Univ., Diss.--Basel, 2005.

The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of parents with children in Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres using Over the Counter (OTC) homeopathic remedies, specific to the Pretoria East region. Secondary objectives included determining the extent of use of OTC homeopathic remedies, the perceptions of parents regarding homeopathy and natural remedies as well as the positioning of homeopathy. The research was designed around descriptive and exploratory methods using quantitative research techniques. Aspects such as demographic information and the general health of families, attitudes, perceptions and opinions specific to homeopathy, natural remedies and conventional medicine, as well as details on remedy usage and brands, were addressed. From the findings of the study a clear profile could be identified. Further to the profile, the perceptions of respondents regarding OTC homeopathic remedies as well as reasons for using these remedies are discussed. The positioning of OTC homeopathic remedies was done based on spider graphs, exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Several recommendations were made to the homeopathic industry, the Ministry of Health, medical professionals, Medical Aid Schemes, pharmacists and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the Department of Social Development. The study concludes with details specific to the limitations of the study and further research suggestions. / Economics / M.A. Commerce (Business Management)

O objeto desse trabalho é a atuação dos agentes mercantis, ligados ao comércio de remédios, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no final do século XVIII e início do XIX. Figuras centrais no abastecimento de medicamentos para Minas Gerais tiveram um papel de intermediários no que diz respeito as práticas médicas. A pesquisa desses homens revelou o universo dos remédios consumidos e a utilização e aplicação dos mesmos até as mudanças estruturadas com a chegada da Família Real / The main object of this study are the market agents and them activities, related to trade remedies, in Rio de Janeiro at the end of the eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth century, those traders are central figures in the supply of medicines for Minas Gerais had a role as intermediary with regard to medical practices; The research of these men revealed the universe of drugs and its applications until the structural changes with the arrival of the Royal Family.

Depuis l'adoption de sa première législation antidumping en 1989, la Turquie est entrée dans le groupe des pays qui sont les utilisateurs les plus fréquents des mesures antidumping. Pourtant, le dispositif antidumping du pays a besoin d'une réforme importante. L'Accord antidumping de l'OMC a force de loi en droit turc. De plus, il y a une législation antidumping nationale qui est composée d'une loi, d'un décret et d'un règlement. Toutefois, il n'y a aucune exigence juridique d'avoir une loi ou un décret dans la législation antidumping. Ainsi, nous proposons d'abroger la Loi et le Décret antidumping et de limiter la base juridique des procédures antidumping au Règlement antidumping. Ceci donnera aux autorités une flexibilité par rapport à la réalisation des amendements dont il y aura besoin à l'avenir, et éliminera le grand nombre de chevauchements qu'il y a dans la Législation actuelle. Cette dernière contient des dispositions incompatibles avec l'Accord antidumping, celles-ci doivent être modifiées. Il y a également des aspects où les règles écrites sont compatibles avec l'Accord antidumping, mais où la pratique des autorités ne suit pas ces règles. Ce genre de pratique ne doit pas être répété. Nous estimons que la place et la structure de l'autorité turque en matière d'antidumping sont loin d'être idéales et ne répondent pas aux besoins des industries nationales. A notre avis, il faut soit organiser cette autorité comme un organisme gouvernemental indépendant soit la sortir du Ministère de l'économie et l'attacher à l'Autorité de la concurrence soit l'organiser, avec les autres départements du Ministère s'occupant des mesures correctives commerciales, comme une nouvelle direction générale au Ministère. La révision judiciaire des constatations de l'autorité d'enquête n'est pas efficace en Turquie. Il faut établir un tribunal spécialisé pour cette révision et donner, aux juges fonctionnant dans ce tribunal, la formation nécessaire pour assurer une révision judiciaire efficace. / Since the adoption of its first anti-dumping legislation in 1989, Turkey made its way into the list of countries that are the most active users of anti-dumping measures. However, the country's anti­dumping system needs a comprehensive reform. The WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement has the force of law under Turkish law. Further, there is national anti-dumping legislation consisting of a law, a decree and a regulation. Yet, there is no legal requirement that necessitates the inclusion of a law or decree in the anti-dumping legislation. Therefore, we propose to repeal the Anti-Dumping Law and Decree and to limit the legal basis for anti-dumping proceedings to the Anti-Dumping Regulation. This will provide the authorities with the flexibility to make the amendments that will be needed in future, and will eliminate the man y instances of overlap among the three elements of the current legislation. The current legislation contains certain provisions that are inconsistent with the Anti­Dumping Agreement and they need to be modified. There are also aspects where the written rules are compatible with WTO principles but the authorities' practice does not follow such rules. This type o1 practice should not be repeated. We argue that the place and structure of the Turkish anti-dumping authority is far from ideal and does not respond to the needs of national industries. In our view, the authority should be detached from the Ministry of Economy and organized as an independent government agency, or should be attached to the Competition Authority, or should be reorganized, together with other departments that also deal with trade remedies, as a new directorate general within the Ministry of Economy. Judicial review of the determinations of the investigating authority is not effective. We propose to establish a specialized court for this review and to provide the judges who will serve in this court with the necessary training in order to ensure effective judicial review.

Pour contester les décisions juridictionnelles du juge administratif français, un éventail de voies de recours est mis à la disposition des justiciables. Si l'appel et la cassation sont les plus connues et les plus usitées, il existe six autres voies d'action que l'on peut qualifier de « spéciales » dès lors qu'elles remettent en cause un manquement précis à l'office du juge. A la différence des voies de recours habituelles qui constituent une critique globale, les voies de recours spéciales correspondent chacune à une hypothèse d'erreur judiciaire spécifique. Ainsi, le requérant exerçant une telle voie de droit attaque la décision de justice non pas dans sa totalité mais sur un aspect particulier, de forme ou de fond. Cette argumentation étroite ne préjuge cependant pas l'objectif recherché : une modification voire une rétractation de la décision initiale.Présentées généralement sous la forme d'une simple énumération de voies de recours exceptionnelles, leur étude révèle qu'elles suivent une logique d'ensemble propre à leur reconnaître la qualité de catégorie juridique. Cette cohérence de groupe complémentaire de l'appel et de la cassation permet de mettre en évidence une théorie générale des voies de recours en contentieux administratif français. / In France, all defendants have several remedies to contest an administrative judge's decision. If appeal and cassation complaints are the best known and the most used, there are six other remedies which can be qualified as « special » as they demonstrate a specific failure of the judicial function. Unlike common remedies which are a general criticism of the judgment, each special remedy relates to a particular error of the judge. Thefore, a defendant who applies one of these remedies is challenging not the whole judgment but its specific aspect, whether form or substance. However, by applying one of these remedies, the defendant is targeting the modification or revocation of the judgment.Frequently presented as a list of unusual remedies, the research shows that they actually follow a general pattern that allows one to consider them as a legal category of their own. Complementary to appeal and cassation complaints, this group system serves to highlight the existence of a general theory of remedies in French administrative law.

My thesis is divided into three parts. In the technology part are summarized knowledge of homeopathy and its principles with regard to research in this area, in the second part is mapped the availability of entities of homeopathic treatment. The last part focuses on the cost effectiveness of treatment of acute illnesses typical for winter season.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ana_luiza.pdf: 1455576 bytes, checksum: ada08a0ec8bd241a38de472e754bff8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-26 / Civil Procedural Law is a Law s dynamic field, division that searches adjusting itself to society s changes and aims at solving peacefully the disputes, Lawsuits that are reported to it. In this sense, and as a result of being it always seeking providing a more effective jurisdiction protection, legislator has intended, through Federal Law 11.187/2003 edition, which regulates the interlocutory decisions appeal new regime, intended it may be repeated imparting a greater celerity to procedural ways. In this perspective, he has circumscribed the interlocutory decision appeal (CPC s 522nd Article Caput) and has restrained the appealing right under some specific situations (CPC s 527th Article unique paragraph with the reforming Law arrival, the interlocutory decisions appeal has suffered a substantial modification. As for instance, one may, mention the interlocutory appeal retained form that has become a true rule, while the instrumental form is considered an exception the last one is only appropriate, as per the Civil Process Code s Caput 522nd Article, in front of a decision susceptible to cause, a serious harm, at the same time little susceptible to the appeal and in those ones concerning the effects which the interlocutory decisions appeal is received in. Therefore, the interlocutory decisions appeal reforming Law innovates, transferring the serious harm and the difficult reparation one to other hierarchical stairhead, a new appealing optics sustainer in interlocutory decisions headquarters. Therefore, it will be up to the judge making his analysis concerning each case, in particular, in order to ascertain presence or absence that are required by CPC s 522nd Article, for on the contrary case, the author of the report will convert, the retained interlocutory decisions appeal, according to CPC s 527th Article II incise new redaction establishment. Moreover, new Law has suppressed, in CPC s 527th Article unique paragraph, the interlocutory decisions appeal, when the relator s decision will be, guided on the basis upon the above-mentioned Article IInd and IIIrd incises, harming, consequently, constitutional principles in the meantime, the topic under studying aims at evaluating the principal repercussions introduced in 522nd Article Caput and in 527th Article IInd incise and its unique paragraph, all of them concerning the CPC which introductions in have been inserted by 11.187th/2005 Law / O direito processual civil é um ramo dinâmico do direito que busca ajustar-se às mudanças da sociedade e tem o fito de, pacificamente, solucionar os litígios que a ela se apresentam. Nesse norte, em virtude de estar sempre em busca de prestar uma tutela jurisdicional mais eficaz, o legislador pretendeu, através da edição da Lei 11.187/2005 - a qual disciplina o novo regime do recurso de agravo, dar maior celeridade processual. Para tanto, restringiu o uso do agravo de instrumento (caput do artigo 522 do CPC) e suprimiu o direito de recorrer em algumas situações específicas (parágrafo único do artigo 527 do CPC). Mediante o advento da Lei reformadora, o recurso de agravo sofreu substancial modificação. Por exemplo, pode-se citar a forma retida do agravo que passou a ser regra, sendo exceção a forma instrumental. Esta somente é cabível, conforme art. 522, caput do CPC, quando se tratar de decisão suscetível de causar à parte lesão grave e de difícil reparação, bem como nos casos de inadmissão da apelação e nos relativos aos efeitos em que a apelação é recebida. Por conseguinte, a lei reformadora do agravo inova, transferindo a lesão grave e de difícil reparação para outro patamar hierárquico, sustentador de uma nova ótica recursal em sede de decisões interlocutórias. Sendo assim, caberá ao julgador fazer a análise de cada caso para verificar a presença ou não dos novos requisitos exigidos pelo artigo 522 do CPC; caso contrário, o relator converterá o agravo de instrumento em retido, consoante estabelece a nova redação do artigo 527, inciso II do CPC. Já não bastasse, a nova Lei suprimiu, no parágrafo único do artigo 527 do CPC, a previsão de recurso quando a decisão do relator for pautada com base nos incisos II e III do mencionado artigo, ferindo, por conseguinte, princípios constitucionais. Neste interregno, o temário em estudo pretende avaliar as principais repercussões introduzidas no caput do art. 522 e o inciso II do artigo 527 e seu parágrafo único, todos do CPC, cujas introduções foram inseridas pela Lei 11.187/2005

"The establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in Rome in 1998 is a milestone for humanity and a watershed in the life of victims of ongoing violations or wars. The Preamble to the Rome Statute of the ICC acknowledges that 'during this century [20th century] millions of children, women and men have been victims of unimaginable atrocities that deeply shock the conscience of humanity'. This dissertation explores the development and state of victims' rights in international criminal law. ... The study consists of five chapters. Chapter one will provide the context in which the study is set. It oulines the basis and structure of the study. Chapter two endeavours to define some of the basic concepts central to the study: victim, witness, compensation, reparation, redress, restitution, etc. This chapter will give a brief overview of victims' rights in the domestic system. It will also analyse the right to an effective remedy in international law with specific focus on the UN human rights system and on regional systems. Chapter three will outline victims' rights before the ad hoc international criminal tribunals and hybrid courts. These tribunals and courts are the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Special Court of Sierra Leone (SCSL), Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECC), and the Special Pannels for Serious Crimes in East Timor (SPSC). Chapter four is devoted [to] the ICC. It will focus on its provisions dealing with victims' rights and assess whether this mechanism makes effective allowance for victims to be heard and compensated. Chapter five will consist of a summary of the entire presentation and the conclusions drawn from the study. It will make some recommendations for the adequate protection of victims' rights." -- Introduction. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Raymond Koen at the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This thesis concerns the issue of injunctive relief and specific performance in arbitration. The availability of such relief varies significantly between different jurisdictions and the issue is further complicated when parties opt out of litigation in favor of arbitration, not the least in terms of enforcement. In light of this, the thesis aims to determine the consequences for parties opting for arbitration instead of litigation with regard to the availability and enforceability of specific performance and injunctive relief. This overall research question has been answered under the laws of Sweden and the United States of America. First, this thesis has concluded that there are considerable differences between the jurisdictions in the availability of specific performance and injunctive relief in litigation. In Sweden, remedies are issues of substantive law and for many kinds of contracts, the primary remedy for breach. Consequently, courts do not differentiate claims for specific performance or injunctive relief, and routinely grant such claims in no different way than granting monetary relief. Conversely, in the United States, remedies are viewed as procedural issues, not substantive. There, specific performance and injunctive relief are discretionary matters of equity and not rights at law. Hence, the availability of specific performance and injunctive relief is limited as compared to damages. Further, this thesis has concluded that the categorization of reliefs and remedies as substantive and procedural, respectively, is mirrored also in arbitration. While in Sweden, the choice of arbitration as proper contract forum does not affect the availability of the reliefs now in question, it does so in the United States. There, courts have held that the division of remedies into legal and equitable is not applicable in arbitration. Thus, parties have the freedom to by contract control which reliefs an arbitrator may grant. In absence of such agreements, courts have presumed arbitrators to have been given a broad grant of authority, allowing otherwise unavailable reliefs.Third, this thesis has concluded that, inter alia, because of the inherent contempt powers of courts in the United States, the means of enforcing arbitral awards providing specific performance and injunctive relief are more extensive in the United States than in Sweden, where comparable powers do not exist. Further, parties may by means of contract, grant arbitrators the authority to supervise such reliefs and enforce previously granted specific performance and injunctions by contractual fines and sanctions. Again, in absence of explicit contract language such authority is presumed in the United States, but not in Sweden. Overall, the choice of arbitration has consequences in both jurisdictions. In the United States, mostly for the availability of the reliefs in question and in Sweden, mostly for the enforcement.

No description available.