Cette thèse traite des contours pédagogiques de l‘enseignement dans des communautés marronnes – au Brésil appelés « quilombolas » – qui contribuent à la construction d‘une nouvelle perspective épistémologique dans le domaine de l‘Éducation. La recherche vise à comprendre les relations existantes entre ces communautés, les différentes organisations sociales et les diverses institutions publiques qui visent à mener des politiques publiques dans le but d‘élever le niveau d‘émancipation de ces communautés qui luttent pour les droits sociaux, et compris le droit à la terre et à l‘éducation. Ces relations débouchent sur des propositions visant à l‘éducation dans le sens le plus large, en tenant compte de l‘environnement social et culturel des communautés marronnes et l‘environnement scolaire. Ces actions ont provoqué des répercussions dans l‘académie, dans l‘éducation antiraciste et dans le développement des politiques publiques visant à la singularité de l‘éducation scolaire dans les communautés marronnes, comme la Communauté Marronne de Casca (dans la ville de Mostardas, au Rio Grande do Sul), l‘objet de l‘analyse et de réflexion de cette étude, ce qui se constitue ici comme les contours pédagogiques de l‘éducation scolaire dans des communautés marronnes. / A presente tese trata dos contornos pedagógicos em educação quilombola, os quais contribuem para a construção de uma nova perspectiva epistemológica no campo da Educação. A pesquisa busca compreender as relações estabelecidas entre as comunidades remanescentes de quilombos, as distintas organizações sociais e as diversas instituições públicas que têm por objetivo efetivar políticas públicas, a fim de elevar o grau emancipatório destas comunidades em luta por direitos sociais, dentre eles, o direito à terra e à educação. Tais relações resultam em propostas voltadas para a educação, em seu sentido amplo, levando em conta o contexto sociocultural quilombola e o ambiente escolar. Estas ações suscitaram repercussões no âmbito acadêmico, na educação antirracista e no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas direcionadas à singularidade da educação escolar em comunidades quilombolas, como é o caso da Comunidade Remanescente de Quilombos de Casca (Mostardas-RS), objeto de análise e reflexão deste estudo, configurando o que aqui se define como contornos pedagógicos da educação escolar quilombola. / This dissertation deals with the pedagogical outlines in quilombola education which contribute to the building of a new epistemological perspective in Education. The research seeks to understand the existent relationship between remaining quilombola communities, different social organizations and various public institutions which aims to carry out public policies in order to raise the emancipating level of these communities fighting for social rights, including the right to land and to education. These relationships result in proposals aimed at education in its widest sense, taking into account social and cultural context of quilombola communities and the school environment. These actions provoked repercussions in academic environment, anti-racist education and the development of public policies targeting the singularity of school education in quilombola communities, such as the Remaining Community of Casca (Mostardas – Rio Grande do Sul), the object of analysis and reflection of this study which sets the outlines of school education in quilombola communities

Cette thèse traite des contours pédagogiques de l‘enseignement dans des communautés marronnes – au Brésil appelés « quilombolas » – qui contribuent à la construction d‘une nouvelle perspective épistémologique dans le domaine de l‘Éducation. La recherche vise à comprendre les relations existantes entre ces communautés, les différentes organisations sociales et les diverses institutions publiques qui visent à mener des politiques publiques dans le but d‘élever le niveau d‘émancipation de ces communautés qui luttent pour les droits sociaux, et compris le droit à la terre et à l‘éducation. Ces relations débouchent sur des propositions visant à l‘éducation dans le sens le plus large, en tenant compte de l‘environnement social et culturel des communautés marronnes et l‘environnement scolaire. Ces actions ont provoqué des répercussions dans l‘académie, dans l‘éducation antiraciste et dans le développement des politiques publiques visant à la singularité de l‘éducation scolaire dans les communautés marronnes, comme la Communauté Marronne de Casca (dans la ville de Mostardas, au Rio Grande do Sul), l‘objet de l‘analyse et de réflexion de cette étude, ce qui se constitue ici comme les contours pédagogiques de l‘éducation scolaire dans des communautés marronnes. / A presente tese trata dos contornos pedagógicos em educação quilombola, os quais contribuem para a construção de uma nova perspectiva epistemológica no campo da Educação. A pesquisa busca compreender as relações estabelecidas entre as comunidades remanescentes de quilombos, as distintas organizações sociais e as diversas instituições públicas que têm por objetivo efetivar políticas públicas, a fim de elevar o grau emancipatório destas comunidades em luta por direitos sociais, dentre eles, o direito à terra e à educação. Tais relações resultam em propostas voltadas para a educação, em seu sentido amplo, levando em conta o contexto sociocultural quilombola e o ambiente escolar. Estas ações suscitaram repercussões no âmbito acadêmico, na educação antirracista e no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas direcionadas à singularidade da educação escolar em comunidades quilombolas, como é o caso da Comunidade Remanescente de Quilombos de Casca (Mostardas-RS), objeto de análise e reflexão deste estudo, configurando o que aqui se define como contornos pedagógicos da educação escolar quilombola. / This dissertation deals with the pedagogical outlines in quilombola education which contribute to the building of a new epistemological perspective in Education. The research seeks to understand the existent relationship between remaining quilombola communities, different social organizations and various public institutions which aims to carry out public policies in order to raise the emancipating level of these communities fighting for social rights, including the right to land and to education. These relationships result in proposals aimed at education in its widest sense, taking into account social and cultural context of quilombola communities and the school environment. These actions provoked repercussions in academic environment, anti-racist education and the development of public policies targeting the singularity of school education in quilombola communities, such as the Remaining Community of Casca (Mostardas – Rio Grande do Sul), the object of analysis and reflection of this study which sets the outlines of school education in quilombola communities

O emprego de sistemas em fluxo com multi-impulsão são destaques quanto ao volume de efluentes gerados e a possibilidade de mecanização, operando em condições dinâmicas. A utilização de microbombas solenoide é potencial em processos de adsorção/dessorção de analitos, pois desempenham o fluxo pulsado, e quando operadas em conjunto com o estabelecimento da condição de leito fluidizado, contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de adsorção/dessorção. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar sistemas de extração sólido-líquido e análises química em fluxo, explorando fluxos pulsados e o estabelecimento da condição de leito fluidizado, visando melhorar a eficiência de interação da amostra e reagente. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos sistemas em fluxo com multi-impulsão associados ao uso de colunas de leito fluidizado. 1) Sistema para determinação da capacidade de adsorção de fósforo; determinação do fósforo remanescente (P-rem) em solos; 2) Sistema para determinação da capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de solos, avaliando a adsorção e a dessorção de analitos. Foi demonstrado que o fósforo e o cálcio contidos em solução são eficientemente adsorvidos/dessorvidos pelo solo, reduzindo significativamente os efeitos de aumento de pressão com o estabelecimento do leito fluidizado (fluidização pulsada) nas colunas contendo 50 mg de amostras de solo. A substituição do fluxo pulsado (microbomba solenoide) pelo fluxo contínuo (bomba peristáltica) limitou a interação sólido-líquido, pois estabeleceu caminhos preferenciais, desfavorecendo as condições de mistura. A utilização das microbombas solenoide em conjunto com a fluidização das amostras de solo, apresentou vantagens quanto à diminuição da quantidade de massa de solo requerida (entre 100 e 200 vezes), redução do consumo de reagentes e resíduos gerados (40 vezes), demonstrando o potencial do sistema em fluxo proposto por ser uma alternativa ambientalmente adequada. Os sistemas propostos são versáteis e facilmente adaptados para outros estudos de extração / Multi-pumping flow systems are highlights on the volume of effluents generated and mechanization, operating in dynamic conditions. Solenoid micro-pumps are potential in the analyte adsorption/desorption processes, because they play the pulsed flow and when operated in conjunction with the establishment of the fluidized bed condition, contribute to the increase of the adsorption/desorption efficiency. The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate solid-liquid extraction and flow analysis systems, exploring pulsed flows and establishing the fluidized bed condition in order to improve the solid-liquid interaction efficiency. It was developed multi-pumping flow systems associated with the establishment of the fluidized bed columns. 1) System for determination of phosphorus adsorption capacity; determination of the remaining phosphorus (P-rem) in soils; 2) System to determine the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils, evaluating the adsorption and desorption of analyte. It has been shown that the phosphorus and calcium contained in solution are efficiently adsorbed/desorbed by the soil, significantly reducing the effects of pressure increase with the establishment of the fluidized bed (pulsed fluidization) in the columns containing 50 mg of soil samples. The substitution of the pulsed flow (solenoid micro-pump) by the continuous flow (peristaltic pump) limited the solid-liquid interaction, since it established preferential pathways, undermining the mixing conditions. The use of the solenoid micro-pumps in conjunction with the fluidization of the soil samples presented advantages in terms of decreasing the amount of soil mass required (between 100 and 200-fold time), reducing the consumption of reagents, solutions and waste production (40-fold time), demonstrating the potential of this system to be an environmentally friendly alternative. The proposed systems are versatile and easily adapted to other extraction studies

La complexification des systèmes et la réduction du nombre de capteurs nécessitent l’élaboration de méthodes de surveillance de plus en plus efficaces. Le travail de cette thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte et porte sur le diagnostic et le pronostic des Systèmes à Événements Discrets (SED) temporisés. Les réseaux de Petri stochastiques partiellement mesurés sont utilisés pour modéliser le système. Le modèle représente à la fois le comportement nominal et le comportement dysfonctionnel du système. Il permet aussi de représenter ses capteurs à travers une mesure partielle des transitions et des places. Notre contribution porte sur l’exploitation de l’information temporelle pour le diagnostic et le pronostic des SED. À partir d’une suite de mesures datées, les comportements du système qui expliqueraient ces mesures sont d’abord déterminés. La probabilité de ces comportements est ensuite évaluée pour fournir un diagnostic du système en termes de probabilité d’occurrence d’un défaut. Dans le cas où une faute est diagnostiquée, une approche permettant d’estimer la distribution de sa date d’occurrence est proposée. L’objectif est de donner plus de détails sur cette faute afin de mieux la caractériser. Par ailleurs, la probabilité des comportements compatibles est exploitée pour estimer l’état actuel du système. Il s’agit de déterminer les marquages compatibles avec les mesures ainsi que leurs probabilités associées. À partir de cette estimation d’état, la prise en considération des évolutions possibles du système permet d’envisager la prédiction de la faute avant son occurrence. Une estimation de la probabilité d’occurrence de la faute sur un horizon de temps futur est ainsi obtenue. Celle-ci est ensuite étendue à l’évaluation de la durée de vie résiduelle du système. Enfin, une application des différentes approches développées sur un cas d’un système de tri est proposée. / Due to the increasing complexity of systems and to the limitation of sensors number, developing monitoring methods is a main issue. This PhD thesis deals with the fault diagnosis and prognosis of timed Discrete Event Systems (DES). For that purpose, partially observed stochastic Petri nets are used to model the system. The model represents both the nominal and faulty behaviors of the system and characterizes the uncertainty on the occurrence of events as random variables with exponential distributions. It also considers partial measurements of both markings and events to represent the sensors of the system. Our main contribution is to exploit the timed information, namely the dates of the measurements for the fault diagnosis and prognosis of DES. From the proposed model and collected measurements, the behaviors of the system that are consistent with those measurements are obtained. Based on the event dates, our approach consists in evaluating the probabilities of the consistent behaviors. The probability of faults occurrences is obtained as a consequence. When a fault is detected, a method to estimate its occurrence date is proposed. From the probability of the consistent trajectories, a state estimation is deduced. The future possible behaviors of the system, from the current state, are considered in order to achieve fault prediction. This prognosis result is extended to estimate the remaining useful life as a time interval. Finally, a case study representing a sorting system is proposed to show the applicability of the developed methods.

Ce travail de recherche propose le développement et la validation d’une méthode de prédiction in-situ et temps réel de la durée de vie utile restante des engrenages de boîtes de vitesses automobiles de série. Cette méthode est destinée à être implantée dans des unités de commande électronique standards. En s’attachant tout particulièrement à proposer une solution simple, fiable, rentable et facilement transposable pour tout type de configuration, le système se base sur la combinaison d’une méthode d’acquisition des couples agissants sur la boîte de vitesses et d’une estimation continue des niveaux d’endommagement des engrenages. Un état de l’art et les fondamentaux théoriques d’une estimation de l’endommagement par une approche de contrainte nominale et une accumulation linéaire des endommagements partiels sont abordés dans un premier temps. La structure globale de l’algorithme de calcul de l’endommagement est ensuite étudiée et l’approche méthodologique adoptée pour sa mise au point expliquée. Cette dernière repose en grande partie sur un modèle complet de véhicule valide par des essais sur route et des mesures, où une attention toute particulière est portée à la représentation des changements de rapport et de la dynamique de la boîte de vitesses. Deux types de boite de vitesses sont alors considérées, une boite manuelle standard et une boite à double embrayage, et une spécification technique pour la configuration de l’algorithme ainsi qu’une analyse des besoins pour la méthode d’acquisition des couples sont formulées. En se basant sur ces études, un observateur d’état capable de reconstruire le couple agissant sur les disques d’embrayage ainsi que le couple en sortie de boite est développé et valide. Finalement, une synthèse de la méthode complète et de l’algorithme final est adressée, et les avantages économiques et écologiques liés à l’introduction de cette méthode pour des mesures de conception légère des boîtes de vitesses automobiles sont abordés et évalués. / This research work proposes the development and the validation of an online and real-time method to predict the remaining service life of the gearwheels of automotive transmissions, with the aim of implementing it on standard control units of series-production vehicles. By focusing on the proposition of a simple, reliable and easy-to-implement solution, the system relies on the combination of an acquisition method of the torques acting in the transmission and a continuous estimation of the damage levels of the gearwheels. Firstly, a state of the art and the theoretical basics are presented concerning a damage estimation based on a nominal stress concept and a linear damage accumulation. The global structure of the damage estimation algorithm is then analyzed and the methodological approach adopted for its development is explained. This is based in principal on a drivetrain model, validated with tests and measurements, where a particular attention is paid to the representation of the gear shifts and the transmission dynamics. Two types of transmissions are considered, namely a standard manual transmission and a dual clutch transmission mounted in series-production cars. Respectively a requirement analysis for the configuration of the algorithm as well as a requirement specification for the torque acquisition method are performed. On this basis, a state observer is developed and validated, which is able to reconstruct the clutch torque and the transmission output torque. Finally, a synthesis of the complete method and the final version of the algorithm are addressed, and the economic and ecological advantages of the introduction of the method in the context of lightweight design measures are discussed and evaluated. / Kurzfassung Diese Dissertation beschreibt die Entwicklung einer Online- und Echtzeit-Methode zur Vorhersage der restlichen Lebensdauer von den Zahnradern eines Kraftfahrzeuggetriebes. Diese Methode ist fur eine Implementierung auf Standard-Steuergeraten vorgesehen. Durch die Fokussierung auf eine einfache, zuverlassige und leicht zu implementierende Losung beruht die Methode auf der Kombination aus einer Drehmomenterfassungsmethode und einer kontinuierlichen Vorhersage des Schadigungsniveaus der Zahnrader. Zuerst werden der Stand der Technik und die theoretischen Grundlagen von Schadigungsberechnungen basierend auf dem Nennspannungskonzept und einer linearen Schadensakkumulation dargestellt. Danach wird die globale Struktur des Schadigungsberechnungsalgorithmus gezeigt und die fur die Entwicklung ausgewahlte methodische Vorgehensweise erlautert. Diese bezieht sich grundsatzlich auf ein durch Testfahrten und Messungen verifiziertes Antriebsstrangmodell, welches besonders die Schaltungen und die Dynamik des Getriebes berucksichtigt. Ein Serien-Handschaltgetriebe und ein Serien-Doppelkupplungsgetriebe werden betrachtet. Fur diese zwei Getriebetypen werden eine Anforderungsanalyse zur Konfiguration des Algorithmus sowie eine Anforderungsspezifikation fur die Drehmomenterfassungsmethode durchgefuhrt. Auf Basis dieser Untersuchungen wird dann ein Zustandsbeobachter zur Rekonstruktion des Kupplungs- und Getriebeausgangsdrehmoments entwickelt und validiert. Infolgedessen werden eine Synthese der kompletten Methode und die Endversion des Algorithmus vorgestellt. Abschliesend werden die Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie die okologischen Vorteile in Bezug auf die Einfuhrung der Lebensdauermonitoringmethode im Rahmen von Leichtbaumasnahmen diskutiert und bewertet.

La construction de modèles de pronostic nécessite la compréhension du processus de dégradation des composants critiques surveillés afin d’estimer correctement leurs durées de fonctionnement avant défaillance. Un processus de d´dégradation peut être modélisé en utilisant des modèles de Connaissance issus des lois de la physique. Cependant, cette approche n´nécessite des compétences Pluridisciplinaires et des moyens expérimentaux importants pour la validation des modèles générés, ce qui n’est pas toujours facile à mettre en place en pratique. Une des alternatives consiste à apprendre le modèle de dégradation à partir de données issues de capteurs installés sur le système. On parle alors d’approche guidée par des données. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche de pronostic guidée par des données. Elle vise à estimer à tout instant l’état de santé du composant physique et prédire sa durée de fonctionnement avant défaillance. Cette approche repose sur deux phases, une phase hors ligne et une phase en ligne. Dans la phase hors ligne, on cherche à sélectionner, parmi l’ensemble des signaux fournis par les capteurs, ceux qui contiennent le plus d’information sur la dégradation. Cela est réalisé en utilisant un algorithme de sélection non supervisé développé dans la thèse. Ensuite, les signaux sélectionnés sont utilisés pour construire différents indicateurs de santé représentant les différents historiques de données (un historique par composant). Dans la phase en ligne, l’approche développée permet d’estimer l’état de santé du composant test en faisant appel au filtre Bayésien discret. Elle permet également de calculer la durée de fonctionnement avant défaillance du composant en utilisant le classifieur k-plus proches voisins (k-NN) et le processus de Gauss pour la régression. La durée de fonctionnement avant défaillance est alors obtenue en comparant l’indicateur de santé courant aux indicateurs de santé appris hors ligne. L’approche développée à été vérifiée sur des données expérimentales issues de la plateforme PRO-NOSTIA sur les roulements ainsi que sur des données fournies par le Prognostic Center of Excellence de la NASA sur les batteries et les turboréacteurs. / Constructing prognostics models rely upon understanding the degradation process of the monitoredcritical components to correctly estimate the remaining useful life (RUL). Traditionally, a degradationprocess is represented in the form of physical or experts models. Such models require extensiveexperimentation and verification that are not always feasible in practice. Another approach that buildsup knowledge about the system degradation over time from component sensor data is known as datadriven. Data driven models require that sufficient historical data have been collected.In this work, a two phases data driven method for RUL prediction is presented. In the offline phase, theproposed method builds on finding variables that contain information about the degradation behaviorusing unsupervised variable selection method. Different health indicators (HI) are constructed fromthe selected variables, which represent the degradation as a function of time, and saved in the offlinedatabase as reference models. In the online phase, the method estimates the degradation state usingdiscrete Bayesian filter. The method finally finds the most similar offline health indicator, to the onlineone, using k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) classifier and Gaussian process regression (GPR) to use it asa RUL estimator. The method is verified using PRONOSTIA bearing as well as battery and turbofanengine degradation data acquired from NASA data repository. The results show the effectiveness ofthe method in predicting the RUL.

Flera kommuner runt om i Sverige rapporterar om att man har bostadsbrist. Orsaker tillatt det finns en bostadsbrist i Sverige är dels den höga byggkostnaden delsbefolkningsökning som sker. För att kunna möta upp bristen samt ökningen har detproducerats bostäder i en stor volym. Samtidigt som man bygger en stor mängd bostäder,går det att ifrågasätta hur många av dessa som håller viktiga kvaliteter som krävs förbostäder ska kunna uppnå trivsel och hemkänsla.Bostadsbristen som vi befinner oss i nu kan liknas med den bostadsbrist som Sverigebefann sig i på 50- och 60-talet. Det ledde då till att miljonprogrammet startades undermitten av 60-talet till mitten av 70-talet. Då byggdes mycket på kort tid och därefterupptäcktes brister i kvalitén och utförande. För att undvika bristerna i kvalitet är detviktigt att beakta grundfaktorer som skapar trivsel. Några av dessa grundfaktorer är de“omätbara värdena” som i samverkan med varandra skapar hemkänsla och trivsel i enbostad.Att skapa trivsamma bostäder och byggnader är en väldigt komplex uppgift i form av attman kan missa vissa grundfaktorer som främjar trivsel i bostäder. Därför behövs studiergöras för att se om dessa grundfaktorer finns med i dagens nyproduktion av bostäder.Detta på grund av att dagens byggindustri kan glömma viktiga punkter i sin projekteringoch bara tänker på kostnader och tid. Vilket gör att många viktiga parametrar kanglömmas bort och därför skapas en mindre trivsam bostad.Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka planlösningar för att kunna få en insikt i hur kvaliteteni nya lägenheter i flerbostadshus är. Arbetet granskar planlösningar från fyra kommunersom är slumpmässigt utvalda. För att avgöra kvaliteten i bostäderna utgår arbetet frånboken “Bostadens omätbara värden” av Ola Nylander samt “Manual för analys avBostadskvalitet” som är framtagen av forskare vid Chalmers.Den valda metoden är en fallstudie av stickprovskaraktär. I studien har de utvaldaplanlösningarna granskats och analyserats baserat på fyra parametrar om omätbara värdensamt en parameter med mätbart värde. De fyra omätbara värdena är rundgång, axialitet,dagsljus och rumsorganisation. Det mätbara värdet är Potential för kvarboende.Resultatet av arbetet redovisas genom figurer på planlösningarna där tydligt visas de olikaparametrar i figurer. Gruppen har gått igenom olika bostadsstorlekar från de fyra olikakommunerna. Storlekarna på bostäderna är 2 ROK, 3 ROK och 4 ROK.Slutsatsen av studien är att nya bostäder som byggs överlag uppfyller kraven uppställda i”Bostadens omätbara värden” samt ”Manual för analys av Bostadskvalitet”. Vidprojektering av bostäderna visas det i denna studie att arkitekter och projektörer har tänktpå de omätbara och mätbara värdena när lägenheterna tagits fram. Storleken på bostadenhar stor betydelse, eftersom det går att få med flera och bättre parametrar i bostaden omde innehåller flera rum. I mindre bostäder finns i vissa fall, brister i antal parametrar somsänker kvaliteten. Parametern från Manual för analys av Bostadskvalitét (MAB),Potential för kvarboende, gick att finna i planlösningarna på ett tydligt sätt. / Several municipalities around Sweden report that they have a housing shortage. Reasonswhy there is a housing shortage in Sweden are partly the high construction costs andpartly the population increase that is taking place. In order to meet the shortage as well asthe increase, housing has been produced in a large volume. At the same time as a largeamount of housing is being built, it is possible to question how many of these meet theimportant qualities required for housing to be able to achieve comfort and a sense offeeling of home.The housing shortage that we are in now can be compared to the housing shortage thatSweden was in in the 50s and 60s. That then led to the million program being started inthe mid-60s to the mid-70s. Back then, a lot was built in a short time and then flaws in thequality and execution were discovered. In order to avoid deficiencies in quality, it isimportant to consider basic factors that create well-being. Some of these basic factors arethe "immeasurable values" which, in cooperation with each other, create a sense of homeand well-being in a home.Creating pleasant homes and buildings is a very complex task and therefore it is easy tomiss certain basic factors that promote well-being in homes. Therefore, studies need to bedone to see if these basic factors are included in today's new housing production. This isbecause today's construction industry can forget important points in its planning and onlythinks about costs and time. Which means that many important parameters can beforgotten and therefore create a less pleasant home.The purpose of the work is to investigate floor plans in order to gain an insight into thequality of new apartments in apartment buildings. The work examines planning solutionsfrom four municipalities that are randomly selected. In order to determine the quality ofthe housing, the work is based on the book "The home ́s immeasurable value" by OlaNylander and "Manual for analysis of housing quality" developed by research scientist atChalmers.The chosen method is a random sample study. In the study, the selected floor plans havebeen reviewed and analyzed based on four parameters of immeasurable values and oneparameter with measurable value. The four immeasurable values are movement, axiality,daylight and room organization. The measurable value is Potential for remainingresidents.The result of the work is shown through figures on the floor plans where the variousparameters are clearly shown in figures. The group has gone through different housingsizes from the four different municipalities. The sizes of the homes are 2 RAK, 3 RAKand 4 RAK.The conclusion of the study is that new homes that are built generally meet therequirements set out in "The immeasurable values of housing" and "Manual for analysisof housing quality". When designing the homes, it is shown in this study that architectsand designers have thought about the immeasurable and measurable values when theapartments were designed. The size of the home is of great importance, as it is possible toget more and better parameters in the home if they contain several rooms. In smallerhomes there are, in some cases, deficiencies in the number of parameters that lower thequality. The parameter from the Manual for Analysis of Housing Quality (MAB),Potential for remaining residents, could be found in the floor plans in a clear way.

Cette thèse développe des approches pour le diagnostic et le pronostic de systèmes dynamiques incertains en utilisant la technique de modélisation Bond Graph (BG). Tout d'abord, une représentation par intervalles des incertitudes paramétriques et de mesures est intégrée à un modèle BG-LFT (Linear Fractional Transformation). Une méthode de détection robuste de défaut est développée en utilisant les règles de l'arithmétique d'intervalle pour la génération de seuils robustes et adaptatifs sur les résidus nominaux. La méthode est validée en temps réel sur un système de générateur de vapeur.Deuxièmement, une nouvelle méthodologie de pronostic hybride est développée en utilisant les Relations de Redondance Analytique déduites d'un modèle BG et les Filtres Particulaires. Une estimation de l'état courant du paramètre candidat pour le pronostic est obtenue en termes probabilistes. La prédiction de la durée de vie résiduelle est atteinte en termes probabilistes. Les incertitudes associées aux mesures bruitées, les conditions environnementales, etc. sont gérées efficacement. La méthode est validée en temps réel sur un système mécatronique incertain.Enfin, la méthodologie de pronostic développée est mise en œuvre et validée pour le suivi efficace de la santé d'un sous-système électrochimique d’une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons (PEMFC) industrielle à l’aide de données de dégradation réelles. / This thesis develops the approaches for diagnostics and prognostics of uncertain dynamic systems in Bond Graph (BG) modeling framework. Firstly, properties of Interval Arithmetic (IA) and BG in Linear Fractional Transformation, are integrated for representation of parametric and measurement uncertainties on an uncertain BG model. Robust fault detection methodology is developed by utilizing the rules of IA for the generation of adaptive interval valued thresholds over the nominal residuals. The method is validated in real time on an uncertain and highly complex steam generator system.Secondly, a novel hybrid prognostic methodology is developed using BG derived Analytical Redundancy Relationships and Particle Filtering algorithms. Estimations of the current state of health of a system parameter and the associated hidden parameters are achieved in probabilistic terms. Prediction of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of the system parameter is also achieved in probabilistic terms. The associated uncertainties arising out of noisy measurements, environmental conditions etc. are effectively managed to produce a reliable prediction of RUL with suitable confidence bounds. The method is validated in real time on an uncertain mechatronic system.Thirdly, the prognostic methodology is validated and implemented on the electrical electro-chemical subsystem of an industrial Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. A BG of the latter is utilized which is suited for diagnostics and prognostics. The hybrid prognostic methodology is validated, involving real degradation data sets.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O tratamento endodôntico associado à restauração direta com resina composta tem sido utilizado para restaurar molares severamente destruídos em pacientes jovens. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de perda de estrutura dentária antes e após a realização de tratamento endodôntico e restauração com resina composta bulk fill na distribuição de tensões e magnitude da força de mordida. Foram selecionados três pacientes jovens (9, 10 and 12 anos de idade) com primeiros molares com cárie extensa e envolvimento pulpar com diferentes níveis de perdas de estrutura dentária: PI, manutenção das duas cristas marginais e de todas as cúspides; PII, manutenção de pelo menos uma crista marginal e perda mínima de uma cúspide; e PIII, perda de ambas as cristas marginais, mantendo apenas as cúspides vestibulares. Os molares foram tratados endodonticamente utilizando técnica de instrumentação rotatória e obturados com guta-percha e cimento AHPlus (Dentsply) e em seguida foram restaurados com Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior (3M ESPE). A força de mordida em Newtons (N) foi mensurada antes e após a intervenção endodôntica e restauradora na posição habitual de oclusal usando aparelho de força de mordida por meio de uma célula de carga (Kratos). Tomografias computadorizadas cone beam foram realizadas antes e após o procedimento endodôntico/restaurador, e arquivos DICOM (.dcm) foram exportados para o software Mimics, 3-Matic (Materialize) e Patran (MSC Software) para criação dos modelos específicos dos pacientes nos dois momentos experimentais. A aplicação de carga foi simulada por contato oclusal dos dentes antagonistas nas cargas mensuradas clinicamente em cada momento. Nos modelos que representam as condições iniciais foram aplicados tanto os valores de força de mordida (N) mensurados no momento inicial quanto após o procedimento reabilitador: PI. 30,1/136,6; PII. 34,3/133,4 e PIII. 47,9/124,1 e para os modelos que representam a condição final foram utilizados os valores obtidos após a intervenção endodôntica e restauradora: PI. 136,6; PII. 133,4 e PIII. 124,1. As restaurações foram avaliadas após 2 anos. Após intervenção endodôntica e restauradora a força de mordida aumentou em 260% (de 36,7±11,6 para 12 131,9±17,8). Antes da intervenção endodôntica e restauradora, as tensões se concentraram na estrutura coronal e, após a reabilitação foram transferidas de forma homogênea para a dentina radicular, independente do nível de perda de estrutura dentária. Quando a carga final foi aplicada nos modelos de condições iniciais, evidenciou-se elevada concentração de tensão em áreas enfraquecidas e na região de furca. As restaurações apresentaram desempenho adequado após 2 anos. A presença de cárie extensa com envolvimento pulpar afetou negativamente a carga de mordida e aumentou a concentração de tensão na estrutura frágil o que pode favorecer à ocorrência de fratura dental. O tratamento endodôntico associado à restauração direta em resina composta bulk fill demonstrou ser um método eficiente para restabelecer o desempenho mastigatório e a eficiência biomecânica dos molares jovens com comprometimento severo da estrutura coronária. / Endodontic treatment (ETT) followed by direct composite resin restoration has been used for rehabilitating the severely damage molar teeth in young patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the molar teeth with different levels of the dental structure loss before and after the ETT and direct restoration with bulk fill resin composite on the stress distribution and the bite force magnitude. Three young patients (with 9, 10 and 12 years old), with the first mandibular molar teeth with deep occlusal caries with pulp involvement were selected attending with different levels of the dental structure loss: PI, both marginal ridge and all cusps; PII, maintenance of one marginal ridge and loss of one cusp; and PIII, loss of both marginal ridge, maintaining only buccal cusps. ETT was restored using Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior (3M ESPE). The bite forces in Newtons were measured initially and postoperatively for all teeth in habitual bite force using a miniload cell. Cone-beam tomography imaging was performed, and the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medice (.dcm) files were exported to Mimics, 3-Matic (Materialise) and Patran (MSC Software) software to create a patient-specific FEA models. Bite load was carry out using contact load applied by antagonist teeth in two moments: without ETT and restoration: PI. 30.1/136.6; PII. 34.3/133.4 and PIII. 47.9/124.1; and after restorative procedure: PI. 136.6; PII. 133.4 and PIII. 124.1 N. Performing ETT and bulk fill resin composite restoration the bite load increased 260% (36.7±11.6) to 131.9±17.8). The restorations were evaluated after 2 years. Before rehabilitation the stresses concentrated on weakened coronal dental structure and after rehabilitation they were homogeneously transferred to root dentin, irrespective of the level of the tooth structure loss. When the postoperatively bite load was applied on nontreated tooth models, high stress concentration on weakened areas was verified. The restorations performed perfectly after 2 years. The extensive caries with pulp involvement affected negatively the bite load and increased the stress concentration on weakened areas and at furcation favoring the tooth fracture. The ETT and bulk fill resin composite restoration showed to be an efficient method for rehabilitate the biomechanical performance of molar teeth of young patients severely compromised structurally. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Estimating program worst case execution time (WCET) is an important problem in the domain of real-time systems and embedded systems that are deadline-centric. If WCET of a program is found to exceed the deadline, it is either recoded or the target architecture is modified to meet the deadline. Predominantly, there exist three broad approaches to estimate WCET- static WCET analysis, hybrid measurement based analysis and statistical WCET analysis. Though measurement based analyzers benefit from knowledge of run-time behavior, amount of instrumentation remains a concern. This thesis proposes a CPI-centric WCET analyzer that estimates WCET as a product of worst case instruction count (IC) estimated using static analysis and worst case cycles per instruction (CPI) computed using a function of measured CPI. In many programs, it is observed that IC and CPI values are correlated. Five different kinds of correlation are found. This correlation enables us to optimize WCET from the product of worst case IC and worst case CPI to a product of worst case IC and corresponding CPI. A prime advantage of viewing time in terms of CPI, enables us to make use of program phase behavior. In many programs, CPI varies in phases during execution. Within each phase, the variation is homogeneous and lies within a few percent of the mean. Coefficient of variation of CPI across phases is much greater than within a phase. Using this observation, we estimate program WCET in terms of its phases. Due to the nature of variation of CPI within a phase in such programs, we can use a simple probabilistic inequality- Chebyshev inequality, to compute bounds of CPI within a desired probability. In some programs that execute many paths depending on if-conditions, CPI variation is observed to be high. The thesis proposes a PC signature that is a low cost way of profiling path information which is used to isolate points of high CPI variation and divides a phase into smaller sub-phases of lower CPI variation. Chebyshev inequality is applied to sub-phases resulting in much tighter bounds. Provision to divide a phase into smaller sub-phases based on allowable variance of CPI within a sub-phase also exists. The proposed technique is implemented on simulators and on a native platform. Other advantages of phases in the context of timing analysis are also presented that include parallelized WCET analysis and estimation of remaining worst case execution time for a particular program run.