Analisar a integração territorial da região do Médio Solimões no Amazonas por meio do papel da centralidade de Tefé no contexto de uma globalização relativizada é o grande objetivo desta tese. Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se a história dos fluxos desta região via a periodização da formação histórica da centralidade tefeense. Posteriormente se analisa as funcionalidades da centralidade tefeense sob o contexto de uma modernização incompleta com o intuito de compreender as relações de Tefé com as cidades circunvizinhas, identificando os fluxos contemporâneos mais significativos social e economicamente. Em particular, estuda-se o desempenho dos serviços e das finanças, atividades que integram fragilmente a região de Tefé ao meio técnico-científico-informacional. Trata-se esta questão a partir de seu papel como cidade intermediária concomitante às funcionalidades de uma cidade regional, contribuindo para a discussão de uma dialética do território que produz o encontro entre o velho e o novo e a coexistência de divisões do trabalho modernas e pretéritas. Esta tese fornece subsídios para a compreensão de que os fluxos da centralidade tefeense integram as cidades da sua Região de Influência. Como se realiza esta integração em um subespaço onde estes mesmos fluxos são limitados e, concomitantemente, fundamentais para a economia do município de Tefé e dos circunvizinhos? Qual o papel da centralidade de Tefé na integração e desenvolvimento regional no inexorável processo de globalização contemporânea? A hipótese que uma integração relativizada perpetue a condição de pobreza e de baixo desenvolvimento social e econômico nas cidades da região de Tefé em decorrência da manutenção de condicionantes que estabelecem uma modernização incompleta orienta a pesquisa. Esta integração relativizada ocorre em razão da existência de uma rede de telecomunicações e objetos de teleação com funcionamentos deficientes, via infraestruturas limitadas, que prejudicam a fluidez das relações e dos fluxos. Evidencia-se que fluxos virtuosos, ou seja, os que permitem uma integração territorial e que fortalecem os laços e relações que subsidiam o desenvolvimento econômico e social permitem a Tefé configurar-se como um território de todos. Ao mesmo tempo identifica-se, na região do Médio Solimões, fluxos fragmentadores ou desvirtuosos à integração e ao desenvolvimento partindo de agentes da globalização que operacionalizam de forma verticalizada atividades em benefício de uma parte reduzida da população, dado seu caráter altamente seletivo. / To analyze the territorial integration of the region of Médio Solimões in the Amazon throught the roll of Tefés centrality in the context of a relativized globalization is the main objective of this thesis. First of all, the history of this regions flows through the chronology of historical formation of the tefeense centrality is presented. Subsequently, the functionalities of the tefeense centrality are analyzed under the context of an incomplete modernization with the aim of understanding Tefés relationships with the neighboring cities, identifying the more significant contemporary flows, both socially and economically. In particular, the performance of services and finances is studied, which are activities that weakly take part in the region of Tefé in the technical-scientificinformational community. This issue is treated from its roll as an intermediary city, concomitantly to the functionalities of a regional city, and contributes to the discussion of a territory dialectic that produces the encounter between old and new and the coexistence of modern and past labor divisions. This thesis provides subsides for the better understanding that the flows of the tefeense centrality integrate the cities of its Influence Region. How does this integration takes place in a subspace where these very flows are limited and, concomitantly, fundamental to the economy of the municipality of Tefé and to the neighboring towns? What is the role of Tefés centrality in the integration and regional development in the inexorable process of contemporary globalization? The hypotheses that a relativized integration perpetuates the condition of poverty and low social and economic development in the cities of Tefés region due to maintenance of conditions that establish an incomplete modernization orient the investigation. This relativized integration occurs due to the existence of a telecommunication network and teleaction objects with malfunctions, via limited infrastructures, that can damage the fluidity of relations and flows. It is shown that virtuous flows, in other words, the ones that allow a territorial integration and that strengthen the ties and relations that subside the economic and social development enable Tefé to become a territory for all. At the same time, in the region of Médio Solimões, fragmented or non-virtuous flows of integration and development that come from globalization agents are identified and they operationalize activities in a vertical way in the interests of a reduced part of the population, given its highly selective character.

Analisar a integração territorial da região do Médio Solimões no Amazonas por meio do papel da centralidade de Tefé no contexto de uma globalização relativizada é o grande objetivo desta tese. Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se a história dos fluxos desta região via a periodização da formação histórica da centralidade tefeense. Posteriormente se analisa as funcionalidades da centralidade tefeense sob o contexto de uma modernização incompleta com o intuito de compreender as relações de Tefé com as cidades circunvizinhas, identificando os fluxos contemporâneos mais significativos social e economicamente. Em particular, estuda-se o desempenho dos serviços e das finanças, atividades que integram fragilmente a região de Tefé ao meio técnico-científico-informacional. Trata-se esta questão a partir de seu papel como cidade intermediária concomitante às funcionalidades de uma cidade regional, contribuindo para a discussão de uma dialética do território que produz o encontro entre o velho e o novo e a coexistência de divisões do trabalho modernas e pretéritas. Esta tese fornece subsídios para a compreensão de que os fluxos da centralidade tefeense integram as cidades da sua Região de Influência. Como se realiza esta integração em um subespaço onde estes mesmos fluxos são limitados e, concomitantemente, fundamentais para a economia do município de Tefé e dos circunvizinhos? Qual o papel da centralidade de Tefé na integração e desenvolvimento regional no inexorável processo de globalização contemporânea? A hipótese que uma integração relativizada perpetue a condição de pobreza e de baixo desenvolvimento social e econômico nas cidades da região de Tefé em decorrência da manutenção de condicionantes que estabelecem uma modernização incompleta orienta a pesquisa. Esta integração relativizada ocorre em razão da existência de uma rede de telecomunicações e objetos de teleação com funcionamentos deficientes, via infraestruturas limitadas, que prejudicam a fluidez das relações e dos fluxos. Evidencia-se que fluxos virtuosos, ou seja, os que permitem uma integração territorial e que fortalecem os laços e relações que subsidiam o desenvolvimento econômico e social permitem a Tefé configurar-se como um território de todos. Ao mesmo tempo identifica-se, na região do Médio Solimões, fluxos fragmentadores ou desvirtuosos à integração e ao desenvolvimento partindo de agentes da globalização que operacionalizam de forma verticalizada atividades em benefício de uma parte reduzida da população, dado seu caráter altamente seletivo. / To analyze the territorial integration of the region of Médio Solimões in the Amazon throught the roll of Tefés centrality in the context of a relativized globalization is the main objective of this thesis. First of all, the history of this regions flows through the chronology of historical formation of the tefeense centrality is presented. Subsequently, the functionalities of the tefeense centrality are analyzed under the context of an incomplete modernization with the aim of understanding Tefés relationships with the neighboring cities, identifying the more significant contemporary flows, both socially and economically. In particular, the performance of services and finances is studied, which are activities that weakly take part in the region of Tefé in the technical-scientificinformational community. This issue is treated from its roll as an intermediary city, concomitantly to the functionalities of a regional city, and contributes to the discussion of a territory dialectic that produces the encounter between old and new and the coexistence of modern and past labor divisions. This thesis provides subsides for the better understanding that the flows of the tefeense centrality integrate the cities of its Influence Region. How does this integration takes place in a subspace where these very flows are limited and, concomitantly, fundamental to the economy of the municipality of Tefé and to the neighboring towns? What is the role of Tefés centrality in the integration and regional development in the inexorable process of contemporary globalization? The hypotheses that a relativized integration perpetuates the condition of poverty and low social and economic development in the cities of Tefés region due to maintenance of conditions that establish an incomplete modernization orient the investigation. This relativized integration occurs due to the existence of a telecommunication network and teleaction objects with malfunctions, via limited infrastructures, that can damage the fluidity of relations and flows. It is shown that virtuous flows, in other words, the ones that allow a territorial integration and that strengthen the ties and relations that subside the economic and social development enable Tefé to become a territory for all. At the same time, in the region of Médio Solimões, fragmented or non-virtuous flows of integration and development that come from globalization agents are identified and they operationalize activities in a vertical way in the interests of a reduced part of the population, given its highly selective character.

Automatic text summarization and keyphrase extraction are two interesting areas of research which extend along natural language processing and information retrieval. They have recently become very popular because of their wide applicability. Devising generic techniques for these tasks is challenging due to several issues. Yet we have a good number of intelligent systems performing the tasks. As different systems are designed with different perspectives, evaluating their performances with a generic strategy is crucial. It has also become immensely important to evaluate the performances with minimal human effort. In our work, we focus on designing a relativized scale for evaluating different algorithms. This is our major contribution which challenges the traditional approach of working with an absolute scale. We consider the impact of some of the environment variables (length of the document, references, and system-generated outputs) on the performance. Instead of defining some rigid lengths, we show how to adjust to their variations. We prove a mathematically sound baseline that should work for all kinds of documents. We emphasize automatically determining the syntactic well-formedness of the structures (sentences). We also propose defining an equivalence class for each unit (e.g. word) instead of the exact string matching strategy. We show an evaluation approach that considers the weighted relatedness of multiple references to adjust to the degree of disagreements between the gold standards. We publish the proposed approach as a free tool so that other systems can use it. We have also accumulated a dataset (scientific articles) with a reference summary and keyphrases for each document. Our approach is applicable not only for evaluating single-document based tasks but also for evaluating multiple-document based tasks. We have tested our evaluation method for three intrinsic tasks (taken from DUC 2004 conference), and in all three cases, it correlates positively with ROUGE. Based on our experiments for DUC 2004 Question-Answering task, it correlates with the human decision (extrinsic task) with 36.008% of accuracy. In general, we can state that the proposed relativized scale performs as well as the popular technique (ROUGE) with flexibility for the length of the output. As part of the evaluation we have also devised a new graph-based algorithm focusing on sentiment analysis. The proposed model can extract units (e.g. words or sentences) from the original text belonging either to the positive sentiment-pole or to the negative sentiment-pole. It embeds both (positive and negative) types of sentiment-flow into a single text-graph. The text-graph is composed with words or phrases as nodes, and their relations as edges. By recursively calling two mutually exclusive relations the model builds the final rank of the nodes. Based on the final rank, it splits two segments from the article: one with highly positive sentiment and the other with highly negative sentiments. The output of this model was tested with the non-polar TextRank generated output to quantify how much of the polar summaries actually covers the fact along with sentiment.

La question de la qualité des programmes de télévision est une problématique récurrente tant pour les producteurs de contenu que pour le législateur, qui en a confié le contrôle dans la loi a une institution publique, le CSA. Cependant, la notion même de qualité dans ce contexte est ambiguë, et les outils permettant de l’évaluer sont souvent réduits à la vérification du respect d’obligations contractuelles avec les diffuseurs de contenus. Le seul outil universellement utilisé reste la mesure d’audience, souvent remise en cause depuis sa première utilisation en France dans les années 80. Le téléspectateur, principal intéressé de cette démarche qualité, n’est donc considéré que dans son nombre par cette démarche statistique. Cette étude propose de changer de paradigme pour placer le téléspectateur au cœur de l’évaluation des produits audiovisuels. A partir d’une perspective aux confluents de l’énaction de Francisco Varela et de la méthode de conception relativisée de Mioara Mugur-Schächter, l’étude de l’expérience émotionnelle apporte un regard nouveau et original sur la conception de spectateur dans un cadre d’évaluation des programmes. En s’intéressant a la façon dont le téléspectateur guide sa propre perception en fonction de son histoire personnelle, de sa façon d’interpréter son environnement et de l’influence des émotions dans la construction de sa relation à l’audiovisuel, les travaux menés permettent de replacer le téléspectateur comme acteur de l’évaluation. Les entretiens réalisés démontrent ainsi l’individualité de chaque spectateur dans son approche de l’audiovisuel et la construction de critères d’évaluations qui lui sont propres, mais permettant de définir un protocole a multiples niveaux utilisable comme indicateur de la qualité de la relation à l’audiovisuel dans un contexte plus large. / The quality of television programs is a running problem for the content producers as well as the legislator in France, whom gave monitoring in the law to a public institution, the CSA. However, the very concept of quality in that context is ambiguous, and tools allowing oversight are often reduiced to the verification of owed legal duties with the content providers. The only tool universally used is the audience rating, yet often challenged since its first usage in France in the 1980s. The viewer, having a leading interest in this quality process, is only considered in its numbers by such a statistic approch. This study proposes to initiate a paradigm shift in order to place the viewer in the heart of the audiovisual product’s evaluation. Around the theories of enaction by Francisco Varela and the method of relativized conceptualization of Mioara Mugur-Schachter, the study of the emotionnal experience casts a new and original light on the conception of the viewer in a program evaluation setup. By focusing on the way the viewer guides its own perception through its personal history, its manner to interpret its environment and the influence of emotion in the construction of its relation to audiovisual products, the work exposed in this dissertation allows to place the viewer as an actor of the evaluation. The interviews carried out proove the individuality of each viewer in its personnal approach of audiovisual and the construction of criterias of its own, yet allows to define a multi-layered protocol usable as an indicator of the relation’s quality to audiovisual content in a broader context.

La notion de ‘système’ est omni présente dans nos conceptualisations du Réel et dans l’élaboration de nos projets. L’incapacité de lui conférer pourtant une définition généralement et scientifiquement acceptable questionne les traits les plus profonds de la conceptualisation classique, ceux qui fondent les langages courants, les grammaires et la logique classique. Ces traits sont rigidement liés à la croyance que ce que nous connaissons est ce qui existe ‘vraiment’, tel que nous le connaissons. Or cette croyance est démentie par la microphysique où il apparaît que nous engendrons nos connaissances de fond en comble, aussi bien les ‘entités’ que nous examinons, que les qualifications de celles-ci. La Méthode de Conceptualisation Relativisée (MCR) de M. Mugur-Schächter établit que ces processus d’engendrement sont soumis à des relativisations dont l’explicitation précise les significations et permet de maîtriser les finalités. Il est frappant de percevoir à quel point MCR dissout les ambiguïtés intrinsèques à la notion de système. Mais cette mise au clair implique au préalable la mise en évidence des relativisations qui agissent dans la genèse conceptuelle-factuelle des notions fondamentales de persistance, de continuité, d’état et de causalité. Elle entraine la redéfinition relativisée des concepts de loi de probabilité, d’entropie et de complexité. Le résultat est dénommé Systémique Relativisée (SR). Il possède le caractère d’un infra-cadre méthodologique au développement de méthodes technico-scientifiques spécifiquement adéquates à des domaines d’application particuliers, telle l’Ingénierie Système Relativisée, appliquée à la conception d’artefacts à buts utilitaires. / The idea of ‘system’ is pervasive in our descriptions and in our projects. The impossibility to come up with a generally and scientifically valid definition of this idea touches the most profound features of the classical conceptualization, those that underlie the current languages, the grammars and the classical logic. These features are rigidly tied with the belief that what we know is what ‘really’ exists, such as we know it. But this belief is refuted by microphysics, where it appears that that we create our knowledge entirely, as much the ‘entities’ that we examine as the qualifications of these entities. The Method of Relativized Conceptualisation of M. Mugur-Schächter establishes that the processes of creation of knowledge are subjected to relativizations, and that making them explicit clarifies the involved significances and permit to dominate the finalities. It is surprising to perceive to what a point the relativizations required by the method winds up the ambiguities commonly tied up to the idea of system. But such a clarification requires first to bring into light the relativizations acting in the conceptual-factual genesis of such basic concepts as persistence, continuity, state or causality. It brings about the relativized redefinitions of the concepts oflaw of probability, of entropy and of complexity. The global result is called Relativised Systemic (RS). It possesses the character of a methodological infra-frame for the design of technical-scientific constructivist methods, specifically appropriate for particular domains of application, such as the Relativised System Engineering method (RSE), dedicated to the design of utilitarian artefacts.