This study investigated the implementation of a remaining range estimation algorithm for electrical vehicles, an essential feature to define a vehicle's reliability on the road. The implementation was made on an electrical motorcycle, comparing three models: a dynamic force based model, a power based model and a mass estimation model. The mass model estimated the mass with the help of a RLS algorithm and is a combination of the force based model and the power model. It investigates the possibility to further increase the accuracy of a range estimation algorithm by estimating the total mass of the vehicle over a driving session. On top of these models, two kinds of prediction methods for future consumption were evaluated: the average-past prediction and the home-intention prediction. Both models uses past data to predict the future, but the home-intention prediction is a suggested method to further improve the classic average-past method, where the beginning and end of the vehicle's driving sessions is assumed to be the same location. Tests were executed for the models on an electrical motorcycle provided by the company CAKE. A test equipment were put on the motorcycle, consisting of microprocessors and sensors, used for computation and collection of data. With this equipment, experiments were performed on three test routes with different conditions, comparing the models’ accuracies. The results showed that the Power Model, even with its lower complexity performed best overall, while the Force Model showed mixed results. Depending on the prediction method the Force Model performed either at the top or at the bottom. When the results were analyzed, this behavior seem to be the result of insufficient/faulty hardware which were essential for the average-past prediction to achieve proper results. The Force Model using home-intention prediction consistently performed better, as long as its prediction was correct. The Mass Model was executed offline and were then used to simulate the effect it could have had online. This showed promising result, suggesting improved accuracy if implemented online, but which in this thesis is left as a suggestion of improvement for future work. / Den här studien utforskade implementationen av en algoritm för att estimatera kvarstående räckvidd för ett elektriskt fordon, som är en viktigt funktionalitet för att utvärdera ett fordons pålitlighet på vägen. Implementeringen gjordes på en elektrisk motorcykel på tre modeller: en kraftbaserad-, en effektbaserad- och en massestimeringsmodell. Massestimeringsmodellen estimerar fordonets massa med hjälp av en RLS algoritm och är en kombination av kraft- och effektmodellen. Den utforskar möjligheten att förbättra räckviddsestimeringen ytterligare genom att kunna estimera den totala vikten av fordonet under körningen. På dessa modeller så utvärderades två typer av prediktionsmetoder för att förutspå framtida energiförbrukning: genomsnittliga-datametoden, en metod som använder genomsnittlig data i dåtid, och hem-avsiktsmetoden, en metod som förutspår förarens avsikt att åka hem. Båda modellerna använder gammal data för att förutspå framtiden, men hem-avsiktsmetoden är en föreslagen metod för att ytterligare förbättra den klassiska genomsnittliga-passerade metoden, där början och slutet av körningen antas vara samma position. Test utfördes för modellerna på en elektrisk motorcykel från företaget CAKE. En testutrustning monterades på motorcykeln som består av mikroprocessorer och sensorer och användes för samla och bearbeta data. Med denna utrustning genomfördes experiment på tre olika rutter som hade olika förutsättningar där modellerna träffsäkerhet sedan jämfördes. Resultatet visade på att Effektmodellen, även då den har en lägre nivå av komplexitet, faktiskt presterade generellt sätt bäst, medans Kraftmodellen visade på blandat resultat. Beroende på prediktionsmetod som användes så presterade Kraftmoddel antingen i toppen eller botten. När resultatet analyserades så verkar detta beteende bero på otillräcklig/problematisk hårdvara som var avgörande för den genomsnittliga-passerade metoden. Kraftmodellen tillsammans med hem-avsiktsmetoden ökade prestandan konsekvent så länge som förutsägelsen var korrekt. Massmodellen utfördes offline och detta resultat användes sedan för att simulera massmodellens påverkan på estimering online. Detta visade på lovande resultat och visar på att ifall den metod kördes online så skulle pricksäkerheten kunna ökas, men är något som inte utförs i detta arbete utan lämnas som ett förslag på förbättring för framtida studier.

O emprego de sistemas em fluxo com multi-impulsão são destaques quanto ao volume de efluentes gerados e a possibilidade de mecanização, operando em condições dinâmicas. A utilização de microbombas solenoide é potencial em processos de adsorção/dessorção de analitos, pois desempenham o fluxo pulsado, e quando operadas em conjunto com o estabelecimento da condição de leito fluidizado, contribuem para o aumento da eficiência de adsorção/dessorção. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar sistemas de extração sólido-líquido e análises química em fluxo, explorando fluxos pulsados e o estabelecimento da condição de leito fluidizado, visando melhorar a eficiência de interação da amostra e reagente. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos sistemas em fluxo com multi-impulsão associados ao uso de colunas de leito fluidizado. 1) Sistema para determinação da capacidade de adsorção de fósforo; determinação do fósforo remanescente (P-rem) em solos; 2) Sistema para determinação da capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) de solos, avaliando a adsorção e a dessorção de analitos. Foi demonstrado que o fósforo e o cálcio contidos em solução são eficientemente adsorvidos/dessorvidos pelo solo, reduzindo significativamente os efeitos de aumento de pressão com o estabelecimento do leito fluidizado (fluidização pulsada) nas colunas contendo 50 mg de amostras de solo. A substituição do fluxo pulsado (microbomba solenoide) pelo fluxo contínuo (bomba peristáltica) limitou a interação sólido-líquido, pois estabeleceu caminhos preferenciais, desfavorecendo as condições de mistura. A utilização das microbombas solenoide em conjunto com a fluidização das amostras de solo, apresentou vantagens quanto à diminuição da quantidade de massa de solo requerida (entre 100 e 200 vezes), redução do consumo de reagentes e resíduos gerados (40 vezes), demonstrando o potencial do sistema em fluxo proposto por ser uma alternativa ambientalmente adequada. Os sistemas propostos são versáteis e facilmente adaptados para outros estudos de extração / Multi-pumping flow systems are highlights on the volume of effluents generated and mechanization, operating in dynamic conditions. Solenoid micro-pumps are potential in the analyte adsorption/desorption processes, because they play the pulsed flow and when operated in conjunction with the establishment of the fluidized bed condition, contribute to the increase of the adsorption/desorption efficiency. The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate solid-liquid extraction and flow analysis systems, exploring pulsed flows and establishing the fluidized bed condition in order to improve the solid-liquid interaction efficiency. It was developed multi-pumping flow systems associated with the establishment of the fluidized bed columns. 1) System for determination of phosphorus adsorption capacity; determination of the remaining phosphorus (P-rem) in soils; 2) System to determine the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils, evaluating the adsorption and desorption of analyte. It has been shown that the phosphorus and calcium contained in solution are efficiently adsorbed/desorbed by the soil, significantly reducing the effects of pressure increase with the establishment of the fluidized bed (pulsed fluidization) in the columns containing 50 mg of soil samples. The substitution of the pulsed flow (solenoid micro-pump) by the continuous flow (peristaltic pump) limited the solid-liquid interaction, since it established preferential pathways, undermining the mixing conditions. The use of the solenoid micro-pumps in conjunction with the fluidization of the soil samples presented advantages in terms of decreasing the amount of soil mass required (between 100 and 200-fold time), reducing the consumption of reagents, solutions and waste production (40-fold time), demonstrating the potential of this system to be an environmentally friendly alternative. The proposed systems are versatile and easily adapted to other extraction studies

Atualmente, devido à globalização das empresas e de seus produtos, tem havido uma competição acirrada no mercado mundial entre as organizações. Estas empresas se veêm obrigadas a contemplar as expectativas do mercado quanto à alta tecnologia, a qualidade do produto, os baixos custos e a redução dos tempos de desenvolvimento do produto. Todo este mecanismo gera uma busca contínua de desenvolvimento da tecnologia dentro das empresas na área de fabricação, as quais estão intimamente relacionadas ao surgimento de novos materiais de difícil usinagem, assim como de novos revestimentos para ferramentas e de máquinas-ferramentas cada vez mais rápidas e eficientes. A utilização da tecnologia de usinagem com altas velocidades de corte – HSM (High Speed Machining) tem demonstrado grande eficiência para a fabricação de moldes e matrizes com formas complexas, propiciando uma vantagem competitiva para as organizações. Entretanto, o fresamento de formas complexas ainda apresenta vários gargalos na linha produção. Após as operações de desbaste, além do sobremetal deixado para as operações de acabamento, um volume excedente de material indesejado permanece na geometria. Este volume está relacionado à estratégia de desbaste em 2 1/2 eixos, ao grau de curvatura da superfície e à geometria da ferramenta de desbaste. Por não ser uniforme esta quantidade excedente de material acaba prejudicando o processo, especialmente quando uma das exigências é uma extrema precisão dimensional. Este trabalho procura identificar as características mais relevantes para preservar a qualidade superficial em função da flexão da ferramenta, devido a esse excedente de sobremetal. Desta forma, as variáveis de influência consideradas foram o balanço e o diâmetro da ferramenta, sua trajetória e o volume não-uniforme de material a ser removido. Os piores valores de rugosidade ocorreram com o máximo balanço independentemente de sua inclinação. Também foi possível constatar que a estratégia de usinagem ascendente gerou uma melhor rugosidade comparada com a descendente. Contudo em superfícies com pouca inclinação horizontal e com variações bruscas de sobremetal a usinagem descendente obteve melhores resultados do que a ascendente. / Nowadays the companies and their products have become global and, consequently, are facing an intense competition in the world market. These companies are forced to match the expectations of the market regarding technology, product quality, low costs and reduction of product development time. This entire mechanism generates continue search for the development of manufacturing technology, which are intimately linked to the arise of new and difficult to cut materials, as well as of new coatings for tools, fast and more efficient machine-tools. The use of high speed milling has demonstrate to be of great efficiency for the production of moulds and dies with complex forms, leading to a competitive advantage for companies. However, milling complex form still presents several bottle necks in the production line. After the roughing operations, besides the stock removal left for the finishing operations, an extra volume of unwanted material remains on the workpiece. This material is related to the roughing strategy in 2 1/2 axes, to the degree of curvature of the surface and the geometry of the cutting tool. Since the distribution of that material is not uniform, it affects the product quality, especially when one of the requirements is a high dimensional precision. The present work aims at identifying the most important characteristics necessaries to obtain a good high superficial quality despite of the tool flexion during cutting. The tool length and its diameter are considered as well as the cutting strategy to remove the stock and its excess. The highest roughness values occurred with the largest in-balance length, independently on the surface inclination. It was also verified that for some cases upward cutting has produced smaller roughness being compared to the downward strategy. However, on surfaces with little horizontal inclination and with abrupt variations of stock removal the downward cutting can produce better result than upward cutting.

Atualmente, devido à globalização das empresas e de seus produtos, tem havido uma competição acirrada no mercado mundial entre as organizações. Estas empresas se veêm obrigadas a contemplar as expectativas do mercado quanto à alta tecnologia, a qualidade do produto, os baixos custos e a redução dos tempos de desenvolvimento do produto. Todo este mecanismo gera uma busca contínua de desenvolvimento da tecnologia dentro das empresas na área de fabricação, as quais estão intimamente relacionadas ao surgimento de novos materiais de difícil usinagem, assim como de novos revestimentos para ferramentas e de máquinas-ferramentas cada vez mais rápidas e eficientes. A utilização da tecnologia de usinagem com altas velocidades de corte – HSM (High Speed Machining) tem demonstrado grande eficiência para a fabricação de moldes e matrizes com formas complexas, propiciando uma vantagem competitiva para as organizações. Entretanto, o fresamento de formas complexas ainda apresenta vários gargalos na linha produção. Após as operações de desbaste, além do sobremetal deixado para as operações de acabamento, um volume excedente de material indesejado permanece na geometria. Este volume está relacionado à estratégia de desbaste em 2 1/2 eixos, ao grau de curvatura da superfície e à geometria da ferramenta de desbaste. Por não ser uniforme esta quantidade excedente de material acaba prejudicando o processo, especialmente quando uma das exigências é uma extrema precisão dimensional. Este trabalho procura identificar as características mais relevantes para preservar a qualidade superficial em função da flexão da ferramenta, devido a esse excedente de sobremetal. Desta forma, as variáveis de influência consideradas foram o balanço e o diâmetro da ferramenta, sua trajetória e o volume não-uniforme de material a ser removido. Os piores valores de rugosidade ocorreram com o máximo balanço independentemente de sua inclinação. Também foi possível constatar que a estratégia de usinagem ascendente gerou uma melhor rugosidade comparada com a descendente. Contudo em superfícies com pouca inclinação horizontal e com variações bruscas de sobremetal a usinagem descendente obteve melhores resultados do que a ascendente. / Nowadays the companies and their products have become global and, consequently, are facing an intense competition in the world market. These companies are forced to match the expectations of the market regarding technology, product quality, low costs and reduction of product development time. This entire mechanism generates continue search for the development of manufacturing technology, which are intimately linked to the arise of new and difficult to cut materials, as well as of new coatings for tools, fast and more efficient machine-tools. The use of high speed milling has demonstrate to be of great efficiency for the production of moulds and dies with complex forms, leading to a competitive advantage for companies. However, milling complex form still presents several bottle necks in the production line. After the roughing operations, besides the stock removal left for the finishing operations, an extra volume of unwanted material remains on the workpiece. This material is related to the roughing strategy in 2 1/2 axes, to the degree of curvature of the surface and the geometry of the cutting tool. Since the distribution of that material is not uniform, it affects the product quality, especially when one of the requirements is a high dimensional precision. The present work aims at identifying the most important characteristics necessaries to obtain a good high superficial quality despite of the tool flexion during cutting. The tool length and its diameter are considered as well as the cutting strategy to remove the stock and its excess. The highest roughness values occurred with the largest in-balance length, independently on the surface inclination. It was also verified that for some cases upward cutting has produced smaller roughness being compared to the downward strategy. However, on surfaces with little horizontal inclination and with abrupt variations of stock removal the downward cutting can produce better result than upward cutting.

In this dissertation the question of why people want to stay in the county-side has been analysed from an economic-historic perspective. The specific research question has been: Using which formal economic means of sustenance could those who remained in Ängersjö parish ensure their survival in the years 1950 to 1990? A number of different types of sources have been used, including income tax registers, data on migration, agricultural statistics, parish registers, interviews, and printed public statistics. The population of Ängersjö parish decreased through the entire period of investigation. In the early 1950s the population pyramid in Ängersjö resembled Sweden’s quite considerably. After this point, the tendencies towards depopulation grew stronger. By the early 1990s, the population had returned to the levels of the early 1800s, i.e. before the forest became valuable. This time, however, the proportion of older inhabitants was much larger. Most of the remaining households supported themselves through wage labour in the forestry sector, which essentially was a male preoccupation. At the margin, supplementary incomes, such as the renting of cottages and capital revenues, could add to household earnings, and contributions by women probably played an important part in that context. In addition, informal economic activities, such as berry-picking and the exchange of labour, could expand the means of support by a maximum of 20 percent. In spite of all these efforts, most of the remaining households earned less than an average Swedish industrial worker. The income differences could to some degree be compensated by lower housing and living costs, but many households probably enjoyed a lower material standard of living. Demonstrably, most of the remaining inhabitants of Ängersjö were willing to pay the economic price associated with the “feelings of freedom” or the upkeep of their ancestral home of which many inhabitants spoke. / Flexibilitet som tradition

As a consequence of the recent deregulation in the electrical power production industry, there has been a shift in the traditional ownership of power plants and the way they are operated. To hedge their business risks, the many new private entrepreneurs enter into long-term service agreement (LTSA) with third parties for their operation and maintenance activities. As the major LTSA providers, original equipment manufacturers have invested huge amounts of money to develop preventive maintenance strategies to minimize the occurrence of costly unplanned outages resulting from failures of the equipments covered under LTSA contracts. As a matter of fact, a recent study by the Electric Power Research Institute estimates the cost benefit of preventing a failure of a General Electric 7FA or 9FA technology compressor at $10 to $20 million. Therefore, in this dissertation, a two-phase data analytics approach is proposed to use the existing monitoring gas path and vibration sensors data to first develop a proactive strategy that systematically detects and validates catastrophic failure precursors so as to avoid the failure; and secondly to estimate the residual time to failure of the unhealthy items. For the first part of this work, the time-frequency technique of the wavelet packet transforms is used to de-noise the noisy sensor data. Next, the time-series signal of each sensor is decomposed to perform a multi-resolution analysis to extract its features. After that, the probabilistic principal component analysis is applied as a data fusion technique to reduce the number of the potentially correlated multi-sensors measurement into a few uncorrelated principal components. The last step of the failure precursor detection methodology, the anomaly detection decision, is in itself a multi-stage process. The obtained principal components from the data fusion step are first combined into a one-dimensional reconstructed signal representing the overall health assessment of the monitored systems. Then, two damage indicators of the reconstructed signal are defined and monitored for defect using a statistical process control approach. Finally, the Bayesian evaluation method for hypothesis testing is applied to a computed threshold to test for deviations from the healthy band. To model the residual time to failure, the anomaly severity index and the anomaly duration index are defined as defects characteristics. Two modeling techniques are investigated for the prognostication of the survival time after an anomaly is detected: the deterministic regression approach, and parametric approximation of the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier plot estimator. It is established that the deterministic regression provides poor prediction estimation. The non parametric survival data analysis technique of the Kaplan-Meier estimator provides the empirical survivor function of the data set comprised of both non-censored and right censored data. Though powerful because no a-priori predefined lifetime distribution is made, the Kaplan-Meier result lacks the flexibility to be transplanted to other units of a given fleet. The parametric analysis of survival data is performed with two popular failure analysis distributions: the exponential distribution and the Weibull distribution. The conclusion from the parametric analysis of the Kaplan-Meier plot is that the larger the data set, the more accurate is the prognostication ability of the residual time to failure model.

La maintenance prédictive joue un rôle important dans le maintien des systèmes de production continue car elle peut aider à réduire les interventions inutiles ainsi qu'à éviter des pannes imprévues. En effet, par rapport à la maintenance conditionnelle, la maintenance prédictive met en œuvre une étape supplémentaire, appelée le pronostic. Les opérations de maintenance sont planifiées sur la base de la prédiction des états de détérioration futurs et sur l'estimation de la vie résiduelle du système. Dans le cadre du projet européen FP7 SUPREME (Sustainable PREdictive Maintenance for manufacturing Equipment en Anglais), cette thèse se concentre sur le développement des modèles de détérioration stochastiques et sur des méthodes d'estimation de la vie résiduelle (Remaining Useful Life – RUL en anglais) associées pour les adapter aux cas d'application du projet. Plus précisément, les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont divisés en deux parties principales. La première donne une étude détaillée des modèles de détérioration et des méthodes d'estimation de la RUL existant dans la littérature. En analysant leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients, une adaptation d’une approche de l'état de l'art est mise en œuvre sur des cas d'études issus du projet SUPREME et avec les données acquises à partir d’un banc d'essai développé pour le projet. Certains aspects pratiques de l’implémentation, à savoir la question de l'échange d'informations entre les partenaires du projet, sont également détaillées dans cette première partie. La deuxième partie est consacrée au développement de nouveaux modèles de détérioration et les méthodes d'estimation de la RUL qui permettent d'apporter des éléments de solutions aux problèmes de modélisation de détérioration et de prédiction de RUL soulevés dans le projet SUPREME. Plus précisément, pour surmonter le problème de la coexistence de plusieurs modes de détérioration, le concept des modèles « multi-branche » est proposé. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux catégories des modèles de type multi-branche sont présentées correspondant aux deux grands types de modélisation de l'état de santé des système, discret ou continu. Dans le cas discret, en se basant sur des modèles markoviens, deux modèles nommés Mb-HMM and Mb-HsMM (Multi-branch Hidden (semi-)Markov Model en anglais) sont présentés. Alors que dans le cas des états continus, les systèmes linéaires à sauts markoviens (JMLS) sont mis en œuvre. Pour chaque modèle, un cadre à deux phases est implémenté pour accomplir à la fois les tâches de diagnostic et de pronostic. A travers des simulations numériques, nous montrons que les modèles de type multi-branche peuvent donner des meilleures performances pour l'estimation de la RUL par rapport à celles obtenues par des modèles standards mais « mono-branche ». / Predictive maintenance plays a crucial role in maintaining continuous production systems since it can help to reduce unnecessary intervention actions and avoid unplanned breakdowns. Indeed, compared to the widely used condition-based maintenance (CBM), the predictive maintenance implements an additional prognostics stage. The maintenance actions are then planned based on the prediction of future deterioration states and residual life of the system. In the framework of the European FP7 project SUPREME (Sustainable PREdictive Maintenance for manufacturing Equipment), this thesis concentrates on the development of stochastic deterioration models and the associated remaining useful life (RUL) estimation methods in order to be adapted in the project application cases. Specifically, the thesis research work is divided in two main parts. The first one gives a comprehensive review of the deterioration models and RUL estimation methods existing in the literature. By analyzing their advantages and disadvantages, an adaption of the state of the art approaches is then implemented for the problem considered in the SUPREME project and for the data acquired from a project's test bench. Some practical implementation aspects, such as the issue of delivering the proper RUL information to the maintenance decision module are also detailed in this part. The second part is dedicated to the development of innovative contributions beyond the state-of-the-are in order to develop enhanced deterioration models and RUL estimation methods to solve original prognostics issues raised in the SUPREME project. Specifically, to overcome the co-existence problem of several deterioration modes, the concept of the "multi-branch" models is introduced. It refers to the deterioration models consisting of different branches in which each one represent a deterioration mode. In the framework of this thesis, two multi-branch model types are presented corresponding to the discrete and continuous cases of the systems' health state. In the discrete case, the so-called Multi-branch Hidden Markov Model (Mb-HMM) and the Multi-branch Hidden semi-Markov model (Mb-HsMM) are constructed based on the Markov and semi-Markov models. Concerning the continuous health state case, the Jump Markov Linear System (JMLS) is implemented. For each model, a two-phase framework is carried out for both the diagnostics and prognostics purposes. Through numerical simulations and a case study, we show that the multi-branch models can help to take into account the co-existence problem of multiple deterioration modes, and hence give better performances in RUL estimation compared to the ones obtained by standard "single branch" models.

Cette thèse porte sur le diagnostic et le pronostic pour l’aide à la maintenance de systèmes complexes. Elle présente deux approches de diagnostic/pronostic qui permettent de générer les indicateurs utiles pour l’optimisation de la stratégie de maintenance. Plus précisément, ces approches permettent d’évaluer l’état de santé et de prédire la durée de vie résiduelle du système. Les approches présentées visent en particulier à pallier le problème d’absence d’indicateurs de dégradation. Les développements sont fondés sur l’utilisation d’observateurs, de formalisme de Modèle de Markov Caché, des méthodes d’inférences statistiques et des méthodes de prédiction de séries temporelles à base d’apprentissage afin de caractériser et prédire les modes de fonctionnement du système. Les deux approches sont illustrées sur des exemples de dégradation d’un système de régulation de niveau d’eau, d’une machine asynchrone et d’une batterie Li-Ion. / The research presented in this thesis deals of diagnosis and prognosis of complex systems. It presents two approaches that generate useful indicators for optimizing maintenance strategies. Specifically, these approaches are used to assess the level of degradation and estimate the Remaining Useful Life of the system. The aim of these approaches is to overcome for the lack of degradation indicators. The developments are based on observers, Hidden Markov Model formalism, statistical inference methods and learning-based methods in order to characterize and predict the system operating modes. To illustrate the proposed failure diagnosis/prognosis approaches, a simulated tank level control system, an induction motor and a Li-Ion battery were used.

Cette thèse traite des contours pédagogiques de l‘enseignement dans des communautés marronnes – au Brésil appelés « quilombolas » – qui contribuent à la construction d‘une nouvelle perspective épistémologique dans le domaine de l‘Éducation. La recherche vise à comprendre les relations existantes entre ces communautés, les différentes organisations sociales et les diverses institutions publiques qui visent à mener des politiques publiques dans le but d‘élever le niveau d‘émancipation de ces communautés qui luttent pour les droits sociaux, et compris le droit à la terre et à l‘éducation. Ces relations débouchent sur des propositions visant à l‘éducation dans le sens le plus large, en tenant compte de l‘environnement social et culturel des communautés marronnes et l‘environnement scolaire. Ces actions ont provoqué des répercussions dans l‘académie, dans l‘éducation antiraciste et dans le développement des politiques publiques visant à la singularité de l‘éducation scolaire dans les communautés marronnes, comme la Communauté Marronne de Casca (dans la ville de Mostardas, au Rio Grande do Sul), l‘objet de l‘analyse et de réflexion de cette étude, ce qui se constitue ici comme les contours pédagogiques de l‘éducation scolaire dans des communautés marronnes. / A presente tese trata dos contornos pedagógicos em educação quilombola, os quais contribuem para a construção de uma nova perspectiva epistemológica no campo da Educação. A pesquisa busca compreender as relações estabelecidas entre as comunidades remanescentes de quilombos, as distintas organizações sociais e as diversas instituições públicas que têm por objetivo efetivar políticas públicas, a fim de elevar o grau emancipatório destas comunidades em luta por direitos sociais, dentre eles, o direito à terra e à educação. Tais relações resultam em propostas voltadas para a educação, em seu sentido amplo, levando em conta o contexto sociocultural quilombola e o ambiente escolar. Estas ações suscitaram repercussões no âmbito acadêmico, na educação antirracista e no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas direcionadas à singularidade da educação escolar em comunidades quilombolas, como é o caso da Comunidade Remanescente de Quilombos de Casca (Mostardas-RS), objeto de análise e reflexão deste estudo, configurando o que aqui se define como contornos pedagógicos da educação escolar quilombola. / This dissertation deals with the pedagogical outlines in quilombola education which contribute to the building of a new epistemological perspective in Education. The research seeks to understand the existent relationship between remaining quilombola communities, different social organizations and various public institutions which aims to carry out public policies in order to raise the emancipating level of these communities fighting for social rights, including the right to land and to education. These relationships result in proposals aimed at education in its widest sense, taking into account social and cultural context of quilombola communities and the school environment. These actions provoked repercussions in academic environment, anti-racist education and the development of public policies targeting the singularity of school education in quilombola communities, such as the Remaining Community of Casca (Mostardas – Rio Grande do Sul), the object of analysis and reflection of this study which sets the outlines of school education in quilombola communities

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical effect of the presence and number of fibreglass post in endodontically treated molars restored with composite resin. 45 human molars were selected, included in polystyrene resin cylinders with simulation of the periodontal ligament and endodontically treated. These teeth were randomized into three groups (n = 15): Wfgp, without fibreglass post and restored with Filtek Z350 XT; 1fgp, 1 fiberglass post Exact #2 cemented in the distal root with RelyX U200 and restored with Z350XT; and 2fgp, 2 fiberglass posts cemented with RelyX U200, one in the distal root and the other in the mesiobuccal root, restored with Z350XT. The specimens were submitted to mechanical fatigue with axial load of 50N. The tooth remaining deformation was measured using extensometers (n = 10) during occlusal loading of 100N and then until fracture. The other teeth (n = 5) were used to calculate the modulus of elasticity (GPa) and Vickers hardness (VH, N/mm2) of the enamel, dentin composite resin and fiberglass post in two positions: parallelly and transversally to the long axis of the post. The stress distribution was analyzed using three dimensional finite elements model, generated from micro-CT image of an intact tooth with its geometry similar of those used in the in vitro study. The calculated mechanical properties were used to characterize models of finite element analysis. The data of deformation and fracture resistance were tested for normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and equivalence of variances (test Levene), followed by parametric statistical tests appropriated for each test. One way Anova was performed for the axial compressive strength values, tooth remaining deformation and fracture resistance. Multiple comparisons were performed using Tukey test. The mean fracture data were submitted to the Chi-square test. Factorial analysis of variance on two factors was carried out considering as factors in study: the tooth surface deformation (B and L) and rehabilitation technique. All tests done had significance level α = 0.05 and all analyses were performed with the statistical program Sigma Plot version 13.1 (Systat Software, San Jose, CA, USA). The use of two fiber glass posts resulted in lower fracture resistance than the groups without fiber glass - 22 - post and with one fiber glass post. During occlusal loading of 100N lingual surface of the remaining tooth showed higher deformation for all groups. The absence of fiber glass post resulted in significantly higher values of stress in the root and more irreparable fracture modes than the other groups. The use of a fiber glass post resulted in better ratio deformation/fracture resistance. The concentration of stress in the furcation area was slightly reduced with use of fiber glass post. It is concluded that the use of one fiber glass post to rehabilitated molars with direct composite resin showed higher resistance to fracture than the use of two fiberglass posts, lower tooth remaining deformation, better stress distribution and failure pat more repairable when compared to molars restored without use of fiber-glass post / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito biomecânico da presença e do número de pinos de fibra de vidro em molares tratados endodonticamente e restaurados de forma direta com resina composta. Quarenta e cinco molares humanos foram selecionados, incluídos em cilindros de resina de poliestireno com simulação do ligamento periodontal e tratados endodonticamente. Estes dentes foram randomizados em três grupos (n=15): Spfv, sem pino de fibra de vidro, restaurado com Filtek Z350XT; 1pfv, 1 pino de fibra de vidro Exacto Nº 2 cimentado no canal distal com RelyX U200 restaurado com Z350XT; e 2pfv, 2 pinos de fibra de vidro Exacto Nº 2 cimentados com RelyX U200, um no canal distal e o outro no mesio-vestibular restaurado com Z350XT. As amostras foram submetidas à fadiga mecânica com carregamento axial de 50N. A deformação do remanescente foi mensurada usando extensômetros (n=10) durante o carregamento oclusal de 100N e em seguida até o momento de fratura. Os demais dentes (n=5) foram usados para calcular o módulo de elasticidade (E, GPa) e dureza Vickers (VH, N/mm2) do esmalte, dentina, resina composta e pino de fibra de vidro em duas posições: paralelamente e transversalmente ao longo eixo do pino. A distribuição de tensões foi analisada usando modelo tridimensional de elementos finitos gerado a partir de imagem de micro-CT de um dente hígido com medidas e geometrias representativo das amostras usadas na etapa experimental. Às propriedades mecânicas calculadas foram utilizadas para caracterizar os modelos da análise por elementos finitos. Os dados de deformação e resistência à fratura foram submetidos à teste de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk) e equivalência de variâncias (teste de Levene), seguido por testes estatísticos paramétricos adequados para cada tipo de ensaio. Análise de variância em fator único foi realizada para os valores de resistência à compressão axial, deformação do remanescente e resistência à fratura. Comparações múltiplas foram realizadas usando teste de Tukey. Os dados de padrão de fratura foram submetidos ao teste Quiquadrado. Análise de variância fatorial em dois fatores foi realizada considerando como fatores em estudo: deformação da superfície do remanescente (V e L) e a técnica de reabilitação. Todos os testes empregados - 19 - tiveram nível de significância α=0,05 e todas as análises foram realizadas com o programa estatístico Sigma Plot versão 13.1 (Systat Software Ins, San Jose, CA, USA). O uso de dois pinos de fibra de vidro resultou em menor resistência à fratura que os grupos sem pino de fibra de vidro e com um pino de fibra de vidro. Durante o carregamento oclusal de 100N a superfície lingual do remanescente demonstrou maior deformação para todos os grupos. A ausência de pino de fibra de vidro resultou em valores significativamente mais elevados de tensões na dentina radicular e modos de fratura irreparáveis significativamente maiores que os outros grupos. O uso de um pino de fibra de vidro resultou em melhor razão deformação/resistência fratura. A concentração de tensão na área de furca foi ligeiramente reduzida com uso de pino de fibra de vidro. Conclui-se que o uso de um pino de fibra de vidro para reabilitar molares inferiores com resina composta direta mostrou maior resistência à fratura que o uso de dois pinos de fibra de vidro, menor deformação do remanescente, melhor distribuição de tensões e padrão de falha com maior número de fraturas reparáveis quando comparado a molares restaurados sem uso de pino de fibra de vidro / Mestre em Odontologia