions are thus addressed in this study in an African and an Indian urban communities ln Natal/Kwa Zulu. / Thesis (M.Med.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1985.