La volonté et l’exécution forcée de l’obligation apparaissent comme deux notions opposées : l’une renvoie à l’idée de liberté, alors que l’autre fait écho à celle de contrainte. Elles entretiennent pourtant des liens étroits. Ceux-ci ne sont pas à chercher dans le fondement du droit à l’exécution forcée dont le créancier est titulaire, et ce même lorsque l’obligation sur laquelle porte ce droit est née d’un accord de volontés. Si la volonté constitue un critère de définition de l’exécution forcée, son influence se manifeste surtout lors du régime de cette sanction. Elle intervient, en premier lieu, comme élément déclencheur, lors de la mise en œuvre des droits que la loi confère au créancier en cas d’inexécution de l’obligation. Elle est, en second lieu, susceptible de jouer un rôle en amont lors de l’aménagement conventionnel du droit à l’exécution forcée de l’obligation. Cette double influence de la volonté sur le prononcé de l’exécution forcée risque de porter atteinte aux intérêts des parties, ainsi qu’à des valeurs et principes supérieurs : les libertés et droits fondamentaux et la loyauté. Un contrôle judiciaire de la volonté, révélant les limites à l’influence de la volonté, doit ainsi être réalisé. Il assure la conciliation, d’une part, de l’utilité sociale de l’obligation, que sert le droit à l’exécution forcée, et de la liberté contractuelle avec, d’autre part, les libertés et droits fondamentaux et la loyauté. C’est à une juste conciliation de ces exigences, ainsi qu’à un encadrement du droit à l’exécution forcée et de son aménagement conventionnel auxquels aboutit l’étude de l’exécution forcée appréhendée sous l’angle de la volonté. / Willingness and specific performance may seem opposed, because the first one refers to freedom while the second one to constraint. Yet, willingness and specific performance are strongly linked. Those links are not to be found in the grounds of the creditor’s specific performance right, even if the obligation on which this right is based comes from an agreement between the parties. While willingness is a criterion used to define specific performance, it especially expresses its influence when it comes to the regime of this sanction. Firstly, willingness influences, as a trigger, the implementation of the rights given by the law to the creditor in case of unperformed obligation. Secondly, it is likely to have a role to play upstream when parties contractually agree on an arrangement of the obligation specific performance’s right.This double influence of willingness on specific performance imposition is likely to affect both party interests and greater value and principles such as individual fundamental rights and freedoms and loyalty. A judicial assessment of willingness, which would highlight the limits of willingness influence, must be carried out. It would combine on the one hand the social utility of obligation - which is provided by specific performance - and freedom of contract with, on the other hand, fundamental rights and freedoms and loyalty. This study on specific performance, viewed from a willingness perspective, results in providing a framework for both the specific performance right and its contractual arrangement as well as a fair conciliation of those requirements.

Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law) / The establishment of an anti-dumping regime has become commonplace for many a government that seeks to protect and promote its local industries. One reason which appears to be dominant by its proponents is the need to curb predatory pricing. Another reason given by the proponents of anti-dumping is the need to maintain a level playing field for players in any particular industry. With these reasons and probably many others, anti-dumping legislation began to find its way into present-day trade. Canada, with its anti-dumping statute of 1904 [An Act to Amend the Customs Tariff 1897, 4 Edw VIII, 1 Canada Statutes 111 (1904)] is credited with the first modern anti-dumping legislation. New Zealand followed in 1905 with the Agricultural Implement Manufacture, Importation and Sale Act 1905, which was primarily meant to protect New Zealand's manufacturers of agricultural implements. The Industries Preservation Act 1906 which Australia enacted was to deal with market monopoly by manufacturers but it also contained provisions on anti-dumping. The first decade of the 20th century will thus qualify to be called the introductory decade of anti-dumping legislation.

The aim of my graduation thesis deals with problems of erosion and that is above all the water erosion which impends the pieces of arable lands almost on the half of the the Czech republic territory. That is why we should suggest convenient remedies that prevent the washing off the soil within the frame of comprehensive land adjustment. It will be assured one of the main objectives of the land adjustments by these remedies and it is the protection and fertilization of the soil fund. The work shows the summary of possible erosion protection remedies which are the part of the common plan that is integral element of the land adjustment project. The plan forms coming framework of the farming landscape structure and it is the form of scenic plan inside of the land adjustment. Therefore the land adjustments are the most significant instruments for the interest enforcement in the land formation and protection. There will be described the methods for an evaluation of erosion processes in my work where the selection depends on the purpose of the research. For the evaluation could be used empirical and simulation models. There will be used the most widespread empirical model in the world as well as in the Czech republic in this work and it is Wischmeier?s and Smith?s universal soil loss equation formulated in 1978 in the USA. For the application of this model was chosen cadastral land Slabčice in the South Bohemian region. There had been chosen the lands for the determination of the possible water erosion jeopardy after the research of the accessible information wher was made the calculation of the average long term soil loss of all explored lands. There will be propose erosion control remedies in the case of overrun of allowed soil loss by the water erosion which can have organizational, agricultural and technical type. The results obtained will be compared with comprehensive land adjustment Slabčice.

Atualmente, há um debate acerca dos efeitos da aplicação de medidas antidumping entre as partes de um acordo regional de comércio. Discute-se que o emprego de tais instrumentos pode gerar um óbice ao livre comércio e ao avanço da integração econômica negociados em tais acordos. As regras do sistema multilateral de comércio determinam que direitos antidumping podem ser aplicados quando comprovada a existência de dumping, dano à indústria nacional e a relação causal entre estes. Entretanto, mesmo que haja regras sobre a condução de uma investigação antidumping e a aplicação da medida, ainda há muito espaço para a discricionariedade das autoridades nacionais investigadoras. Isso enseja a preocupação de que a aplicação desse instrumento pode conduzir a uma ineficácia dos objetivos de liberalização comercial negociados nos acordos regionais de comércio, além de neutralizar as concessões tarifárias feitas no âmbito desses acordos, em prol do protecionismo de uma indústria doméstica, muitas vezes, defasada e inapta à concorrência internacional. A presente dissertação pretende demonstrar que, à medida que o antidumping representa um potencial impacto negativo aos ideais dos acordos regionais de comércio, sua aplicação é antagônica com os objetivos desses acordos, inclusive no caso do MERCOSUL. Assim, as regras antidumping no âmbito do MERCOSUL deveriam ser repensadas, uma vez que a não aplicação de direitos antidumping no comércio intrarregional permitiria o avanço da integração econômica na região e representaria mais um passo rumo à consolidação da união aduaneira. / Currently, there is a debate about the effects of antidumping measures among members of regional trade agreements. It is argued that the use of such instrument can represent an obstacle to free trade and the deepening of economic integration. The rules of the multilateral trading system determines that antidumping duties may be applied when verified the existence of dumping, injury to the domestic industry of the importing country and causal relationship between them. However, even though there are rules governing the conduction of an antidumping investigation and the application of antidumping measures, there is still much room for discretion of investigating authorities. This gives rise to concern that the use of antidumping may lead to ineffectiveness of the goals of trade liberalization and neutralization of tariff concessions made under such agreements, in order to protect a domestic industry, usually outdated and unprepared to international competition. This thesis intends to demonstrate that, as antidumping represents a potential negative impact to the achievements of regional trade agreements, its application among members of a RTA is opposed to the goals of such agreements, including in the case of MERCOSUR. Thus, antidumping rules within MERCOSUR should be reconsidered, since the elimination of antidumping duties on intraregional trade would allow the deepening of the regional economic integration and represent a step towards the consolidation of the customs union.

The purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which Benin’s Constitutional Court gives effect to the right to reparation under the African Charter and to examine relevant routes for the Court to discharge its duty fully and accurately. Ultimately, the study envisions suggesting Benin’s Constitutional Court a more genuine approach to the right to reparation with an emphasis on the content and scope of the right to reparation, competent remedial institutions and determination of the quantum in cases of monetary compensation. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Action for retrial Abstract This diploma thesis deals with issues of action for retrial. Its aim is to describe contemporary form of this extraordinary remedy how as it is regulated in the act No. 99/1963 Coll., Civil Procedure Code., carry out its comparison with Slovakian regulation and with the substantive intent of the Civil Procedure Code and also submit solution to some aspects of possible future regulation. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The intention of the first chapter was to introduce basic terms and system, which includes action for retrial is its part. Part of this chapter is also dedicated to brief historical excursion, which tackles development of remedies since 1781 until publication of substantive intent of the Civil Procedure Code in the 2020 version. The second chapter covers the action for retrial itself. Its subchapters gradually analyse individual elements of this extraordinary remedy in the form of admissibility, the grounds for bringing the action, persons entitled to bring action, time limits, particulars of the action, proceedings and decisions on it, costs of the proceedings and court fees, as well as the issues of the status of action for retrial among other extraordinary remedies. The third chapter concentrates on comparing the Slovakian Civil Procedure Code with...

Documented as serving in the midwife capacity from the 1880s to the 1930s, the “granny-woman,” often was the only line of defense regarding childbirth support practices for many childbearing age women living in the region during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The early twentieth century saw the granny-women discredited and subject to elimination as a result of a purposeful campaign conducted by the male-dominated medical profession. Using knowledge of herbal remedies, the granny-woman played an integral part in the survival of the inhabitants of the region, especially related to childbirth. These centuries-old, herbal-based ministrations have been explored to aid in dispelling the erroneous conclusions related to the vital community role fulfilled by the Southern Appalachian granny-woman. Possessing knowledge of herbal-based childbirth prevention measures, the Southern Appalachian granny-woman rarely provided specifics related to the use of these measures by the women living in the region during that era.

This thesis critically examines the statutory unfair prejudice remedy provided for in section 163 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (‘the Act’). Section 163 is evaluated against its equivalents in England, Australia and Canada. Section 163 is considered against its predecessors to determine whether problems associated with the formulation and application of its predecessors have now been eradicated. It is argued that although it is important to ensure that company legislation is able to provide protection of an international standard to shareholders to be able to attract capital investment in a competitive market, one has to be cautious of slavishly following legislative trends in foreign jurisdictions. The South African legislature indiscriminately incorporated only parts of the Canadian unfair prejudice remedy in section 163. This approach also resulted, amongst others, in the introduction of foreign concepts. The legislature further failed to take cognisance of the unique historical developments relating to the unfair prejudice remedy in South Africa. This has led to the reintroduction of problems experienced with previous formulations of the statutory unfair prejudice remedy in South Africa and left certain problems relating to the interpretation and application of the statutory unfair prejudice remedy unresolved. Consideration is also given to the interrelationship between section 163 and some of the statutory remedies in the Act. Section 163 is also assessed in the context of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. In conclusion, recommendations for possible legislative amendments are made and an interpretational framework for the interpretation and application of the statutory unfair prejudice remedy in section 163 is provided. / Mercantile Law / LL. D. (Mercantile Law)

Text in Afrikaans / Werknemers is benewens sekere hoogs uitsonderlike gevalle altyd voor ontslag op substantiewe - en prosessuele billikheid geregtig, hetsy in 'n individuele ofkollektiewe verband. Prosessuele billikheid in besonder het 'n inherente waarde, o.a. omdat die uiteinde van 'n proses nie voorspel kan word nie. Die werkgewer word ook daardeur in staat gestel om die feite te bekom, en arbeidsvrede word daardeur gehandhaaf. Van verdere belang vir prosessuele billikheid is die nakoming van eie of ooreengekome prosedures, die beskikbaarstelling van genoegsame inligting, voorafkennisgewing en bona fide optrede deur die werkgewer. Die primere remedie in die geval van 'n onbillike ontslag is herindiensstelling, alhoewel herindiensstelling nie in die geval van 'n prosessuele onbillike ontslag beveel behoort te word nie. Die riglyne soos in die verlede deur die howe en arbiters ontwikkel is grootliks in die Konsepwet op Arbeids= verhoudinge, soos bevestig in die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge, 1995, gekodifiseer. / Prior to dismissal employees are always entitled to substantive - and procedural fairness, be it in an individual or a collective context, subject to highly exceptional circumstances. Procedural fairness in particular has an inherent value, inter alia because the outcome of a process cannot be predicted. The employer also thereby establishes the facts and by conducting a process, labour peace is promoted. Also of importance for procedural fairness is adherance to own or agreed procedures, providing the employee with sufficient information, prior notification and bona fide conduct by the employer. The primary remedy in the case of an unfair dismissal is reinstatement, though reinstatement should not follow in the case of a dismissal which is (only) procedurally unfair. The guidelines as developed by the courts and arbitrators have largely been codified in the Draft Labour Relations Bill, as subsequently confirmed in the Labour Relations Act, 1995. / Mercentile Law / LL. M.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In the recent decision in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (C) a claim for the loss of the use of a thing not utilised in the production of income was apparently allowed for the first time in South African law. A number of strict requirements were however set for such a claim. For a considerable time a claim has been recognised in English and German law even where a substitute was not hired and where the article was used for pleasure purposes. It is submitted that this should also be the position in South African law because the loss of the use of a thing per se has an independent value. It is further submitted that the interest on capital value method (as per English law) can be used as starting-point in the determination of quantum. A degree of flexibility is necessary to ensure fairness and equity. / In die onlangse beslissing in Kellerman v South African Transport Services 1993 4 SA 872 (K) is daar klaarblyklik die eerste maal in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg 'n eis om skadevergoeding weens gebruiksverlies van 'n saak wat nie in die produksie van inkomste gebruik is nie erken. Die hof stel egter 'n aantal streng vereistes vir so 'n eis. 'n Eis word al 'n geruime tyd in die Engelse en Duitse reg erken selfs waar 'n substituut nie gehuur is nie en waar sake bloot vir plesierdoeleindes gebruik is. Daar word submitteer dat dit ook die posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg behoort te wees aangesien gebruiksverlies opsigself 'n selfstandige waarde het. Dit word verder aangevoer dat die rente-op-kapitaalwaarde-metode (soos in die Engelse reg) gebruik kan word as 'n uitgangspunt by kwantumbepaling. Ter wille van redelikheid en billikheid behoort die maatstaf 'n mate van buigsaamheid te he. / Private Law / LL. M.