不論是單一制或是聯邦制的國家，多層級政府體制的建立，對於現代民主國家而言，具有政治與經濟雙重的重大功能。而財政是影響中央與地方政府關係的最主要因素，因此，本研究乃是以地方自治與地方財政問題為探討的基礎，藉由對其、美兩國中央與地方財政關係發展與趨勢的探討，參酌我國的現狀，並以中央對地方之國民教育補助為個案研究對象，深入了解我國三級政府間的實際互動情形，對我國未來中央與地方關係的建構與地方自治的發展，提出建議： 　　一．在我國中央與地方關係的建構方向上，以下幾點值得注意： 　　1.政治體制的特殊性：是當前我國中央與地方關係上所面臨的最大困境，亦即必須在實際有效統治範圍--臺澎金馬地區中，置放以大中國版圖為設計基礎的三級政府體制。 　　2.省政府虛級化與協調功能：目前省政府與中央政府的職能明顯的重複，組織架構疊床架屋，對於中央與地方關係均定位與行政效率都有相當不利的影響，然而在廢除省此一層級並無政治可行性的情況下，省府「虛級化」應為另一次善的解決途徑。省府應扮演中央與地方政府居中溝通與協調的角色，而不宜過分介入地方政府的職權範圍。 　　3.中央與地方政府功能的區分：一般內政事務的功能上，中央與地方功能的區分十分混淆，因此要截然「橫向」的劃分各級政府的功能殊不容易；而中央欲「縱向」的收編過多地方政府的職權，亦有相當的困難。 　　4.根據公共財生產的區分中央與地方（縣市）政府職能：將某一專項的地方政府職能，如國民教育，縱向的由中央收為統籌辦理，負責政策所有經費的支出與執行，其餘的職能則橫向的明確劃分，作最適當的安排，既能達成「簡化」與「分權」的精神，又能符合我國的國情，使改革所造成的衝擊減少到最低程度。臺灣地區幅員狹小，三級政府體制顯然行政層級過多，因此公共財提供者的區分仍宜以中央與縣市政府為主要對象，而省府則以負責廣域性、統籌性、協調性事務為主。 　　5.地方財政自主有一定極限：地方財政狀況不佳的問題，並不能藉由修改財政收支劃分法而獲得完全的解決，受限於自然或人文條件的不同，許多地方根本不可能自給自足。因此，中央適度的補助是必須的。 　　6.中央經由補助對地方的影響不應該是單向命令與主導模式：中央在制定補助款運用的條件與限制之前，應加強與地方政府的溝通，以了解地方的實際狀況與需求，而在執行上，也應在許可的範圍內，給予地方政府較大的自主空間，使經費能以最有效的方式，用於最需要解決的問題之上。 　　本研究建議我國國民教育職權應由中央統籌辦理，不再由地方政府負責。將地方政府的國民教育收為中央辦理有以下的理由： 　　1.解決地方政府財政問題。 　　2.提昇行政效率與效能。 　　3.保障教育此一殊價財應有的地位。 　　二．在我國地方政府方面，因應地方民主觀念的轉變，地方政府在角色與管理上也必須有所調整： 　　1.地方化：地方公共服務的傳遞乃是由地方人民與地方政府人員共同完成。地方事物的推動，應凝聚地方人民參與的感情，地方的公務人員也應該主動積極的盡量接近民眾，了解民眾需求，為人民服務，凸顯地方的特色。 　　2.服務的整合與管理的授權：地方的各種地方公共服務應該打破以往的本位主義，水平彈性的整合各項對人民的服務，以滿足人民多方面的需求。地方政府應充份的授權地方行政人員、第三部門，給予相當的財政與策略運用自主權，以迅速準確的回應人民的需求。 　　3.企業經營理念的培養：地方政府可視之為一「公共服務企業」，將企業經營的理念帶入地方政府的行政管理中，以擴大地方政府財源。 　　4.地方政府的民主化：以往代表性的地方民主已經無法滿足地方人民對地方公共服務提供的要求，取而代之的是強調地方人民涉入的參與性地方民主，因此地方政府應鼓勵地方人民參與地方事務。 　　5.地方政府組織文化與人民觀念的改變：地方政府必須跳脫以往層級節制的組織運作模式，父權主宰的統治心態，官僚守舊的保守漸進作風，以積極的、創新的、前瞻的、彈性的、整合的全新組織文化來迎接挑戰。而地方人民心態上也應建立公共服務的成本概念，除了重視自身的權利，更要善盡自己應盡的義務，體認地方政府乃是每一個地方居民的生命共同體，對與自己有切身關係的地方公共事務，給予關注並奉獻一己之力。

This thesis is concerned with the nature of employment-type relationships that currently exist in Australia, with specific regard to the meaning of the terms 'employer,' 'employee,' and the 'employer-employee relationship', and the extent to which the employee-independent contractor dichotomy is respected. This thesis seeks to show how current legislation at federal, state and territory level is largely inconsistent in defining key terms; to explain why this is problematic; and to propose a workable solution. An examination is made of the common law as it currently stands, followed by an investigation of federal, state and territory revenue, superannuation, workers' compensation and employment laws that govern or affect employer-employee and principal-contractor relationships. The thesis recognises that there currently exists no comprehensive solution to the problems plaguing the employee-contractor dichotomy, and an all encompassing solution is proposed. The solution presented moves away from the traditional common law approach, rejects a statutory definitional approach, and instead adopts the principles of the Torrens Title system to land ownership in Australia. Following this proposed solution, alternate models and arguments are compared and contrasted.

The current thesis investigated the relationship between Vietnamese parents of children with a disability and special educators who worked with these parents in both mainstream and special schools in Melbourne Metropolitan Regions of the state of Victoria, Australia. The key objective of the study was to research the role of the parent-educator (interpersonal) relationship and its interrelatedness with the task: two major components of a home-school partnership. The research question that guided this study was 'How does the parent-educator relationship influence the operation of a family-centered home-school partnership?' With partnerships involving parents of diverse cultural backgrounds, investigating cultural influences on the partnership were an integral part of the research process. A qualitative interpretive approach was employed in searching for perceptions of involved parties about their home-school partnerships. The design selected was multiple embedded case studies with purposeful sampling. Influences on home-school partnership were investigated from a multidimensional perspective and were described and interpreted from the views of both parents and educators. The findings indicated that the relationship played a much more significant role than the task in the successfulness of an intercultural home-school partnership. Without a mutual understanding of home-school communication, the collaboration was far from productive or even did not work out. There was also evidence that a harmonious parent-educator interpersonal relationship did not seem to have any influence on the effectiveness of a home-school partnership without parent-educator mutual understanding and agreement in terms of goals and roles expectations. The need for the educators to be more appropriately equipped with cultural training and family-centered principles also arose from the study findings.

<p>Vi har i vårt samhälle idag en hög skilsmässostatistik. Individerna i parrelationer har problem att fungera tillsammans på ett tillfredställande sätt. Denna studie baseras på intervjuer med familjerådgivare som hanterar par som har problem i relationen. I undersökningen har jag valt att försöka svara på vad som familjerådgivaren anser kunna skapa höga förväntningar på relationen samt hur dessa förväntningar påverkar relationen. Den belyser även de aspekter som är viktiga för att en relation skall fungera och vad familjerådgivaren kan göra för par som har problem i relationen. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt till undersökningen har Giddens teori om den rena relationen använts. Resultatet visar att par som söker hjälp hos familjerådgivarna har svårt att få tid till att arbeta och underhålla sin relation. Slitningar som barn och ekonomiska bekymmer är vanliga. Undersökningen visar även att jämställdhet är att eftersträva för att relationen skall hålla en god balans. Den mans och kvinnoroll som finns i samhället påverkar också mannens och kvinnans förväntningar på varandra. Resultatet visar att par framför allt har svårigheter att kommunicera med varandra.</p><p>Nyckelord: relationer, ”rena relationer”, problem, kommunikation, familjerådgivare.</p>

<p>In this thesis, we aim to find out ways that Multimind’s create customer focused value and sustain the value in the recruitment industry and their customer relationship management in the niche market. Our purpose is also to study their strategy, policies and their organizational culture especially in customer focused value and relationship management in this service business.  In this thesis we will study only on their strategy toward this niche market. Therefore, the scope of study will cover its business’s history on company’s objective, operation process, organization’s culture, company’s policy and strategy in market learning and innovation. We use qualitative method by conducting the interview with the informant. We use both primary and secondary data for collecting the data. In our primary data, judgment sampling method is being applied in selecting the interviewee. For Secondary data; we have searched the information from the company’s website, academic journals from university library. </p>

<p>Decision making with the help of graphs has been applied for a long time. Previous to the introduction of computerized solutions, graphs and complementary pictures were hand drawn. With the introduction of computers came the colored and dynamic “animations” called simulations which are used today. The focal company of this study, Ångpanneföreningen AB, has during an extensive period of time constructed simulations of complex systems which they have used in order to satisfy specific needs of their customers in different areas. Depending on the complexity of the product and the needs it is ought to fulfill, the exchange of it will have a direct impact on the interactions carried out between the buying and selling parties in various ways. A question that this thesis looked to answer was how the utilization of simulations affects Ångpanneföreningen AB’s relationship with its customers. The purpose of this study is to describe how the use of a simulation program may affect the relation between two parties in a business relationship. A case study approach based on focused and semi-structural interviews has been used for this study.The effects of the use of simulations on a business relationship, in terms of benefits perceived, depend on the purpose set for the software. This meaning that it depends on whether the results and benefits are of such kind that they are possible to measure. However, if measurable, then the awareness of perceived benefits contributes to a stronger relationship since trust is likely to follow from met expectations. The simulation software offered by ÅF has the characteristics of both a product and a service with a highly technological nature. When dealing with simulations holding such attributes, a high level of exchanges is likely to be involved. Furthermore, interdependencies between two parties in a business relationship tend to develop as both the exchanges due to, and the complexities of, the simulation are of a high level, meaning that exchanges are needed in both directions.</p>

<p>Title: The Entrepreneurial individual-----A case study of YEStravel</p><p>Problems: How (individual) entrepreneur develops his/her international company in a short period successfully?What are the characteristics for this kind of companies?</p><p>Purpose: This research would be useful for the new individual business start-ups/ entrepreneurs as well as the researchers who are focused on the investigation of why INV grows faster than other types of business. We intend to analyze and reveal the secret behind their success. We also aim to enlarge the data base of INVs study for further research.</p><p>Method: Qualitative research, interview and story-telling</p><p>Target: Start-ups, especially entrepreneurs and students who tend to be entrepreneurs; YEStravel Company;</p><p>Conclusion: We try to analyze the secrets why small firms could grow up rapidly. With the case story of YEStravel, we found there are four variables are worthy to look into. They are entrepreneurship, social network, special products and the influences from communication and transportation. These three main factors enhanced the speed of the INV’s growth which gives an answer to our first research question. We also evaluated the characteristic of small firms which depend on the portfolio entrepreneurship as their original developing factor. They handle two or more businesses at the same time to earn the enough resources which they lack of. This conclusion represents our second research question that what are the characteristics of this kind of firm.</p>

<p>The physician -patient relationship is fundamental to medical and healthcare practice. It is value laden. The practice of medicine and healthcare in the traditional sense accentuates a fecund doctor-patient communication. This is considered a necessary step for a proper diagnosis towards an attendant fruitful prognosis. Such a practise eventuates in the recognition of core values within the ambience of a standard medical practise. The values in question refer to issues of commitment and trust, obligations to standard care giving and reception, confidentiality, autonomy, beneficence, non maleficence, justice as well as responsibility. However, the practise of medicine today is criss-crossed by an amazing cast of transformations with the advent of the internet in the medical arena. Medical encounters take place online between doctors and patients even in the absence of pre-existing medical relationships in the hospitals.</p><p>There is today treatments and medical care mediated by the internet, a case of diagnosis and prognosis across distance, and indeed super highway medicine. This instance of hospitals without consulting rooms is morally problematic.</p><p>By the characterization of physician-patient relationship ( especially in the absence of pre-existing relationship) on the internet as virtual, unique, new and problematic, this work assesses the risks associated with such encounters in the light of ethical principles and their implications for moral responsibility.</p>

<p>The present study examines six young men’s, born in the 1980’s, experiences of their relationships with their fathers. The focus of the study lies on the son’s evaluations of their fathers’ influence on them, the men’s emotional language and the experience of the fathers’ presence versus absence. The relationship with the fathers and the fathers’ emotionality are also being discussed. The method used is semistructured interview. The interviews lasted circa 40 minutes. The results show that half of the men experienced their fathers as present during their childhoods and half, as absent. This shows a more present father than previous studies have shown. All the interviewed men feel that their fathers have influenced them in some way, either positively, negatively or both. This result differs from a previous study which shows a primarily negative influence of the father. A majority of the men experiences their fathers’ emotionality to be similar to the male stereotype. Anger is prominent, whereas sadness is a less prominet emotion of the fathers’. The results further showed that the men in the present study verbally expresses emotions mainly through distansing constructions.</p><p>Keywords: Fatherhood, Father Son relationship, men´s emotional language, men’s emotions</p>

<p>Nowadays, the European airline market is characterized by two major different airline business models; the full service airlines and the low cost airlines. Secondary, appeared for the first time in 1985 in form of the Irish low cost carrier Ryanair. In recent days, the European low cost market stands out through its growth potential and high competitiveness. Therefore, startup companies aiming to join the wave of success as well as insolvency of newly established airlines are part of the daily occurrence. The challenge, that established low cost airlines are faced with, is to create competitive advantages against new entrants and direct competitors under the circumstances of environmental changes. In addition to the described problem a model was developed in order to picture the situation. This paper aims to provide an answer to the specific question: How do low cost airlines use relationship marketing in order to enhance, maintain and attract new customers? The second step is to figure out how those tools affect the airlines generic strategy. The purpose of this study is to find out how low cost airlines in Europe deal with tools of relationship marketing and what are the effects those tools have on generic strategies. This thesis is based on a case study within the European low cost airlines market, with a special focus on three airlines: Ryanair, EasyJet and Air Berlin. These questions are addressed using information obtained in interviews with respondents from the airlines that were recently conducted in Brussels and Bremen by personal interviews and additionally by telephone interviews and email contact. The results show that relationship marketing tools are used in a different extent by the airlines. The authors could not find evidence that using relationship marketing tools is the single solution to compete more successfully than without. It is further argued by the authors that RM is just one aspect strengthening the generic strategy in order to gain sustainable competitive advantage.</p>