ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper addresses the research conducted at U.C. Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory, Center for Extreme Ultra Violet Astrophysics between 1994 and 1995 on the NASA EUVE ion-orbit satellite. It includes the results from conducting a scientific analysis called a prognostic analysis completed on all satellite subsystem equipment. A prognostic analysis uses equipment analog telemetry to measure equipment remaining usable life. The analysis relates equipment transient behavior, often referred to as "cannot duplicates" in a variety of industries caused from accelerated aging to the equipment end-of-life with certainty. The analysis was confirmed by using proprietary, pattern recognition software by Lockheed Martin personnel Lockheed Martin personnel completed an exploration into the application of statistical pattern recognition methods to identify the behavior caused from accelerated aging that experts in probability reliability analysis claims cannot exist. Both visual and statistical methods were successful in detecting suspect accelerated aging and this behavior was related to equipment end of life with certainty. The long-term objective of this research was to confirm that satellite subsystem equipment failures could be predicted so that satellite subsystem and payload engineering personnel could be allocated for only the time that equipment failures were predicted to occur, lowering the cost of mission operations. This research concluded that satellite subsystem equipment remaining usable life could be measured and equipment failures could be predicted with certainty so that engineering support for mission operations could be greatly reduced.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Civil Engineering / Mustaque A. Hossain / Remaining service life (RSL) has been defined as the anticipated number of years that a pavement will be functionally and structurally acceptable with only routine maintenance. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) has a comprehensive pavement management system, network optimization system (NOS), which uses the RSL concept. In support of NOS, annual condition surveys are conducted on the state highway system. Currently KDOT uses an empirical equation to compute RSL of flexible pavements based on surface condition and deflection from the last sensor of a falling-weight deflectometer (FWD). Due to limited resources and large size, annual network-level structural data collection at the same rate as the project level is impractical. A rolling-wheel deflectometer (RWD), which measures surface deflections at highway speed, is an alternate and fast method of pavement-deflection testing for network-level data collection. Thus, a model that can calculate RSL in terms of FWD first sensor/center deflection (the only deflection measured by RWD) is desired for NOS. In this study, RWD deflection data was collected under an 18-kip axle load at highway speed on non-Interstate highways in northeast Kansas in July 2006. FWD deflection data, collected with a Dynatest 8000 FWD on the KDOT network from 1998 to 2006, were reduced to mile-long data to match the condition survey data collected annually for NOS. Normalized and temperature-corrected FWD and RWD center deflections and corresponding effective structural numbers (SNeff) were compared. A nonlinear regression procedure in Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) and Solver in Microsoft Excel were used to develop the models in this study. Results showed that FWD and RWD center deflections and corresponding SNeff are statistically similar. Temperature-correction factors have significant influence on these variables. FWD data analysis on the study sections showed that average structural condition of pavements of the KDOT non-Interstate network did not change significantly over the last four years. Thus, network-level deflection data can be collected at four-year intervals when there is no major structural improvement. Results also showed that sigmoimal relationship exists between RSL and center deflection. Sigmoidal RSL models have very good fits and can be used to predict RSL based on center deflection from FWD or RWD. Sigmoidal equivalent fatigue crack-models have also shown good fits, but with some scatter that can be attributed to the nature and quality of the data used to develop these models. Predicted and observed equivalent transverse-crack values do not match very well, though the difference in magnitude is insignificant for all practical purposes.

We consider the prediction algorithm and performance evaluation for prognostics and health management (PHM) problems, especially the prediction of remaining useful life (RUL) for the milling machine cutter and lithium ‐ ion battery. We modeled battery as a voltage source and internal resisters. By analyzing voltage change trend during discharge, we made the prediction of battery remain discharge time in one discharge cycle. By analyzing internal resistance change trend during multiple cycles, we were able to predict the battery remaining useful time during its life time. We showed that the battery rest profile is correlated with the RUL. Numerical results using the realistic battery aging data from NASA prognostics data repository yielded satisfactory performance for battery prognosis as measured by certain performance metrics. We built a battery test platform and simulated more usage pattern and verified the prediction algorithm. Prognostic performance metrics were used to compare different algorithms.

Le pronostic industriel vise à étendre le cycle de vie d’un dispositif physique, tout en réduisant les couts d’exploitation et de maintenance. Pour cette raison, le pronostic est considéré comme un processus clé avec des capacités de prédiction. En effet, des estimations précises de la durée de vie avant défaillance d’un équipement, Remaining Useful Life (RUL), permettent de mieux définir un plan d’action visant à accroitre la sécurité, réduire les temps d’arrêt, assurer l’achèvement de la mission et l’efficacité de la production.Des études récentes montrent que les approches guidées par les données sont de plus en plus appliquées pour le pronostic de défaillance. Elles peuvent être considérées comme des modèles de type boite noire pour l’ étude du comportement du système directement `a partir des données de surveillance d’ état, pour définir l’ état actuel du système et prédire la progression future de défauts. Cependant, l’approximation du comportement des machines critiques est une tâche difficile qui peut entraîner des mauvais pronostic. Pour la compréhension de la modélisation du pronostic guidé par les données, on considère les points suivants. 1) Comment traiter les données brutes de surveillance pour obtenir des caractéristiques appropriées reflétant l’ évolution de la dégradation? 2) Comment distinguer les états de dégradation et définir des critères de défaillance (qui peuvent varier d’un cas `a un autre)? 3) Comment être sûr que les modèles définis seront assez robustes pour montrer une performance stable avec des entrées incertaines s’ écartant des expériences acquises, et seront suffisamment fiables pour intégrer des données inconnues (c’est `a dire les conditions de fonctionnement, les variations de l’ingénierie, etc.)? 4) Comment réaliser facilement une intégration sous des contraintes et des exigence industrielles? Ces questions sont des problèmes abordés dans cette thèse. Elles ont conduit à développer une nouvelle approche allant au-delà des limites des méthodes classiques de pronostic guidé par les données. / Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) aims at extending the life cycle of engineerin gassets, while reducing exploitation and maintenance costs. For this reason,prognostics is considered as a key process with future capabilities. Indeed, accurateestimates of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of an equipment enable defining furtherplan of actions to increase safety, minimize downtime, ensure mission completion andefficient production.Recent advances show that data-driven approaches (mainly based on machine learningmethods) are increasingly applied for fault prognostics. They can be seen as black-boxmodels that learn system behavior directly from Condition Monitoring (CM) data, usethat knowledge to infer its current state and predict future progression of failure. However,approximating the behavior of critical machinery is a challenging task that canresult in poor prognostics. As for understanding, some issues of data-driven prognosticsmodeling are highlighted as follows. 1) How to effectively process raw monitoringdata to obtain suitable features that clearly reflect evolution of degradation? 2) Howto discriminate degradation states and define failure criteria (that can vary from caseto case)? 3) How to be sure that learned-models will be robust enough to show steadyperformance over uncertain inputs that deviate from learned experiences, and to bereliable enough to encounter unknown data (i.e., operating conditions, engineering variations,etc.)? 4) How to achieve ease of application under industrial constraints andrequirements? Such issues constitute the problems addressed in this thesis and have ledto develop a novel approach beyond conventional methods of data-driven prognostics.

Broadcasting is a communication model for a node to emit the packets via wireless channels to its neighbor nodes. In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), it is commonly implemented through flooding to find routes, send alarm signals and page a particular host. Conventionally, ad hoc routing protocols, such as AODV, use blind flooding extensively for on-demand route discovery, which could result in a high number of redundant retransmissions, leading to serious contention and collisions referred to as the broadcast storm problem. A gossip-based approach, in which each node forwards a message with some probability, has been proposed in past years to alleviate this problem. The approach combines gossiping with AODV (denoted as AODV+G) and exhibits a significant performance improvement in simulations. In this paper, we make a mathematical inference from observing the behavior of the gossip-based approach, and improve the gossip-based approach by employing the remaining energy of nodes in the gossip mechanism (denoted as AODV+GE) to extend the lifetime of the entire network and improve the packet delivery ratio. Through mathematical inference and simulations we show that AODV+GE outperforms AODV+G in terms of the lifetime of the whole network, average node energy consumption, and packet delivery ratio.

To determine the maximum rectangular block (MRB) from a rare material as larger as possible indicates to increase of the rate of material usage. The cutting problem has been addressed since 1984. But its applications were strongly restricted due to simple definition of the cutting problem. In order to expand the area of applications, in this dissertation, a general cutting problem will be considered. At first, the rectangular boundary of the original material is replaced by an arbitrary closed region. Due to the general material profile, many other materials can be involved. When the maximum rectangular block has been obtained, the remaining closed space (RCS) of the material can be divided again. A blind search algorithm (BSA), which globally searches the MRB point-by-point from the boundary points of the contour, will be developed. The BSA is able to acquire the MRB from mother material continuously from larger areas to smaller ones until a predefined threshold value is reached. Although the MRB in an arbitrary closed region can be successfully resolved, two problems are still unsolved. The first limitation is that both edges of the MRB must be parallel with image axes. The second limitation is that the mother material needs to be uniform, i.e., no defects inside the material. In order to release these two assumptions, some algorithms will be presented. Applications of those techniques to the leather material will be demonstrated. In spite of resolving the cutting problem by the presented algorithms, a possible improvement is needed for larger MRBs. The challenge about larger MRBs is that how to make the searching process more efficiently. Therefore, two new methods of GA to obtain the MRB are proposed. By comparing the results using the BSA, the GA approaches are verified to be able to reach the near-optimal performance. Even though only leather material is focused in this research, the proposed methods can be easily extended to other industrial materials, especially for those expensive materials.

Este trabalho aborda os efeitos da política pública RS/Rural na configuração da identidade de remanescente de quilombo na comunidade do Angico, interior de Alegrete, no Rio Grande do Sul. Analisa como novas identidades ou identidades locais estão se consolidando frente à imposição da globalização. Discute a utilização do conceito de raça como categoria analítica e política na luta contra a exploração e a discriminação racial. O RS/Rural visa aplicar o modelo de etnodesenvolvimento através de uma metodologia participativa na relação entre mediadores e mediados, na busca de uma fusão de horizontes. Isso não impede a ocorrência de violência simbólica, seja pela adesão dos mediados, ou pela ausência de representação dos quilombolas na esfera de elaboração dos projetos de política pública. Destaca-se a importância do Movimento Negro para a autodefinição de uma identidade social e como essa identidade de remanescente de quilombo é fortalecida e atualizada quando há um intercâmbio entre as comunidades quilombolas. / This work reffers to the effects of the public RS/Rural politics in the configuration of the remaining of the quilombo identity in the community of Angico, interior of Alegrete, in Rio Grande do Sul. It analyzes how new identity or local identities are being consolidated front the globalization imposition. It discusses the utilization of the race concept as an analytical and political category in the fight against the racial exploitation and discrimination. RS/Rural aims to apply the etnodevelopment method by a participating methodology in the relation of mediators and mediated in the search of a fusion of horizons. It does not impede the occurency of the symbolical violence as the mediated adhesion as for the absence of quilombolas representation in the sphere of elaborating projects of public politics. It is necessary to make clear the importance of the Black Movement to the self-definition of a social identity and how this identity of the remaining quilombo is fortified and modernized when there is an interchange among quilombolas communities.

Manguezal é um ecossistema costeiro que ocorre nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do planeta, ocupando a zona entremarés dos oceanos, e sendo caracterizado pela presença de vegetação arbórea adaptada à condições adversas de salinidade, substrato, baixa oxigenação e submersão periódica. A pressão sobre os manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro vem se intensificando nas últimas décadas, e estão associadas a vetores de pressão como os aterros, desmatamentos, queimadas, corte seletivo de madeira, captura predatória de moluscos e crustáceos, lançamento de efluentes de origens diversas, a superexplotação dos recursos pesqueiros e a utilização de técnicas e apetrechos inadequados. Considerando a inexistência de mapeamento integrado e atualizado dos remanescentes de manguezal, indicando sua localização e dimensionamento, o presente estudo veio suprir essa demanda, construindo uma ferramenta consistente para a análise dos principais vetores a que estão expostos, subsidiando a proposição de ações para a conservação e monitoramento desse ecossistema. Essas ações consideram a necessidade de preservação da biodiversidade, da manutenção da atividade pesqueira, da estabilidade da linha de costa, e da subsistência de diversas populações que habitam a região costeira. O mapeamento dos manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foi elaborado a partir da interpretação visual de ortofotografias coloridas do ano de 2005, na escala 1:10.000, tendo sido realizadas checagens de campo para identificação da verdade terrestre. Os remanescentes mapeados totalizam uma área de aproximadamente 17.720 ha, estando distribuídos por sete regiões hidrográficas localizadas na zona costeira fluminense. Esses ocorrem com mais freqüência, e com maiores dimensões, nas regiões da baía da Ilha Grande, Guandu(Sepetiba) e baía de Guanabara. O estudo contemplou ainda o levantamento e sistematização de dados cartográficos e de sensoriamento remoto, e a identificação e análise dos principais vetores de pressão que atuam sobre esses, a partir da adaptação da metodologia da Análise de Cadeia Causal. Nessa análise foram identificados como principais problemas ambientais dos manguezais fluminenses, a Modificação de habitats e comunidades, a Poluição, e a Exploração não sustentável dos recursos pesqueiros, todos associados aos diferentes vetores de pressão já relacionados. Por fim, foram apresentadas propostas de ações para subsidiar a implementação da Política Estadual para a Conservação dos Manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, contemplando os níveis operacional, de planejamento, e político. A reativação do Grupo Técnico Permanente sobre Manguezais é de vital importância para a retomada dessas discussões e para a implementação de ações, apoiado na ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre esse rico ecossistema e, integrando e fortalecendo a atuação dos diversos atores envolvidos, buscando assim garantir a integridade dos manguezais fluminenses / Mangrove is a coastal system that occurs in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the planet, occupying entremares zone of oceans, and featured by the presence of arbórea vegetation very much adapted to adverses conditions of salinity, substractm low oxygenation and periodic submersion. The pressure over the mangrove in Rio de Janeiro have been intensifeid in the last decades and are associated to vectors such as landfills, deforestation, real state speculation and disorganized occupation, infrastructure works, sewage discharge and several residues, and overexploitation of fishing resources. Considering the nonexistence mapping integrated and updated of the remaining mangroves, indicating its location and sizing, the present study sought to supply this demand, building a consistent subsidy for analyses the main vectors they are exposed to. It sought too, to manage a proposal of strategic actions for the maintenance and monitoring of this ecosystem. The knowledge of the space distribution and the dimensions of these remaining mangroves is directly related to the fishing activity, the stability of the coast line, the tourism activities, the subsistence of many people that live in these regions and also the global climate changes. The analyse of the pressure vectors developed on this study, followed the criterion of partitioning this territory in ten hydrographics regions enabling an environmental planning. This mapping was elaborated basicly from visual interpretation of colorful orthophotos taken in 2005 and carefully checked to identify the terrestrial truth. The mangrove mapping in Rio de Janeiro in scale 1:10.000, resulted in a total remaining area of approximately 17.720 ha, distributed in seven hydrographics regions located in the fluminense coast line, occurring in a more expressive way in 3 of theme. The study contemplated the survey and systematization of cartographic elements and remote sensing mapping the remaining mangroves, identification and analysis of main vectors and pressure over them, from adaptation of the Analysis of the Casual Chain metodology and proposed actions to subsidize the implementation of State Politics for the maintenance of Mangroves in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Finally, were presented proposals of actions to resume the discussion over the management and maintenance of mangrove in Rio de Janeiro, subdivided in the following levels: operating, planning and political. The implementation of public politics integrated is indispensable for the social, economic and environmental development in our state.

Este trabalho aborda os efeitos da política pública RS/Rural na configuração da identidade de remanescente de quilombo na comunidade do Angico, interior de Alegrete, no Rio Grande do Sul. Analisa como novas identidades ou identidades locais estão se consolidando frente à imposição da globalização. Discute a utilização do conceito de raça como categoria analítica e política na luta contra a exploração e a discriminação racial. O RS/Rural visa aplicar o modelo de etnodesenvolvimento através de uma metodologia participativa na relação entre mediadores e mediados, na busca de uma fusão de horizontes. Isso não impede a ocorrência de violência simbólica, seja pela adesão dos mediados, ou pela ausência de representação dos quilombolas na esfera de elaboração dos projetos de política pública. Destaca-se a importância do Movimento Negro para a autodefinição de uma identidade social e como essa identidade de remanescente de quilombo é fortalecida e atualizada quando há um intercâmbio entre as comunidades quilombolas. / This work reffers to the effects of the public RS/Rural politics in the configuration of the remaining of the quilombo identity in the community of Angico, interior of Alegrete, in Rio Grande do Sul. It analyzes how new identity or local identities are being consolidated front the globalization imposition. It discusses the utilization of the race concept as an analytical and political category in the fight against the racial exploitation and discrimination. RS/Rural aims to apply the etnodevelopment method by a participating methodology in the relation of mediators and mediated in the search of a fusion of horizons. It does not impede the occurency of the symbolical violence as the mediated adhesion as for the absence of quilombolas representation in the sphere of elaborating projects of public politics. It is necessary to make clear the importance of the Black Movement to the self-definition of a social identity and how this identity of the remaining quilombo is fortified and modernized when there is an interchange among quilombolas communities.

Manguezal é um ecossistema costeiro que ocorre nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do planeta, ocupando a zona entremarés dos oceanos, e sendo caracterizado pela presença de vegetação arbórea adaptada à condições adversas de salinidade, substrato, baixa oxigenação e submersão periódica. A pressão sobre os manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro vem se intensificando nas últimas décadas, e estão associadas a vetores de pressão como os aterros, desmatamentos, queimadas, corte seletivo de madeira, captura predatória de moluscos e crustáceos, lançamento de efluentes de origens diversas, a superexplotação dos recursos pesqueiros e a utilização de técnicas e apetrechos inadequados. Considerando a inexistência de mapeamento integrado e atualizado dos remanescentes de manguezal, indicando sua localização e dimensionamento, o presente estudo veio suprir essa demanda, construindo uma ferramenta consistente para a análise dos principais vetores a que estão expostos, subsidiando a proposição de ações para a conservação e monitoramento desse ecossistema. Essas ações consideram a necessidade de preservação da biodiversidade, da manutenção da atividade pesqueira, da estabilidade da linha de costa, e da subsistência de diversas populações que habitam a região costeira. O mapeamento dos manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foi elaborado a partir da interpretação visual de ortofotografias coloridas do ano de 2005, na escala 1:10.000, tendo sido realizadas checagens de campo para identificação da verdade terrestre. Os remanescentes mapeados totalizam uma área de aproximadamente 17.720 ha, estando distribuídos por sete regiões hidrográficas localizadas na zona costeira fluminense. Esses ocorrem com mais freqüência, e com maiores dimensões, nas regiões da baía da Ilha Grande, Guandu(Sepetiba) e baía de Guanabara. O estudo contemplou ainda o levantamento e sistematização de dados cartográficos e de sensoriamento remoto, e a identificação e análise dos principais vetores de pressão que atuam sobre esses, a partir da adaptação da metodologia da Análise de Cadeia Causal. Nessa análise foram identificados como principais problemas ambientais dos manguezais fluminenses, a Modificação de habitats e comunidades, a Poluição, e a Exploração não sustentável dos recursos pesqueiros, todos associados aos diferentes vetores de pressão já relacionados. Por fim, foram apresentadas propostas de ações para subsidiar a implementação da Política Estadual para a Conservação dos Manguezais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, contemplando os níveis operacional, de planejamento, e político. A reativação do Grupo Técnico Permanente sobre Manguezais é de vital importância para a retomada dessas discussões e para a implementação de ações, apoiado na ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre esse rico ecossistema e, integrando e fortalecendo a atuação dos diversos atores envolvidos, buscando assim garantir a integridade dos manguezais fluminenses / Mangrove is a coastal system that occurs in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the planet, occupying entremares zone of oceans, and featured by the presence of arbórea vegetation very much adapted to adverses conditions of salinity, substractm low oxygenation and periodic submersion. The pressure over the mangrove in Rio de Janeiro have been intensifeid in the last decades and are associated to vectors such as landfills, deforestation, real state speculation and disorganized occupation, infrastructure works, sewage discharge and several residues, and overexploitation of fishing resources. Considering the nonexistence mapping integrated and updated of the remaining mangroves, indicating its location and sizing, the present study sought to supply this demand, building a consistent subsidy for analyses the main vectors they are exposed to. It sought too, to manage a proposal of strategic actions for the maintenance and monitoring of this ecosystem. The knowledge of the space distribution and the dimensions of these remaining mangroves is directly related to the fishing activity, the stability of the coast line, the tourism activities, the subsistence of many people that live in these regions and also the global climate changes. The analyse of the pressure vectors developed on this study, followed the criterion of partitioning this territory in ten hydrographics regions enabling an environmental planning. This mapping was elaborated basicly from visual interpretation of colorful orthophotos taken in 2005 and carefully checked to identify the terrestrial truth. The mangrove mapping in Rio de Janeiro in scale 1:10.000, resulted in a total remaining area of approximately 17.720 ha, distributed in seven hydrographics regions located in the fluminense coast line, occurring in a more expressive way in 3 of theme. The study contemplated the survey and systematization of cartographic elements and remote sensing mapping the remaining mangroves, identification and analysis of main vectors and pressure over them, from adaptation of the Analysis of the Casual Chain metodology and proposed actions to subsidize the implementation of State Politics for the maintenance of Mangroves in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Finally, were presented proposals of actions to resume the discussion over the management and maintenance of mangrove in Rio de Janeiro, subdivided in the following levels: operating, planning and political. The implementation of public politics integrated is indispensable for the social, economic and environmental development in our state.