Si les administrativistes admettent que le prisme contentieux est déformant, il est toutefois remarquable de constater que la définition doctrinale de l'acte administratif unilatéral est généralement réduite à une équation entre un tel acte juridique et le recours pour excès de pouvoir.Partant d'un tel constat, il s'agissait de déconstruire les différentes versions du discours doctrinal qui se fondent exclusivement ou accessoirement sur le statut contentieux de l'acte, c'est-à-dire sur les éléments de légalité examinés à l'occasion du recours pour excès de pouvoir. En effet, le paradigme de la définition contentieuse a pour conséquence de n'envisager l'acte administratif unilatéral que comme une notion fonctionnelle, qui plus est contentieuse. Outre l'aspect technique de l'analyse, lareconstruction de la définition du concept d'acte administratif unilatéral passe par l'examen renouvelé de ses caractéristiques contemporaines. Par hypothèse, l'acte administratif unilatéral, concept au service de l'action de la puissance publique, peut être examiné à partir de son unilatéralité. Il s'agit dans ce cas de l'appréhender par opposition au contrat ce qui induiraitl'absence de consentement de son destinataire, en tant qu'acte de commandement de la puissancepublique au service de la mise en oeuvre de l'intérêt général, comme un acte contraignant etjusticiable à ce titre. La reconstruction de la définition part du postulat que les différentescomposantes de l'unilatéralité sont aujourd'hui affectées par les changements en cours en droitadministratif. Le concept évolutif d'acte administratif unilatéral peut recevoir une définitionrenouvelée, contemporaine et non strictement contentieuse grâce au double niveau d'analyseproposé un aspect plus technique et la recherche corrélative de la justification du recours auprocédé unilatéral en droit contemporain.Ainsi, l'acte administratif unilatéral peut être considéré comme l'acte juridique édicté par unepersonne habilitée son auteur juridique qui dispose de la faculté de le faire entrer en vigueur et enendosse la responsabilité juridique. Le processus de formation de l'acte est devenu pluraliste et placele destinataire de l'acte au centre de la théorie dès lors que l'on parvient à établir que sa participationet son consentement sont recueillis au moment de l'élaboration. Un tel acte juridique ne se borne pasà modifier l'ordonnancement juridique. Plus largement, il crée ou affecte la situation juridique (lesdroits et les obligations) et matérielle de ses destinataires, de ses auteurs et dans certaineshypothèses des tiers. En outre, il est la manifestation privilégiée de la puissance publique au servicede l'intérêt général. Le plus fréquemment, il est possible d'en contester la légalité à l'appui d'unrecours juridictionnel devant les juges de la légalité administrative. / Summary not transmitted

The aim of this master´s thesis is the system of the urban planning. It describes its means, remedies, process and formation. The thesis maps options of the public to influence this processes. It contains teoretical examples as well as practical.

"First, this dissertation proposes to explore the practice of amnesties in dealing with violations of human rights vis-à-vis the obligation of states to punish and to prosecute gross violations of human rights and to guarantee effective remedies for victims. Secondly, it seeks to inquire, for purposes of meeting the first objective, into the validity of amnesties in international law with specific reference to the African Charter. Thirdly, on the strength of a selected case studies: South Africa and Moçambique, and informed by relevant jurisprudence drawn from the Inter-American human rights system and elsewhere, a critique informative of the recommendations as to how the African Court should deal with cases arising out of such amnesty situations will be attempted. Equally, similar reference will be made, albeit in an abridged way, to how amnesties could be dealt with at the political levels of the African Union (AU). Fourthly, the dissertation will inquire into why amnesties, which have been used to advance utilitarian ends of the communal good (national reconciliation) thereby ‘trumping individuals’ rights’, cannot at the same time, be so fashioned as to reconcile these especially relating to effective remedies for violations of human rights the amnesty seeks to address. Fifthly, in drawing on the foregoing, this study will, by way of recommendations, seek to outline criteria or conditionalities upon which amnesty should, if ever, be granted. ... The study consists of five chapters. Chapter one will provide the context in which the study is set. It highlights the basis and structure of the study. Chapter two endeavours to outline some of the basic concepts central to the study; amnesty, pardon as instruments of national reconciliation and the various avenues through which these has been effected in the past. In the main, the chapter attempts a problematisation of the concept of amnesty by which its validity and place in international law will be examined. Chapter three outlines the approaches to amnesty in South Africa and Moçambique and the countervailing state obligations to ensure rights protected in human rights instruments: to prosecute and punish violators and the rights of victims and their relatives to effective remedies. In the case of South Africa, the right to effective remedies is discussed within the context of the decision of the South African constitutional court in AZAPO. Chapter four attempts to grapple with the possibility of bringing a case before the African Court of Human Rights and how this case may, and should be decided in light of existing decisions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and available comparative jurisprudence on the subject. Chapter five will consist of a summary of the presentation and the conclusions drawn from the entire study. It will also make some recommendations as to how amnesty should be dealt with both at political level (AU) and at the level of the African Court in relation to human rights violations. In furtherance of this, it attempts an outline of directive criteria that should be applied." -- Chapter 1. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The Position of Review Appeal in the System of Remedies Abstract What is the purpose of the review appeal in civil matters? Should the review appeal be of an ordinary or extraordinary nature? Should the admissibility requirements of the review appeal be determined entirely objectively, or should it depend, at least in part, on the subjective discretion of the appellate court? This is only a part of numerous questions that have accompanied the institute of review appeal for several historical stages and, due to the planned overall re- codification of the civil procedure law, these issues remain relevant even today. The author of this work aims to provide an answer to some of these questions based on a critical view of the historical development of the review appeal, current legislation concerning this matter and the review appeal from de lege ferenda perspective. In the first chapter, the author generally discusses remedies in civil proceedings, their nature, effects, and definition of the review appeal. The greatest attention is paid to the purposes of the review appeal, which include finding individual justice and unifying the decision-making practice of the civil courts. In the second chapter, the author focuses in detail on the historical development of the institute of review appeal. Its important...

Public administration plays a major role in some countries that benefits citizens and government. Therefore, the government needs to uphold a standard of effectiveness in public administration. Research has been done in effectiveness in public administration in individual countries with limited research on certain aspects. However, not much research has been done on effectiveness of public administration which is linked to case management in Scandinavian countries. In the Swedish Administration Act, an efficiency principle has been incorporated which provides an opportunity for the delay in the case of delayed processing. At present there is no such opportunity in Norway. Aim to clarify what protection there is for individuals against delay in case management in Swedish and Norwegian law and whether this is consistent with the international commitments to which the countries are bound, primarily the principle of efficiency. The purpose is therefore to clarify what applies in each country, and to compare protection in both countries and whether this is compatible with international law, primarily the European Convention and EU law. Two methods have been used: the legal dogmatic and the comparative method. The result indicates that there is clearly that both countries tried to reduce resources in administrative case management by simplifying the rule. But this is not closed to meeting the requirement for efficiency in case management. Imposing penalties for case handling are not enough if there is no effective remedy that can uphold international law. Consequently, the delay speech without effective remedies will not lead to any major changes in practice in Swedish law. Norway is in the process of reviewing its provisions. This study is expected to draw attention to international law that is linked to public administration.

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Using ethnobotanical, anthropological and social science theory and methods this work illustrates significance of studying traditional foods and their medicinal qualities for maintaining health. Set in the background of the communities¿ practises and rituals specific plant-based items, used by Sikh and Ukrainian migrant communities, are a central focus to understanding the significance of practises and related knowledge for maintaining health and the broader concept of ¿well-being¿. Literature review, participant observation and in-depth interviewing techniques were used to identify 126 species of plants mentioned. These illustrate what was a primarily female domain of knowledge now becoming superficial and spread over domains of both men and women. This study notes convenience in terms of time and transport, changes in markets in the UK, importation of goods and the use of machinery and techniques such as freezing, and intervention by healthcare professionals have all affected the way traditional foods and remedies are perceived and practised. There are key foods which will remain important for generations to come whilst the domains are changing. Specific community structures support maintenance of food practises, including langar within the Sikh community and the regular OAP Ukrainian lunchtime club and numerous food events where foods with particular religious and cultural significance are made by at least two generations. These events involve transmission of knowledge related to foods and their health qualities, including images of strength as a ¿people¿. By questioning the significance of emic perspectives healthcare professionals and policymakers could learn much from practises developed over centuries or millennia.

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a dupla função do parágrafo único do artigo 473 do Código Civil: (i) garantir que a denúncia seja feita após o cumprimento de um período mínimo do contrato, apto a permitir o seu adimplemento satisfativo e a amortização dos investimentos realizados pelo denunciatário e (ii) garantir que o denunciatário seja notificado com antecedência necessária para tomar providências a fim de se preparar para o término do contrato. Tendo em vista os interesses que o parágrafo único do artigo 473 do Código Civil visa tutelar, pretende-se verificar se o referido dispositivo legal deve acarretar a manutenção compulsória do contrato ou o pagamento de indenização por danos materiais e quais danos devem ser indenizados. Para isso, parte-se da análise da resilição unilateral, prevista no caput do artigo 473 do Código Civil, como direito potestativo, distinguindo-a do distrato, da resolução do contrato e da denúncia. Também serão examinadas as hipóteses em que a lei admite a resilição unilateral e a possibilidade de as partes estabelecerem contratualmente a denúncia unilateral do contrato mediante aviso prévio ou pagamento de multa. Em seguida, se examinará a boa-fé objetiva como critério de aferição da abusividade da denúncia; a função do dever de aviso prévio; a função do prazo estabilizador; e os critérios para fixação de prazo razoável. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo irá tratar das formas de reparação do dano decorrente da resilição unilateral do contrato - quais sejam, a execução específica da obrigação e o pagamento de indenização por danos materiais - e dos danos a serem indenizados. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the double function of the sole paragraph of article 473 of the Civil Code: (i) ensure the termination by notice is made after the fulfillment of a minimum period of the contract, allowing its satisfactory performance and the amortization of the investments made by the reported party, and (ii) ensure the reported party is notified early enough to take action in order to prepare for the termination of the contract. In view of the interests that the sole paragraph of article 473 of the Civil Code aims to protect we intend to verify whether the aforementioned legal provision should result in the compulsory maintenance of the contract or the payment of compensation for material damages, and which damages should be compensated. To that end, we initially analyze the unilateral termination, foreseen in the caption of article 473 of the Civil Code, as a potestative right, distinguishing it from dissolution, contract cancellation and termination by notice. Also examined are the hypotheses in which the law allows unilateral termination and the possibility of the parties contractually establishing the termination by claim of the contract upon prior notice or payment of a fine. Then, objective good faith is examined as a criterion for assessing the abusiveness of the termination by notice; the duty of prior notice; the function of the stabilizing period; and the criteria for setting a reasonable period. Finally, the third chapter deals with the remedies for unilateral termination of the contract - namely, the specific performance of the obligation and the payment of compensation for material damages - and the damages to be compensated.

Diseases of Women, Book I, is part of the Hippocratic Corpus of approximately seventy treatises, although different authors contributed to the writings, as is evident by slight changes in text. It is the first of three works by Hippocrates on gynaecological problems. Fifth century BC doctors did not dissect either humans or animals, so their theories were based purely on observation and experience. Book I deals with women who have problems with menstruation, either the lack of it or an excess, infertility and, when conception does take place, the threat of miscarriage and dealing with the stillborn child. Various remedies are given, including herbal infusions, vapour baths and mixtures that the modern day patient would shudder at, e.g. animal dung and headless, wingless beetles. One remedy, hypericum, or St John's Wort, used for depression, has become popular today as an alternative medicine. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M.A. (with specialisation in Ancient Languages and Cultures)

Univ., Diss.--Basel, 2002.