Text in Afrikaans / Daar is 'n toenemende bewuswording van die noodsaaklikheid van effektiewe beskerming vir minderhede. Die rede vir hierdie toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte aan minderheidsbeskerming is waarskynlik toe te skryf aan die beset dat dit nie alleen die minderheidsaandeelhouers is wat skade ly in geval van benadelende optrede nie, maar ook die ekonomie. Maatskappye word ingevolge die beginsel van meerderheidsbewind bestuur, met die gevolg dat die minderheid onderworpe is aan die wil van die meerderheid. Die minderheid kan hulself hierdeur in 'n onbenydenswaardige posisie bevind, veral indien die meerderheid hul mag aanwend om hul eie belange te bevorder. Gemeenregtelik is die reel in Foss v Harbottle 'n struikelblok vir minderheidsaandeelhouers wat gedingvoering beoog. In 'n poging om die gebrekkige gemeenregtelike beskerming van minderhede te ondervang, is bepaalde statutere maatreels ingevoer. Die evaluasie van hierdie maatreels geskied aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek na verskeie buitelandse stelsels, waarvan die van Nieu-Seeland en Kanada uit staan vanwee die innoverende aard van hul statutere beskermingsmaatreels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die beskerming wat die Suid-Afrikaanse statutere maatreels aan minderhede bied, onbevredigend is om verskeie redes. Eerstens is hierdie maatreels dikwels te eng bewoord wat daartoe lei dat die aanwendingsveld van die maatreels beperk is. Tweedens hou die maatreels nie tred met ontwikkelings elders in die wereld en veranderende omstandighede en behoeftes in die praktyk nie. Derdens ontbreek goed geformuleerde remedies wat aanvullend tot artikel 252 van die Wet sal wees. Daar is verder bevind dat ad hocwysigings van bestaande maatreels nie die gewenste resultaat gaan bereik nie en 'n algehele hervorming van die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg word aanbeveel. Ten slotte word konkrete voorstelle in die vorm van konsepwetgewing gemaak en word vergesel van verduidelikende notas. Hierdie wetgewing is hoofsaaklik aan die hand van die Nieu-Seelandse en Kanadese modelle geformuleer. / There is a growing awareness of the need for effective protection of minority shareholders. This can probably be ascribed to the acknowledgement of the fact that prejudicial conduct harms not only minority shareholders, but also the economy at large. Companies are governed by the principle of majority rule; consequently the minority is subjected to the will of the majority. This often places the minority in an invidious position, especially when the majority use their power to further their own interests. The rule in Foss v Harbottle presents a stumbling block to minority shareholder action. Certain statutory measures have been introduced in an effort to counter defective minority protection. These statutory measures are evaluated in the light of a comparative study of several foreign jurisdictions, the most prominent of which are New Zealand and Canada, because of the innovative nature of the measures which they employ. The conclusion arrived at is that, for various reasons, the protection afforded minorities by the South African statutory measures is unsatisfactory. Firstly, the wording of these measures is narrowly construed; this in turn results in a narrow field of application. Secondly, these measures are not in step with developments elsewhere in the world and with the changing circumstances and needs in practice. Thirdly, well-formulated remedies needed in order to supplement section 252 of the Act are non-existent. It has also been found that ad hoc amendments of existing measures will not achieve the required result, and consequently a complete reform of South African company law is recommended. Finally, specific recommendations in the form of draft legislation are made; these are accompanied by explanatory notes. This draft legislation was formulated primarily along the lines of the New Zealand and Canadian models. / Private Law / LL.D.

Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy. / Mercentile Law / LL. D. (Laws)

Habilitacijai teikiami mokslo darbai, susiję su dviem tyrimų sritimi – autorių teisių ir kitų intelektinės nuosavybės teisių apsaugos ir gynimo teoriniais ir praktiniais aspektais. Teikiamuose mokslo darbuose, remiantis kitų valstybių, Lietuvos doktrina ir teismų praktika analizuojama ir aiškinama teisinio reguliavimo novelų esmė, pateikiamos tam tikro instituto ar dalyko fundamentalios žinios ir vertinimai. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad, ypač intelektinės nuosavybės teisės srityje, dauguma analizuotų klausimų susiję su Europos Sąjungos ar tarptautinės teisės aktų nuostatų įgyvendinimu vidaus teisėje, analizuojami šio įgyvendinimo rezultatai, nagrinėjamos atitinkamų nuostatų turinys ir taikymo galimybės, atskleidžiamos tinkamo ir netinkamo teisės taikymo atvejai, doktrininiu aiškinimu šalinamos esamos teisinio reguliavimo ar teisės taikymo spragos arba klaidos. Taip pat iškeliamos tam tikros teisės politikos formavimo, vystymo ir strategijos kryptys bei problemos, orientuojantis į racionalumo ir apsaugos funkcionalumo kriterijus. Tyrimuose didelę reikšmę turi istorinis, lyginamasis, teleologinis tyrimų metodai. Didelę reikšmę teikiamuose darbuose turi monografija apie autorių teisę, kurioje sistemiškai nagrinėjami pagrindiniai principai, šaltiniai, objektai, subjektai, asmeninės neturtinės teisės ir turtinės teisės bei jų apribojimai. Remiantis droit d‘ auteure tradicija, autorių teisės paskirtis ir pagrindinė funkcija yra reguliuoti trejopo pobūdžio interesų konfliktus ir rasti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject matter of the scientific studies comprises a study of key issues of the protection of copyright as well as enforcement of other intellectual property rights. The basic methods of study used in the works are comparative, historical and teleological. The model of legal regulation of the protection of intellectual property rights chosen is the one existing in the states of droit d’ auteur and copyright systems, and based on this model the key issues of copyright protection are analysed by way of comparing and assessing the aspects provided for in the Lithuanian legislation. Lithuania follows the droit d’ auteur system. In general, the Lithuanian copyright law does not reflect any unique tradition. The development of intellectual property rights protection in Lithuania essentially coincided with the accession to international and regional organisations and to international agreements. When Lithuania decisively implemented one of its foreign policy aims — to become a member of the European Union — the approximation of its national law to the European Union legislation commenced in the field of intellectual property law as well as in the whole legal system. The scientific monograph and the few scientific articles analyse the main aspects of the protection of copyright: main principles of copyright, legal sources, subject matter of the protections, the author or other copyright owner, contents of protection (economic rights and moral rights), limitations and exceptions... [to full text]

Final thesis Topic: Diplomatic protection Thesis supervisor: JUDr. Vladimír Balaš, CSc. Student: Marek Čermák Thesis on the topic of diplomatic protection deals with the granting of exercise of diplomatic protection by the states and is divided into seven chapters which follow each other. The first chapter describes the diplomatic protection and its historical foundations. The second chapter focuses on the possibility of exercise of diplomatic protection in respect of natural persons and the conditions that need to be fulfilled for the posibility of exercise of such protection. The third chapter focuses on the exercise of diplomatic protection in respect of legal persons and the conditions that must be fulfilled for the posibility of exercise of such protection. The fourth chapter describes the internationally accepted rule of exhaustion of local remedies, as well as exceptions to this rule. The fifth chapter describes the procedures of states where is no exercise of diplomatic protection, but enforcement of protection granted on other grounds. The sixth chapter deals with the procedures of states which are different from the rules of international law. And the seventh chapter describes the procedure of states in situation of granting diplomatic protection.

Thesis deals with the position and proceedings of the Czech Trade Inspection (CTI). The introductory chapter discusses the theoretical and general bases associated with the role and activities of the CTI in public administration as a public authority, forms of administrative activities and administrative supervision. Afterwards, the work describes the history of consumer's protection legislation and freely moves in a special section dealing with on the above mentioned theoretical aspects in a practical context. First, it discusses the status of the CTI in public administration and organizational structure including the structure of the particular inspectorates and then powers and authority under applicable law. The following section is devoted to an inspection process systematically as the main activity of the CTI, including the description of the rights and duties of inspectors in its exercise. During the inspection inspectors determine the facts that are recorded in the inspection report, which serves as the main basis for eventual administrative proceedings. This section presents a number of my practical experiences, but also the decisions of administrative courts, which may provide some guidance on how to proceed when revising in ambiguous cases. Furthermore, specific remedies, including...

The subject of my thesis is the Action for a new trial and action for a mistrial. The purpose of this thesis is to characterize these actions from point of view of their exceptionality as the extraordinary remedies, to compare their common and different features and to suggest the possible future legislation. The thesis is composed of seven chapters. The aim of the firts and the second chapter is to briefly characterize the redress procedures, the individual repair systems and the remedies from the general point of view, from which these two actions are patterned. The following chapter briefly describes the extraordinary remedies from the point of view of their characteristic signs and their representation in the present legislation. I am also mentioning the two important amendment of civil procedure, which are responsible of creation the system of remedies as we know it in present form in this chapter. The fourth chapter is divided into nine subchapters and dealing with the analyses of the action for a new trial. The purpose of each subchapter is not only to commonly charecterize the action for a new trial, but also to explain under what circumstances is the action for a new trial unallowable, which subjects are justified to sue, which requisites the action for a new trial has to include, and...

[pt] O Judiciary Act, aprovado em 1925, tornou o writ of certiorari a principal forma de acesso à Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos da América. Como seu exame de admissibilidade, diferentemente dos recursos ordinários, é feito discricionariamente (ou seja, não é tido como um direito da parte), os membros daquele tribunal passaram a escolher as questões constitucionais que estariam a merecer sua consideração. Esta solução foi adotada como forma de amenizar a carga de trabalho dos Justices, responsáveis pela uniformização do direito federal aplicável em todo o país, e trouxe importantes conseqüências ao papel desempenhado por eles no sistema jurídico-político estadunidense. A análise do writ of certiorari constitui o objeto da primeira parte desta dissertação, cuja relevância justifica-se pela aprovação, no final de 2004, da Emenda Constitucional nº 45, que concedeu ao Supremo Tribunal Federal poder semelhante, consistente na possibilidade de rejeição de recursos extraordinários por ausência de repercussão geral das questões constitucionais ali discutidas. A análise das conseqüências da ampliação do escopo do writ of certiorari e das modificações que acarretou na atuação da Suprema Corte norte-americana destina-se a fornecer elementos concretos para que se possa ao menos tentar prever o impacto que a repercussão geral - ainda não regulamentada pelo legislador ordinário - poderá ter sobre o Supremo Tribunal Federal e sobre o recurso extraordinário. / [en] The Judiciary Act, adopted in 1925 in the United States of America, transformed the Writ of Certiorari into the main form of appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, as it enabled the examination of admissibility, as opposed to the mandatory appeal, to be performed discretionarily (i.e. examination is not deemed a right of the Party). Therefore, members of the U.S. Supreme Court now select which particular constitutional issues deserve their consideration. This solution, adopted as a way to minimize the workload of the Justices responsible for making uniform federal laws applicable throughout the U.S., brought significant consequences to the role played by those Justices in the American legal and political system. An analysis of the Writ of Certiorari is the object of the first part of this monograph. Its relevance is straightforwardly justified by the approval, in late 2004, of the Brazilian Constitutional Amendment no. 45, which grants our Federal Supreme Court a similar power, i.e. the chance to dismiss extraordinary legal remedies on account of the constitutional issues therein discussed lacking General Repercussion. Finally, an analysis of the writ of certiorari scope and of the relevant changes introduced in the U.S. Supreme Court´s routine attempts to put forward concrete elements toward an incipient anticipation of the impacts which General Repercussion should eventually produce on the Brazilian Supreme Court as well as on extraordinary legal remedies themselves. (Our regular legislators have not yet reviewed General Repercussion in detail, though.)

Tratamos neste trabalho de um tema quase esquecido no direito brasileiro: a inconsistente interação entre antitruste e política de emprego na ação administrativa do CADE. Nesse contexto, o problema que se enfrenta é a falta de transparência do Conselho quanto às razões jurídicas para o abandono de antigas preocupações com nível de emprego no controle de concentrações. A questão que propomos responder é a seguinte: como o CADE deveria justificar seu definitivo distanciamento da regulação do mercado de trabalho? Em resposta, defendemos a tese normativa de que a utilização da análise econômica para justificar o rompimento da interação entre antitruste e política de emprego produziria uma forma de argumentação inaceitável do ponto de vista lógico. Diante da questão posta acima, este trabalho busca oferecer um juízo de valor acerca da plausibilidade de argumentos baseados em teoria econômica eventualmente adotados pelo CADE como justificativa para o abandono de suas preocupações com nível de emprego. Para tanto, tomamos o direito concorrencial como uma forma de discurso produzido por raciocínios práticos, dentro do qual a análise econômica do direito torna-se uma técnica de argumentação consequencialista. / This masters thesis deals with an almost forgotten topic in Brazilian competition law: the inconsistency in CADE decision-making as to the interactions between antitrust and employment policy. In this context, we face the problem of lack of transparency regarding the legal reasons for the Council to abandon its concerns with employment level in merger control. The research question to be answered is the following one: how should CADE justify its decision to definitively withdraw from the regulation of labor markets? In response, our claim is that the use of economic analysis to justify the broken interaction between antitrust and employment policy could lead to a form of argumentation logically unacceptable. In view of the question above, this thesis offers a plausibility evaluation of arguments derived from economic theory that CADE may further in support of its decision to give up concerns with employment level. To do so, we take competition law as a discourse produced by practical reasoning, in which the economic analysis of law becomes a technique for consequentialist argumentation.

Die Dissertation handelt über Wettbewerbsökonomie. Kapitel 1 betrachtet eine Fusion zwischen zwei regulierten Firmen, die in getrennten Märkten agieren und jeweils mit unregulierten Firmen konkurrieren. Die optimale Fusionspolitik für regulierte Firmen hängt von der Intensität des Wettbewerbs zwischen den unregulierten Firmen ab, verschärfter Wettbewerb zwischen den unregulierten Firmen induziert eine mildere Fusionspolitik. Das Gegenteil gilt, wenn die regulierten Firmen in ein wettbewerbsfähiges Marktsegment expandieren und die regulierten und unregulierten Waren komplementär sind. Kapitel 2 untersucht die optimale Fusionspolitik zwischen zwei wettbewerbsfähigen Firmen. Unter den strukturellen Auflagen, die sich am effektivsten herausgestellt haben um einen wirksamen Wettbewerb wiederherzustellen, gibt es eine die sich stark hervorhebt, nämlich die Veräußerung von differenzierten Marken an andere Wettbewerber. Dies ist eine effektive Möglichkeit, um die Marktmacht der neuen Firma zu verringern und sie kann die Möglichkeiten für privat und sozial wünschenswerte Fusionen erhöhen. Vor allem wenn die Güter annähernd perfekt substituierbar sind, ist der Bereich der Effizienzgewinne, die eine Fusion unter Auflagen erlauben, größer. Kapitel 3 untersucht die allgemein etablierte Feststellung, dass Einzelhandelspreise sich schneller anpassen, wenn Input Preise steigen, als wenn sie fallen. Durch die Anwendung eines dynamischen zwei Perioden Preiswettbewerb Modells zeigt sich das Folgende für die Angebotsseite für asymmetrische Preisanpassung: die Existenz von profitablen Lagerungsmöglichkeiten ermöglicht es wettbewerbsfähigen Firmen sich glaubhaft zu verpflichten, ihre Preise umgehend über die marginalen Kosten zu setzen, wenn sie höhere Input Preise antizipieren. Dies lockert den Wettbewerb sodass Firmen positive Gewinne erzielen. Wenn erwartet wird das Input Preise sinken, landen die Firmen im Bertrand Paradoxon und die Preisanpassung erfolgt langsamer. / This thesis is about competition economics. Chapter 1 considers a merger between two regulated firms operating in two separate markets, and in each market there are unregulated competitors. The optimal merger policy for regulated firms depends on the intensity of competition between unregulated firms, fiercer competition between unregulated firms induces a more lenient merger policy. These results are reversed if the regulated firms expand into a competitive segment of the market and the regulated and unregulated goods are complements. Chapter 2 studies the optimal merger policy between two competitive firms. Among the structural remedies which have being treated as the most effective manners to restore effective competition, there is one relevant type, namely, the divestiture of differentiated brands to other competitor(s). It is a powerful tool to lessen the merged entity''s market power and can increase the scope for privately and socially desirable mergers. In particular, when goods are closer to perfect substitutability, the range of the efficiency gains which allows the merger with remedies to be approved is larger. Chapter 3 investigates the well-established observation that retail prices adjust faster when input costs rise than when they fall. From the supply side to asymmetric price adjustments, using a model of two-period dynamic price competition, it shows that the presence of profitable storing allows competitive firms to credibly commit to immediately increase their prices above current marginal costs when they anticipate higher input costs. This relaxes competition and firms earn positive profits. If input costs are expected to decline, the firms are trapped in the Bertrand paradox and price adjustment is slower.

Trata-se o presente de estudo analítico e propositivo que circunda em torno do tema do controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas, com destacado vigor no que toca às prestações e ações de saúde a cargo do Poder Público. Analisando o fenômeno da assunção do Judiciário como arena de debate político e atribuição de direitos, ver-se-á que há virtudes e vicissitudes nesse que é caminho irreversível da sociedade moderna. No campo da intervenção judicial na saúde, serão demonstrados os grandes transtornos gerados por uma atividade pouco cautelosa e ainda predominantemente fundada nas premissas processuais do Século XIX, o que gera um desarranjo de contas e estratégias e deflagra uma clara crise entre os Poderes instituídos. Ademais, do modo como sucede hoje, a intervenção judicial em políticas de saúde acaba privilegiando poucos à custa de muitos, quando a saúde é taxativamente direito que deve ser atribuído pelo Estado de maneira isonômica e universal. A partir do diagnóstico das patologias causadas pela desmedida intervenção judicial na saúde, realizada a partir de pesquisa empírica e revisão bibliográfica, esta tese estabelecerá limites que deverão ser observados pelo magistrado, verdadeiras fronteiras que, caso ultrapassadas, agravarão e perpetuarão o problema. Ato contínuo, serão propostas medidas que se prestam a tornar o exercício da judicatura nessa seara mais harmônico com a própria gênese do direito à saúde. A ideia, assim, é auxiliar magistrados e operadores a tornar a tarefa de sindicar ações e prestações estatais de saúde mais racional, equilibrada, justa e universal, mediante propositura de limites e adoção de instrumentos apropriados, processuais e não processuais. / This work derives from a research upon Brazilian judicial intervention in public policies, focusing in how this intervention works regarding the constitutional duty, drove to the State, of providing health to people. Analyzing the political phenomena of Judiciary as one of the most relevant public discussions arena, this thesis will show that virtues and inconveniences arise from this Brazilian modern society reality. Considering judicial intervention upon public health, the work will explore the great problems issued by a less cautious activity founded in relevant part on classic procedural premises of the 19th Century, which causes public accountancy disruption and overwhelms administrative strategies, generating a clear crisis amid instituted Powers. Moreover, as it flows nowadays, judicial intervention upon health public politics privileges few against interests of many, as health is a right of everyone and as indeclinable duty of State under the expression rule of Brazilian Constitution. After diagnose the pathologies caused by immeasurable judicial intervention upon public health, featured both by empirical research and bibliographic revision, this thesis will establish boundaries that might be observed by judges when accomplishing their honorable task, limits that, once overtook, make the problem worst and permanent. Afterwards, some measures will be proposed in order to turn judicial activity in this specific field more harmonic with proper nature of right to health. Hence, the main idea is to help judges and other agents to turn the judicial task of intervention in public health more rational, balanced, fair and universal by proposing limits and adopting appropriated procedural and no procedural instruments.