Die Dissertation untersucht die Auswirkung fehlenden Commitments eines zentralen ökonomischen Akteurs in verschiedenen institutionellen Umfeldern. Aufsatz 1 bietet eine neuartige Erklärung für grobe Zertifizierung: Diese verringert die Anreize für Kollusion zwischen Zertifizieren und Zertifizierten. Kollusion wird verstanden als die Möglichkeit, gegen Bestechung, ein vorteilhaftes Zertifikat an einen Verkäufer zu vergeben. Konfrontiert mit einem Bestechungsangebot wägt der Zertifizier ab ob der kurzfristige Ertrag - in Form eines Bestechungsgeldes - die langfristigen Kosten – in Form des einhergehenden Reputationsverlustes – aufwiegt. Dabei erweist sich eine gröbere Zertifizierung als besonders nützlich um den kurzfristigen Ertrag zu reduzieren. Im zweiten Aufsatz werden optimale Vertragsmechanismen untersucht, wenn sich der Prinzipal nicht auf eine Auditstrategie verpflichten kann. Solche optimalen Mechanismen nutzen unparteiische Mediatoren aus. Die Verwendung eines Mediators ist profitabel, da somit Korrelation zwischen dem Report des Agenten und der Handlungsempfehlung an den Prinzipal erzeugt werden kann. Optimale Mechanismen verwenden zudem strikt mehr Verträge als Typen des Agenten, was unter vollständigem Commitment nie optimal sein kann. Der dritte Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit Verträgen welche die Abwanderung von Unternehmen verhindern können. Der Regulierer kann sich dabei nur auf kurzfristige Verträge verpflichten und die Firmen können standortspezifische Investitionen tätigen. Wenn im Gleichgewicht Abwanderung permanent verhindert wird, dann werden keine Subventionen in der Zukunft gezahlt. Dies bedeutet, dass die Firma in Zukunft gar keinen Anreiz mehr haben darf abzuwandern. Um dies zu erreichen muss also der heutige Vertrag enorme Investitionsanreize setzen. Im Extremfall ist dann teurer Abwanderung zu verhindern wenn die Firma investieren kann, als im hypothetischen Fall ohne Investitionsmöglichkeit. / This dissertation studies the impact of a lack of commitment of a central economic actor in a given institutional environment. Essay 1 offers a novel explanation for the occurrence of coarse disclosure in certification: coarseness reduces the threat of collusion between certifiers and sellers. Collusion is understood as the possibility of selling a favorable certificate to a seller. Upon accepting a bribing offer, the certifier trades-off short-run gains – in form of the bribe – against long-run losses, from loosing reputation. Coarse disclosure is shown effective in reducing the short-run gain. The second essay studies optimal mechanisms in a contracting problem where the principal cannot commit to an auditing strategy. In this framework optimal mechanisms make use of an impartial mediator. Employing a mediator is strictly beneficial because it allows for correlating the agent’s report with the recommendation to the mediator. In general, optimal mechanisms use strictly more contracts than types, which would be not profitable under full commitment. The third essay studies contracts that avert relocation of a firm. The regulator can offer contracts only on a short-term basis, and the firm can undertake a location-specific investment. If in equilibrium relocation is permanently averted, then there are no future transfer payments. But this implies the firm cannot have an incentive to relocate in the future. Tom guarantee the latter, the initial contract has to provide string investment incentives. In the extreme, averting relocation with the firm’s possibility of investing becomes more costly than in the hypothetical case without an opportunity to invest.

Die kumulative Dissertation setzt sich aus drei Publikationen und zwei Working Paper zusammen, welche unter dem Thema „Reflections on Corporate Social Responsibility in China“ subsummiert werden. Die Art der Umsetzung von CSR in China wird auf verschiedenen Ebenen analysiert: 1) in großen, gelisteten Unternehmen, 2) in kleineren und mittleren Unternehmen. Ferner wird der potentielle Einfluss chinaspezifischer Phänomene, wie der Mangel an Wanderarbeitern und die Verlagerung von Produktionsbetrieben, auf die Umsetzung von CSR untersucht. Das Ziel ist, die Determinanten zu betrachten, welche das Ausmaß und die Gestalt von CSR Maßnahmen in chinesischen Firmen beeinflussen. Die Artikel sind inhaltlich mit einander verbunden und zu einem Gesamtwerk integriert. Es werden verschiedene Forschungsmethoden angewandt, wie Webseitenanalyse, leitfadengestützte Interviews, Entwicklung eines Einflussfaktorenmodells und Szenarioentwicklung, um die Forschungsfragen der einzelnen Artikel zu beantworten. / This cumulative dissertation is a compilation of three publications and two working papers which are summarized under the topic ‘Reflections on Corporate Social Responsibility in China’. The way of CSR realization in China is analyzed on different levels: 1) large and listed companies, and 2) small and medium-sized companies. Further, the potential influence of recent nation-specific phenomena in China, shortage of migrant workers and relocation of production facilities, on CSR practices are analyzed in this doctoral thesis. The objective is to consider determinants which influence the extent and shape of CSR measures in Chinese firms. The articles are contextually linked and combined into one complete work. In the course of this dissertation, a variety of different research methods such as website analysis, semi-structured interviews, influencing factor model and scenario development are applied in order to answer the respective research questions of the individual papers.

O objetivo desta tese é desenvolver e implementar em computador uma metodologia para resolver o problema de alívio de carregamento utilizando técnicas de remanejamento ou corte de carga. Tal metodologia, fundamenta-se no Algoritmo Evolutivo Multiobjetivo em Tabelas, que foi desenvolvido inicialmente para o problema de restabelecimento de energia em sistemas de distribuição. Já metodologia desenvolvida nesta tese trata o problema de alívio de carregamento, buscando minimizar o número de consumidores sem fornecimento de energia elétrica e o número de operações de chaveamento. Todavia, é necessário a obtenção de um plano de manobras em chaves adequado de modo que este não inviabilize a implantação na prática e que resulte em soluções que contemplem: a ausência de sobrecarga na rede e nas subestações, a manutenção dos níveis de tensão dentro dos intervalos exigidos pela legislação e a manutenção da radialidade da rede. Para alcançar estes objetivos, utiliza-se técnicas que determinam a sequência de chaveamento necessária para o plano de alívio de carga obtido. Prioriza-se, ainda, o atendimento aos consumidores prioritários e o corte seletivo de cargas em condições de esgotamento das possibilidades de remanejamento entre os alimentadores primários. Ao aplicar a metodologia proposta em um sistema de distribuição real de grande porte da Companhia Energética de Pernambuco - CELPE, constatou-se que, em comparação com a técnica atualmente utilizada, a metologia desenvolvida é confiável e apresenta bons resultados no que se refere a: sequência exequível de manobras, diminuição do número de chaveamentos e redução do número de consumidores e consumidores prioritários sem atendimento. Além disso, a metodologia possui capacidade de aplicação em outros sistemas semelhantes e foi integrada em um sistema computacional com ambiente gráfico permitindo estudos de caso e armazenamento em banco de dados. / The objective of this research is to develop and implement a methodology for the treatment of load shedding problem due to the existence (operation) or the possibility to occur (planning) contingencies in supply system (High Voltage/Subtransmission). The methodology is based on Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm in Tables, initially developed for the service restoration problems in distribution systems. It aims to minimize the number of customers without electricity supply; minimizing the number of switching operations, so that it does not impede the implementation in practice; absence of overload in network and substations; maintaining the voltage levels within the ranges required by the laws of radiality and maintenance of the network. To achieve these goals, are used techniques for determining the required switching sequence for the load shedding plan obtained; prioritization of special consumer in service and selective load shedding when exhausted the possibilities of relocating loads between primary feeders. When applies the proposed methodology in a real large distribution system of the Energy Company of Pernambuco - CELPE, it can be seen that, compared with the technique currently used, it is reliable with good results regarding viable sequence of maneuvers; reducing the number of switchings and number of consumers and priority consumers without service in addition to be able to be applied in similar systems. The methodology has been integrated into a computer system in a graphical environment with facilities of case studies and storing information in the database.

Les terminaux à conteneurs utilisent les nouvelles technologies (EDI, RFID et GPS) pour échanger des données avec leurs partenaires, pour localiser les conteneurs et leurs équipements dans le terminal, et pour automatiser des tâches. Dans cette thèse, nous montrons comment ces informations peuvent être utilisées dans la gestion des opérations.La première partie utilise les informations sur les volumes annoncés pour affecter des ressources internes dans le but de minimiser le retard global au terminal. Nous représentons cette problématique à l'aide d'un problème de flot que nous implémentons comme programme linéaire mixte. Une étude de cas est réalisée pour un terminal du Grand Port Maritime de Marseille. En outre, nous combinons le problème d'affectation de ressources avec le dimensionnement d'un système de rendez-vous. Ceci permet de minimiser le retard global.La deuxième partie utilise les informations sur les conteneurs à retirer et leurs emplacements pour optimiser le déstockage. Le but est de retirer tous les conteneurs d'une rangée en minimisant le nombre de repositionnements parasites. Nous améliorons un modèle binaire, proposons une approche exacte de type branch and price - avec un sous-problème binaire et deux variantes d'un sous-problème énumératif - et en dérivons une approche heuristique - avec un sous-problème heuristique. L'approche exacte ne résout que les petites instances ; l'approche heuristique obtient des résultats satisfaisants mais devra être améliorée. Nous nous intéressons aussi à la version dynamique du problème où les informations sur les conteneurs à retirer arrivent petit à petit et comparons différentes stratégies de repositionnement. / Container terminals use intelligent freight technologies (e.g., EDI, RFID and GPS) to exchange data with their partners, to locate containers and equipment within the terminal, and to automate tasks. This thesis illustrated, via two examples, how this data may be used to optimize operations at the terminal.The first part uses information on announced volumes to allocate internal handling equipment. The objective is to minimize overall delays at the terminal. The problem is represented as a network flow problem and implemented as a linear mixed integer programming model. A case study for a terminal at the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille is carried out. We also showed that combining the allocation problem with the dimensioning of a truck appointment system may reduce overall delays at the terminal. The second part uses information on announced container retrievals and container positions to improve retrieval operations. The objective is to retrieve containers from a bay in a given sequence with a minimum number of parasite relocations. We improve an existing binary programming model and introduce an exact branch and price approach - with a binary subproblem and two variants of an enumerative subproblem - and a heuristic branch and price approach - with a heuristic subproblem. The exact approach solves only small instances; the heuristic approach performs well on several instances, but should be improved further. We also deal with a dynamic version of the problem where the retrieval order becomes revealed over time and evaluate different relocation strategies for this case.

O objetivo desta tese é desenvolver e implementar em computador uma metodologia para resolver o problema de alívio de carregamento utilizando técnicas de remanejamento ou corte de carga. Tal metodologia, fundamenta-se no Algoritmo Evolutivo Multiobjetivo em Tabelas, que foi desenvolvido inicialmente para o problema de restabelecimento de energia em sistemas de distribuição. Já metodologia desenvolvida nesta tese trata o problema de alívio de carregamento, buscando minimizar o número de consumidores sem fornecimento de energia elétrica e o número de operações de chaveamento. Todavia, é necessário a obtenção de um plano de manobras em chaves adequado de modo que este não inviabilize a implantação na prática e que resulte em soluções que contemplem: a ausência de sobrecarga na rede e nas subestações, a manutenção dos níveis de tensão dentro dos intervalos exigidos pela legislação e a manutenção da radialidade da rede. Para alcançar estes objetivos, utiliza-se técnicas que determinam a sequência de chaveamento necessária para o plano de alívio de carga obtido. Prioriza-se, ainda, o atendimento aos consumidores prioritários e o corte seletivo de cargas em condições de esgotamento das possibilidades de remanejamento entre os alimentadores primários. Ao aplicar a metodologia proposta em um sistema de distribuição real de grande porte da Companhia Energética de Pernambuco - CELPE, constatou-se que, em comparação com a técnica atualmente utilizada, a metologia desenvolvida é confiável e apresenta bons resultados no que se refere a: sequência exequível de manobras, diminuição do número de chaveamentos e redução do número de consumidores e consumidores prioritários sem atendimento. Além disso, a metodologia possui capacidade de aplicação em outros sistemas semelhantes e foi integrada em um sistema computacional com ambiente gráfico permitindo estudos de caso e armazenamento em banco de dados. / The objective of this research is to develop and implement a methodology for the treatment of load shedding problem due to the existence (operation) or the possibility to occur (planning) contingencies in supply system (High Voltage/Subtransmission). The methodology is based on Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm in Tables, initially developed for the service restoration problems in distribution systems. It aims to minimize the number of customers without electricity supply; minimizing the number of switching operations, so that it does not impede the implementation in practice; absence of overload in network and substations; maintaining the voltage levels within the ranges required by the laws of radiality and maintenance of the network. To achieve these goals, are used techniques for determining the required switching sequence for the load shedding plan obtained; prioritization of special consumer in service and selective load shedding when exhausted the possibilities of relocating loads between primary feeders. When applies the proposed methodology in a real large distribution system of the Energy Company of Pernambuco - CELPE, it can be seen that, compared with the technique currently used, it is reliable with good results regarding viable sequence of maneuvers; reducing the number of switchings and number of consumers and priority consumers without service in addition to be able to be applied in similar systems. The methodology has been integrated into a computer system in a graphical environment with facilities of case studies and storing information in the database.

This study examines the return of Japanese Americans to Portland, Oregon, following their mass incarceration by the United States Federal government between 1942 and 1945. This essay examines the motivations of both returning Japanese Americans and various groups within the white community with equal focus in the hopes of writing a history that provides agency to both groups. The return of Japanese Americans to Portland was an event with broader implications than a mere chapter in the history of Japanese Americans. The rise of the Japanese Exclusion League and other groups interested in preventing the return of Japanese Americans to Oregon had their roots partly in the Oregon progressive coalition of the 1930s known as the Oregon Commonwealth Federation (OCF). Unified behind the cause of public ownership of electricity distribution, racially exclusive progressives such as Oregon Governor Walter M. Pierce and civil rights progressives such as American Civil Liberties Union lawyer Gus J. Solomon sought to protect Oregon's producer class of farmers and workers from exploitation by Portland business interests. After the dissolution of the OCF in 1940 and the attack on Pearl Harbor, the two progressive factions took opposite sides on the issues of the rights of Japanese Americans. In 1945, anti-Japanese organizers across the state, including Pierce, American Legion officials, and Portland politicians called for the permanent exclusion of Japanese Americans. The racist rhetoric of these organizers drew the ire of the Portland Council of Churches, civic leaders, and War Relocation Authority officials, who formed the Portland Citizens Committee to Aid Relocation, the main white group to help returners find housing and employment. Their arguments for tolerance depended heavily on the story of Japanese American military service during World War II. Responding to the shape of debates within the white community, returning Japanese Americans community leaders, especially Toshi Kuge and George Azumano of the Portland Japanese American Citizen's League (JACL), used the rhetoric of military service to demonstrate their Americanness after World War II. The rhetoric of valorous military service provided the ideological center of both remerging Japanese American leadership organizations and connections between the Nikkei community and white civic leaders. After the reestablishment of Japanese American community organizations in Portland, Issei leaders lead a successful fundraising campaign to support a legal challenge to overturn the Oregon Alien Land Law and fund the Portland JACL. Subsequently, between 1946 and 1948, the Portland JACL served as liaisons between the Japanese American community and the white Portlanders interested in overturning laws that challenged Issei social and economic rights. Despite their efforts, Japanese Americans in the early postwar period, along with other Portland minority groups,faced significant discrimination in housing options, employment, and even blood supply. Their experience demonstrates both the power and limitations of arguments for racial tolerance in the early postwar period.

Abstract not available

<p>The governor collections at the Colorado State Archives are a rich source for research and information about social science and the history of the state, but they are not always easy to research due to their differences in taxonomy through different eras. In my work with creating an archival research handbook for a governor collection I chose governor Ralph Carr to both illustrate the challenges as well as the thrills with historical research in a collection from the office of the governor.</p><p>Ralph Carr's collection takes patience to research. Some series will have inconsistent taxonomy and other series lack sub-series, and if a researcher is not familiar with the terminology of state affairs, many documents can pose a challenge. It is my hope that this handbook will be of use for both amateur researchers as well as provide a few short-cuts for more seasoned scholars. Governor Carr's collection covers some of the most dramatic years in Colorado history, the first part of WWII, and it is frequently requested for research, but many researchers get stuck between the vast amount of documents only sorted by dates, for instance in the series marked "Council of Defense", which contains many interesting documents about the Japanese-Americans who were to be deported to the Granada Relocation camp, or Camp Amache, as it was popularly called. It is my hope that the guide will not only provide such researchers some relief, but also to get the reader a sense for Colorado History, The Colorado State Archives and for the Governor collections in general.</p>

This project examines the landscape of the farming community of Beagle, Oregon prior to and during the Second World War and the effect on it due to the construction of Camp White, a World War II training facility. The Beagle landscape is examined through the prism of current theory that suggests that landscapes are not discrete units of analysis but are, instead, symbiotic relationships between land and people. Utilizing archives, contemporary newspaper accounts, photographs, oral histories, and archaeological investigation, the history of the construction of Beagle landscape, the effects of the construction of Camp White, the subsequent removal of Beagle residents, and postwar renewal are examined. The project concludes that the Beagle landscape was, and is, a holistic entity that, though dramatically changed in 1942, continues to exist and inform the lives of surviving original residents as well as the history of the Beagle area. / Graduation date: 2007

The governor collections at the Colorado State Archives are a rich source for research and information about social science and the history of the state, but they are not always easy to research due to their differences in taxonomy through different eras. In my work with creating an archival research handbook for a governor collection I chose governor Ralph Carr to both illustrate the challenges as well as the thrills with historical research in a collection from the office of the governor. Ralph Carr's collection takes patience to research. Some series will have inconsistent taxonomy and other series lack sub-series, and if a researcher is not familiar with the terminology of state affairs, many documents can pose a challenge. It is my hope that this handbook will be of use for both amateur researchers as well as provide a few short-cuts for more seasoned scholars. Governor Carr's collection covers some of the most dramatic years in Colorado history, the first part of WWII, and it is frequently requested for research, but many researchers get stuck between the vast amount of documents only sorted by dates, for instance in the series marked "Council of Defense", which contains many interesting documents about the Japanese-Americans who were to be deported to the Granada Relocation camp, or Camp Amache, as it was popularly called. It is my hope that the guide will not only provide such researchers some relief, but also to get the reader a sense for Colorado History, The Colorado State Archives and for the Governor collections in general.