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Analysis of relatioships between Czech and German bussinees units in holding company Schwan Cosmetics. Especially bussiness relationships between customer supply department in Czech republic and sale department in Germany. Description of relationship, its progress and problems, culture standards, differences and situations, where we can find conflicts.

A imobilização de um segmento corporal tem sido amplamente utilizada na recuperação de lesões músculo-esqueléticas. Por essa razão, os mecanismos de adaptação funcional dos músculos após um período de redução de uso tem sido objeto de estudo de várias pesquisas. No entanto, a imobilização provoca déficits funcionais de difícil recuperação para os pacientes, e não se sabe ao certo qual a contribuição relativa da lesão e da imobilização para esses déficits. Nesse sentido, a determinação dos prejuízos causados puramente pelo processo de imobilização parece fundamental a fim de que se possam diferenciar os mecanismos específicos de adaptação muscular. Isso possibilitará uma melhor definição das estratégias para minimizar os efeitos deletérios do período de imobilização. Existem evidências que indicam que após um período de imobilização (ou de redução de uso) ocorre redução da força em decorrência de hipotrofia muscular e um aumento do percentual de fibras de contração rápida em relação às fibras de contração lenta. Apesar disso, as informações obtidas por esses estudos ainda são inconsistentes, e não permitem a definição de um comportamento padrão. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência da imobilização da articulação do cotovelo, em indivíduos saudáveis, nas propriedades mecânicas e elétricas dos músculos flexores e extensores. Essas propriedades foram avaliadas por meio das relações torqueângulo e torque-velocidade, da fatigabilidade e da ativação elétrica muscular. As hipóteses formuladas para este estudo eram de que (1) a imobilização provocaria uma redução da capacidade de produção de força máxima isométrica, bem como da ativação elétrica (valor RMS); (2) determinaria um deslocamento da relação torquevelocidade em direção a um aumento da força em maiores velocidades; (3) uma redução do tempo de sustentação de um nível submáximo de força e um aumento precoce do valor RMS e uma redução também precoce da mediana da freqüência durante o protocolo de fadiga; além da (4) manutenção do comportamento da relação torque-ângulo, uma vez que o ângulo de imobilização utilizado foi considerado ótimo para a produção de força. A amostra foi constituída por 18 indivíduos do sexo masculino, sendo 11 pertencentes ao grupo controle e sete ao grupo experimental (faixa etária de 22 a 42 anos). Todos os indivíduos realizaram duas avaliações com intervalo de 14 dias entre elas. O grupo experimental foi submetido à imobilização por 14 dias, com tala gessada, da articulação do cotovelo em um ângulo de 90°. O torque máximo foi obtido no ângulo de 90°; a relação torque-ângulo foi avaliada nos ângulos 30°, 60° e 120°; a relação torque-velocidade foi avaliada nas velocidades angulares de 60°/s, 120°/s, 180°/s, 240°/s e 300°/s; o protocolo de fadiga foi realizado a 70% da contração voluntária máxima isométrica de flexores e extensores até a exaustão. Os resultados indicaram redução do torque máximo absoluto (15 e 17% para flexores e extensores no ângulo de 90°, respectivamente) e manutenção do comportamento da relação torque-ângulo, no grupo experimental, após a imobilização. Nas demais análises não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo revelaram que indivíduos saudáveis parecem não apresentar alterações na estrutura dos músculos flexores e extensores da articulação do cotovelo, além de uma hipotrofia por redução do uso. Os efeitos do uso reduzido por imobilização em sujeitos saudáveis acarretam uma redução da força muscular que não pode ser explicada pelos resultados de perimetria e nem por redução da atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos. Nossos resultados sugerem que a redução do uso do membro superior em indivíduos saudáveis produz somente uma redução na capacidade de produção de força máxima dos músculos. A comparação desses resultados com o de outros modelos de redução de uso pode auxiliar na elucidação dos mecanismos de adaptação decorrentes da redução do uso em sujeitos saudáveis, como é o caso de astronautas submetidos à redução do uso por ambiente de microgravidade. / Limb immobilization has been extensively used during the recovery process of musculoskeletal injuries. However, this technique causes musculoskeletal functional deficits to the patients. For that reason, mechanisms of muscles functional adaptations after a reduced use period have been studied on scientific literature. There are several evidences showing force reduction due to muscle atrophy and an increment of the fast twitch fibers percentage. In spite of these evidences, the results obtained from different studies are inconsistent and do not allow for the determination of a common behavior and/or mechanism. Also, the relative contributions of the injuries and that of reduction in muscle use due to immobilization are not well understood. The determination of the effects of skeletal muscle reduced use due to immobilization in healthy subjects might help to differentiate between the specific mechanisms of muscle adaptation due to immobilization and those on musculoskeletal injuries. This might allow for a better definition of strategies to minimize the deleterious effects of an immobilization periods. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to verify the influence of the elbow joint immobilization in healthy subjects, on the mechanical and electrical properties of the elbow flexors and extensors muscles. These properties were evaluated using the torque-angle and torque-velocity relationships, the fatigability and muscle electrical activation. The hypotheses of this study were that (1) immobilization should cause a reduction in maximal isometric force production capacity force and a Root Mean Square (RMS) reduction; (2) the torque-velocity should shift in the direction of higher velocities; (3) a decrease in the time of fatigue resistance, in the RMS and median frequency values after a 70% MVC isometric fatigue protocol; (4) and the maintenance of the torqueangle relationship due to the fact that subjects were immobilized at an angle considered as the most favorable for force generation. Eighteen male healthy subjects (22 to 42 years) took part in this study, being assigned to a control group (n=11) and an experimental group (n=7). All subjects performed the same tests twice with a 14-days interval period. The experimental group had the non-dominant elbow joint immobilized with a cast at a joint angle of 90° during 14 days. The maximal isometric torque was obtained at a joint angle of 90°, and the torque-angle relationship was obtained at additional joint angles of 30°, 60° and 120°. The torquevelocity relationship was obtained at six different angular velocities (30°/s, 60°/s, 120°/s, 180°/s, 240°/s and 300°/s. The fatigue protocol consisted of a 70% of the MVC isometric contraction of the flexors and extensors of the elbow until exhaustion. There was a decrease on the maximum absolute torque (15% and 17% at 90°, for flexors and extensors, respectively). There was no change in the torque-angle relationship behavior in the experimental group after immobilization, and no significant differences were observed for the other variables of the study. These results indicate that healthy subjects show a general decrease in the absolute torque at all joint angles as the only change in the mechanical properties of the muscles after 14-days of immobilization of the elbow joint. The results of torque production reduction after immobilization cannot be explained by changes in forearm and arm girths or by reduction in the electromyographic activity of the muscles. Comparison of these results with those of other reduced use models might help to elucidate the mechanisms of muscle adaptation due to reduced use in healthy subjects, as is the case of astronauts subjected to reduced use by being exposed to micro gravity ambient.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-01T17:47:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcella Brito TESE.pdf: 2407523 bytes, checksum: c51f4313c0513dc415677aae710b3576 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marcella Brito TESE.pdf: 2407523 bytes, checksum: c51f4313c0513dc415677aae710b3576 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-03 / As práticas de CRM- Customer Relationship Management têm sido cada vez mais recomendadas como forma de gerir e de manter os negócios, e têm se mostrado uma tendência também nas pequenas e médias empresas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um modelo de fidelização para clientes em pequenas e médias empresas no setor de serviços utilizando-se esse tipo de gerência. Após analisar vários modelos de CRM presentes na literatura específica, propõe-se um modelo específico que pode ser aplicado em pequenas e médias empresas do setor de serviços. Este estudo caracteriza-se como sendo uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando a investigação bibliográfica como procedimento para alcance do objetivo geral. Por meio da análise comparativa entre os modelos estudados, estruturou-se um método de fidelização que integra os elementos de estratégia e de implementação de CRM em pequenas e médias empresas. Neste trabalho também foi realizado um estudo de caso para verificar a aplicabilidade e a eficiência do novo modelo proposto. Os resultados obtidos com a sua aplicação em uma média empresa de Call Center, a qual presta serviços em Aconselhamento de Saúde, foram positivos, visto que o modelo proposto atingiu o objetivo a que se propõe, que é disponibilizar mecanismos para que as pequenas e médias empresas de serviços conheçam seus clientes e interajam melhor com eles. / CRM practices have increasingly been recommended as a way to manage and maintain the business, and have shown a tendency also in small and medium enterprises. This paper aims at developing a model for customer loyalty in the service sector in small and medium size enterprises. The research analyzes several models of CRM in the literature and proposes a specific model applied to small and medium enterprises in the services sector. It is characterized as an exploratory qualitative approach, using literature as procedure to reach the overall goal. Through comparative analysis of the models studied, was structured a method of loyalty that integrates the elements of strategy and implementation of CRM in SMEs. A case study was done to verify the applicability and efficiency of the proposed model, the results obtained with its implementation in a medium enterprise Call Center for Counseling Health were satisfactory, since the proposed model achieved the goals that they propose, which is to provide mechanisms for small and medium sized service companies know their customers better and interact with them.

Abstract This study examines communication through the mobile medium in customer relationship management (hereafter mCRM). Although the academic research on mCRM is gradually evolving, there is still a lack of empirical research on this topical issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to begin to fill this gap by enhancing the theoretical and practical understanding of mCRM. The empirical part of the study is conducted as a qualitative case study. Seven Finnish companies utilizing the mobile medium as a communication channel in CRM were selected for the empirical analysis. Interviews, observations and personal experiences gained within those companies form the main sources of data. The main theoretical contributions of the present study to existing academic literature are as follows. First, the study proposes the conceptualization of the focal phenomenon of the study, mCRM, and further elicits the salient characteristics of it. Second, following the conceptualization, the study focuses on communication as the core of the interaction between the company and the customer via the mobile medium. Accordingly, the study sheds light on the key elements of the communication process within mCRM and its various phases. Third, the study founds a theoretical framework for mCRM; identifying the customer relationship management, mobile commerce and communication literature streams that define mCRM theoretically. Fourth, the study elaborates on the specific role of the mobile medium as a channel within CRM and highlights the ways in which it differs from all other channels within the multichannel CRM environment. Although mCRM communication has an inherent potential to benefit both company and customer, it has been utilized quite cautiously to date. This is rather surprising given that, compared to other channels, the mobile medium has an exceptional ability to reach people. In addition, greater utilization of the mobile medium could save time and money. This is because many face-to-face encounters could easily be replaced by communication through the mobile medium. The study offers guidelines on aspects ranging from the initiation of mCRM to actual communication through mCRM. Hopefully, the findings of this study will encourage managers, regardless of industry, to consider whether their company could provide added-value of any kind through the use of the mobile medium to benefit their customer relationships.

Abstract This study deals with the phenomenon of a doctor-patient relationship from a relationship-centered care point of view. Relationship-centered care is viewed as an opportunity for the doctor to enhance comprehensive care of the patient and to improve the quality of primary health care. The research was conducted in the context of General Practice-education aimed at physicians specializing in general medicine. The training was organized by the General Practice Unit of Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital district (PPSHP) and the Department of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Oulu. The aim of the research is to increase understanding of the phenomenon of a patient-doctor relationship. The phenomenon is examined by looking at the possibilities for a doctor specializing in general medicine to have a personal doctor-patient relationship with dialogical orientation. With the help of personal reflection the doctor specializing in general medicine can develop ways to prepare for the relationship and be in it. The possibility for a patient to encounter valuable care is constructed through reflection and introduction of dialogue. A doctor working in relationship-centered care strategically receives information about the patient's personal experiences. Combining this information with the latest biomedical knowledge assists in the general recommendations of the Current Care Guidelines, when applying them individually. The research is qualitative. The data comprises 16 doctors who participated in the General Practice-education, their semi-structured thematic interviews with transcribed texts, as well as the findings from questionnaires completed at the end of the education. The data is analyzed using qualitative methods. The results showed that subjects felt that the core of general medicine is a personal doctor-patient relationship, in which it is essential to listen to the patient's concerns, experiences, thoughts and expectations when making treatment decisions and deciding on the correct diagnosis. Personal readiness is increased by the doctor-patient relationship when outlining the theoretical content, practicing situations of interaction, handling challenges that have emerged from work in a peer group, as well as the doctor's awareness based on previous work experience in medicine. There can be barriers, attitudes, beliefs and non-processed emotions that emerge from one's personal history of experiences; processing these strengthens the belief in one’s own abilities to work according to internal information and to be more personally present in relationships. The results could be utilized during basic medical education and post-graduate training, as well as in supervision. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimus käsittelee potilas-lääkärisuhteessa olemisen ilmiötä suhdekeskeisyyden näkökulmasta. Suhdekeskeisyyttä tarkastellaan lääkärin mahdollisuutena tehostaa potilaan kokonaisvaltaista hoitamista ja hoidon laatua. Tutkimus toteutettiin prosessiluontoisessa General Practice -koulutuksessa, joka oli suunnattu yleislääketieteeseen erikoistuville lääkäreille. Koulutuksen järjestivät Pohjois-Pohjanmaan sairaanhoitopiirin kuntayhtymän (PPSHP) yleislääketieteen yksikkö ja Oulun yliopiston lääketieteellisen tiedekunnan terveystieteiden laitos. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on lisätä ymmärrystä potilas-lääkärisuhteessa olemisen ilmiöstä. Ilmiötä lähestytään tarkastelemalla yleislääketieteeseen erikoistuvan lääkärin mahdollisuuksia olla potilas-lääkärisuhteessa persoonallisesti ja dialogisuutta tavoitellen. Persoonallisen reflektion avulla yleislääketieteeseen erikoistuva lääkäri voi kehittää valmiuksiaan asettua suhteeseen ja olla siinä. Reflektiivisyyden käynnistyminen ja dialogisuuden omaksuminen mahdollistavat potilasta arvostavien hoitokohtaamisten rakentumisen. Suhdekeskeisesti työskentelevä lääkäri saa henkilökohtaista tietoa potilaan kokemusmaailmasta. Tämän tiedon yhdistäminen uusimpaan biolääketieteelliseen tietoon auttaa yleisten Käypä hoito -suositusten soveltamisessa yksilöllisesti. Tutkimus on laadullinen tutkimus, jonka aineisto koostuu 16:n General Practice -koulutukseen osallistuneen lääkärin puoli-strukturoiduista teemahaastatteluista litteroiduista teksteistä, heidän reflektiopäiväkirjoistaan sekä koulutuksen lopussa suoritetusta palautekyselystä. Aineisto analysoidaan laadullisin menetelmin. Tulosten mukaan tutkittavat pitävät yleislääketieteen ytimenä persoonallista potilas-lääkärisuhdetta, jossa oikean diagnoosin ja potilasta hyödyttävien hoitopäätösten tekemisen kannalta on oleellista kuunnella potilaan huolia, kokemuksia, ajatuksia ja odotuksia. Persoonallisia valmiuksia lisäävät potilas-lääkärisuhteen sisältöjen teoreettinen jäsentely, vuorovaikutustilanteiden harjoittelu, työstä nousevien haasteellisten tapausten käsittely vertaisryhmässä sekä lääkärin kokemushistoriasta kumpuavien asioiden tiedostaminen ja käsittely. Omasta kokemushistoriasta kumpuavien esteiden, asenteiden, uskomusten ja tunteiden käsittelemättömyyden työstäminen vahvistaa uskoa omiin kykyihin toimia sisäisen informaation mukaan ja olla persoonallisemmin läsnä suhteissa. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää lääkäreiden perus- ja jatkokoulutuksessa sekä lääkäreiden työnohjauksessa.

My diploma thesis is dealing with the legal issue of formation and termination of employment in the terms of flexicurity, focusing on the individual expressions of flexibility and employee protection in these legal institutes. The issue of flexibility and employee protection in the scope of formation and termination of employment is often discussed on the national as well as European level. Discussion emerges mostly due to the different preferences when the employer could rather benefit from flexibility, while for the employee the employee protection could be more important. To understand the institute of employment easily, the first chapter of my thesis describes Labour law in general and its subject. It slowly follows with the second chapter which is trying to give an explanation of flexicurity concept as well as a description of individual expressions of flexibility and employee protection. To illustrate the up-to-date and still higher importance of this strategy, including the European level, trends and attempts to integrate the flexicurity model into Member States' legislation are analysed. The third and the fourth are the key chapters of my thesis. The individual expressions of flexibility and employee protection are discussed there. The case of termination of employment provides the greatest...

In today’s knowledge economy hardly any organisation can address its dynamic nature and competitive advantage as a single organisations. More than ever, organisational survival and growth depends on continuous learning and cooperation. This research examines value creation in relationships between higher education institutions and private business organisations. Integrating literature streams on relation-ship marketing, stakeholder theory and university-industry relationships, the re-search aims to identify key drivers of stakeholder value creation, to better under-stand the interrelationships between the stakeholder values generated and determine which stakeholder values driver relationship outcomes. Overall, this research integrates the stakeholder and relationship perspective (multi-level research) and intents to contribute to further opening up the “black box” of value creation in university-industry relationships by putting stakeholder and relationship value at the centre of the study. Based on a literature review and the integration of the three main literature streams, a conceptual model was developed, forming the basis for an exploratory pre-study aiming to develop a more in-depth understanding of the phenomena. Con-ducting interviews among academics and technology transfer officers, the model was refined before the main, explanatory research step, implemented through a web-based questionnaire among England-based academics, was carried out to test the conceptual model. The model is comprised with three main elements. First, relationship characteristics (common understanding of expectations, commonness of expectations and commitment) drive the value creation for different stakeholders. Second, the value developed for six main stakeholders (the surveyed academic, the academic team, the university, the business partners, students, and society) impacts the academic’s perception of the overall relationship value. Lastly, the overall relationship value, as perceived by the academic positively affects further relationship outcomes (relationship satisfaction, word-of-mouth, intention to renew the relationship, intention to expand UIR activities beyond the current relationship(s)). Using structural equation modelling, the model was analysed and refined based on 903 responses of a self-administered questionnaire. The results show that commitment as well as the common understanding as well as the commonness of expectations are key elements driving stakeholder value creation, consistent with literature. With respect to the interrelationships between the realised and expected values generated for different stakeholders, the university emerged as a central actor in the relationship, positively impacting all other stake-holder values. In addition, all other stakeholder values positively society value with the value generated for the surveyed academic and for the business partner also affecting the value generated for the academic team. The results highlight that the academic’s perception of the overall relationship value is significantly and positively influenced by the value generated for the academic itself, the academic team, the university and society. Value generated for students, as a main target group of universities, as well as value generated for the business partners, as the main stake-holder in the relationship, however, were not confirmed to impact the overall relationship value, as perceived by the academic. In addition to the structural model as presented above, four different models have been developed to examine which stakeholder values drive the four addition relationship outcomes, namely relationship satisfaction, word-of-mouth, intention to renew, and intention to expand. The results show that the outcomes are driven by different sets of stakeholder value with student value driving all outcomes, business value not impacting any outcome and the impact of the others depending on the outcome under study.

Organisations experience increased social, political and economic pressure that is evident in the increased pressure that stakeholders place on organisations. Organisations increasingly realise that stakeholders’ values and objectives need to be incorporated into organisational strategy as well as the day-to-day management of the organisation. Organisational success and survival consequently depends on the organisation’s network of relationships, which provide the organisation with otherwise inaccessible resources and a competitive advantage. Organisational relationships offer the best solution towards illustrating the value of public relations and communication in the organisation. These relationships enable the organisation to attain its long- and short-term goals. Communication is a key influencer of the success of these relationships and communication managers are consequently better adept to manage these relationships. The relationship perspective of communication posits that public relations and communication managers should act in a boundary spanning role by balancing the interests of companies and stakeholders through effective relationship management. A shift has consequently occurred from purely communication management towards building mutually beneficial relationships between an organisation and its key stakeholders. There has also been an increased recognition of the need for strategically managed communication programs that can effectively contribute to organisational success. Strategic communication assists an organisation to adapt to its stakeholder environment by feeding into the organisation’s strategy formulation process intelligence with regards to strategic stakeholders, which, in turn, assists in building mutually beneficial relationships with these stakeholders. Communication managers’ efforts towards the effective management of organisational relationships has been hampered by the lack of current literature on organisational relationships, a lack of knowledge regarding the factors that influence these relationships, as well as the lack of a reliable and quantifiable definition of organisational relationships. Knowledge on these key areas could enable communication managers to manage these relationships effectively through strategic communication that is characterised by open and two-way communication. This study aimed to determine the connection between organisational relationships and organisational success by investigating the relationship between organisational alliances (as a specific form of organisational relationship) and goal attainment. The three-stage model of organisational relationships proposed by Grunig and Huang (2000:34) was applied to organisational alliances in order to determine this relationship, as well as to determine the influence of key constructs like type of industry, type of alliance, duration of the alliance and the size of the organisation. The reliability of using this framework, specifically the relationship outcomes proposed by the three-stage model, was investigated. The relationship outcomes (trust, commitment, relational satisfaction and control mutuality) were positively related to perceptions of goal attainment. This implies that if trust, commitment, relational satisfaction and control mutuality increases in an organisational alliance, the perceptions of goal attainment also increase within that organisational relationship. These findings suggest that effective communication contributes to perceptions of goal attainment within organisational relationships. It offers public relations and communication practitioners a means to demonstrate the contribution of this function to organisational success. High correlations between the relationship outcomes reflected current findings on these outcomes and a factor analysis indicated that only one factor was being measured – the organisational relationship itself. The study proposed an improved measurement instrument for reliably measuring organisational relationships (Cronbach Alpha = 0.93). The type of industry, type of alliance, duration of the alliance as well as the size of the organisation did not have a significant influence on the relationship outcomes or the proposed measure of organisational relationships. This implies that the current proposed measurement instrument can be applied to numerous contexts. A general linear model was applied to goal attainment (as the dependent variable) and the relationship outcomes (as the independent variables) in order to determine the specific contribution of each relationship outcome on perceptions of goal attainment. The regression analysis indicated that control mutuality was the greatest influencer of perceptions of goal attainment within alliances. A noticeably low influence of trust was also measured. These findings were obtained through the use of an e-mail survey that obtained cross-sectional data, where 154 alliances were observed (n=154). The study contributed to present literature on organisational relationships by using Grunig and Huang’s (2000:43) three-stage model to explain the relationship between perceptions of goal attainment and the relationship outcomes in alliances within the South African context. Strategic communication management provides a solution to a key organisational issue – the organisation’s interdependence with the stakeholders in its environment and how these stakeholders can better be managed in order to more effectively contribute towards organisational success. Communication managers can demonstrate their value by effectively managing key organisational relationships like alliances by integrating these relationships into organisational strategy. These successful organisational relationships also contribute towards organisational sustainability by enabling the organisation to attain its long- and short-term goals. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Communication Management / MCom / Unrestricted

It is generally assumed that when natural habitat is converted to human-dominated cover such area is “lost” to its native species. Extinctions will ensue. The literature generally assumes that species are extirpated as natural area is reduced, following the well-known species-area relationship (SAR). However, SARs have consistently over-estimated species losses resulting from conversion of natural habitat to human-dominated land covers. We hypothesize that the overestimation occurs because these area-based models assume that converted habitat is “lost”, eliminating all species. However, in the real world, conversion of natural land cover to human-dominated cover frequently produces new land covers, different from the original habitat, but not necessarily completely inhospitable to biodiversity. We evaluated the responses of total avian richness, forest bird richness and open habitat bird richness to remaining natural area within 991 quadrats, each 100 km2, across southern Ontario. Total bird species richness does not follow SAR predictions; rather, the number of bird species peaks at roughly 50% natural land cover. The richness of forest birds does follow the usual SAR power-law as a function of forested area. In contrast, richness of birds that prefer open-habitat does not increase monotonically with either natural- or human-dominated land cover. However, we can partition human-dominated land cover into an “available human-dominated” component and “lost” habitat. Richness of open-habitat species relates to the amount of available human-dominated cover. Distinguishing three habitat types (natural, available human-dominated, and lost) permits accurate predictions of species losses in response to natural habitat conversion.