Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lisboa_am_dr_rcla.pdf: 2884259 bytes, checksum: 1962316d1df2f9fc4e2440d2ab01540c (MD5) / Para ordenar o uso territorial do município de Colorado D’Oeste - RO, este trabalho fundamentou-se na caracterização do meio físico. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e Geoprocessamento, que possibilitaram a elaboração do Zoneamento Geoambiental, no intuito de contribuir para o fortalecimento da gestão territorial e ambiental daquele município. Com os dados pré-existentes, foi possível formatar um Diagnóstico Zero, o qual permitiu identificar as deficiências ambientais existentes e priorizar estudos complementares, que fundamentaram a consecução dessa pesquisa. Para armazenar, editar e integrar as informações temáticas pré-existentes e as que foram geradas nesta pesquisa foi utilizado o programa de computador denominado Sistema de Processamento de Informações Georreferenciadas (SPRING) desenvolvido pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). O uso de produtos de sensoriamento remoto, no formato digital e analógico, obtidos por satélites, acrescidos aos mapas bases do meio físico, permitiu a realização de estudos morfoestruturais que possibilitaram a definição de altos e baixos estruturais que associados à tectônica, proporcionaram a compartimentação fisiográfica da área em questão. Com base em tais informações foi possível elaborar o mapa das subzonas geoambientais e caracterizá-las quanto ao regime hídrico, pedologia, constituições mineralógicas, textura, cor e materiais sedimentares presentes na mesma. A partir da integração destas informações foi gerada a carta síntese, contendo a espacialização de áreas destinadas ao uso, de áreas a serem preservadas e aquelas que devem ser submetidas a processos de recuperação. As informações geradas nesta pesquisa poderão ser utilizadas por instituições públicas, organizações não governamentais e comunidades... / This research was based on the physical characterization of the environment to support definition of the best land use for the county of Colorado D´Oeste, in State of Rondônia, Brazil. Remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques were applied to support the preparation of a Geoenvironmental Zoning, which was used to define strategies of territorial and environmental management in that county. Initially, secondary data was used to format an Initial Diagnostic, which allowed identifying any potential environmental weakness or fragilities and defining complementary studies required. In order to store, edit and integrate the secondary data and the ones provided by this research, I used a Geographic Information System called SPRING developed by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Digital and analogical remote sensing products, acquired by satellites, and additional cartographic and thematic maps allowed a morphostructural analysis to define low and high structural associated study site tectonic. Subsequently, this information was used to support analysis of the physiographic compartmentation of the study area. Based on this study information, it was possible to define geoenvironmental subzones and local hidrological regime, soils, mineral components, texture, color, and sedimentary materials. By integrating previous described information, a synthesis cartographic sheet was generated. Accordingly, this Cartographic Sheet spatially defined the best land use over the study area, involving zones for conservation, agricultural, and regeneration (areas that should be recovered). Finally, the results of this research can contribute and support governmental and non-governmental organization and local communities to improve land use and soil management, which could avoid natural resource destruction and future land scarcity in the county of Colorado D´Oeste.

A quantificação da precipitação é dificultada pela extrema aleatoriedade do fenômeno na natureza. Os métodos convencionais para mensuração da precipitação atuam no sentido de espacializar a precipitação mensurada pontualmente em postos pluviométricos para toda a área de interesse e, desta forma, uma rede com elevado número de postos bem distribuídos em toda a área de interesse é necessária para um resultado satisfatório. No entanto, é notória a escassez de postos pluviométricos e a má distribuição espacial dos poucos existentes, não somente no Brasil, mas em vastas áreas do globo. Neste contexto, as estimativas da precipitação com técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento pretendem potencializar a utilização dos postos pluviométricos existentes através de uma espacialização baseada em critérios físicos. Além disto, o sensoriamento remoto é a ferramenta mais capaz para gerar estimativas de precipitação nos oceanos e nas vastas áreas continentais desprovidas de qualquer tipo de informação pluviométrica. Neste trabalho investigou-se o emprego de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento para estimativas de precipitação no sul do Brasil. Três algoritmos computadorizados foram testados, sendo utilizadas as imagens dos canais 1, 3 e 4 (visível, vapor d’água e infravermelho) do satélite GOES 8 (Geostacionary Operational Environmental Satellite – 8) fornecidas pelo Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. A área de estudo compreendeu todo o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, onde se utilizaram os dados pluviométricos diários derivados de 142 postos no ano de 1998. Os algoritmos citados buscam identificar as nuvens precipitáveis para construir modelos estatísticos que correlacionem as precipitações diária e decendial observadas em solo com determinadas características físicas das nuvens acumuladas durante o mesmo período de tempo e na mesma posição geográfica de cada pluviômetro considerado. Os critérios de decisão que norteiam os algoritmos foram baseados na temperatura do topo das nuvens (através do infravermelho termal), reflectância no canal visível, características de vizinhança e no plano de temperatura x gradiente de temperatura Os resultados obtidos pelos modelos estatísticos são expressos na forma de mapas de precipitação por intervalo de tempo que podem ser comparados com mapas de precipitação obtidas por meios convencionais. / The quantification of precipitation is made difficult due mainly to the extreme variance of the phenomenom in nature. The usual methods work in the sense of spacializing the precipitation, which is measured punctually in pluviometric stations, for the entire area of interest and, hence, a net containing a big amount of stations well distributed along the whole area of interest is needed to reach a satisfactory result. Nevertheless, the scarcity of pluviometric stations and the bad distribution of the few existents is evident, not only in Brazil, but also in vast regions of the planet. In this context, the precipitation estimations using remote sensing techniques and geoprocessing intend to potencialize the utilization of existent pluviomteric stations through a spacialization based on physics criteria. Moreover, the remote sensing is the more capable tool to generate rainfall estimation for the oceans and the large continental areas that are unprovided of any type of pluviometric informations. At this work, the application of remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques for precipitation estimation at the south of Brazil was investigated. Three computerized algorithms were tested, based on the imagens of channels 1, 3 and 4 (visible, water steam and infrared) of the GOES 8 satellite, provided by Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. The studyng area is the Rio Grande do Sul state, where the 1998’s daily precipitation data of 142 raingauges were used. The related algorithms try to identify precipitables clouds to build a mathematical model (through the minimum square process) which correlates the daily precipitation observed in ground with fisical features of the clouds acumulated during the same period and in the same geographic position of the raingauge. These algorithms tested decision criteria based on the temperature of the cloud tops (through thermal infrared), albedo in the visible channel, texture in the infrared channel and in the plane temperature versus temperature gradient. The results obtained by mathematical models are expressed as daily precipitation maps which can be compared with isohyetal maps obtained by conventional methods.

Os objetivos deste trabalho são: determinar o geóide do Estado de São Paulo (SP) pela técnica matemática Fast Collocation utilizando o modelo do geopotencial CG01c, derivado das novas missões gravimétricas de satélite CHAMP e GRACE, avaliar esse geóide através de estações com alturas geoidais conhecidas e do geóide calculado por Souza (2002), e apresentar uma nova abordagem que amplia a idéia sobre o sensoriamento remoto. O modelo do geopotencial CG01c, obtido com dados das missões CHAMP, GRACE e dados de superfície, e desenvolvido até o grau e ordem 360, foi utilizado para geração de anomalias gravimétricas, as quais foram subtraídas das anomalias gravimétricas terrestres, gerando as anomalias gravimétricas residuais. Essas anomalias residuais serviram de dados de entrada no programa FASTCOL para gerar as alturas geoidais residuais. A essas alturas geoidais residuais foi adicionado o modelo CG01c, representativo dos longos comprimentos de onda do campo de gravidade terrestre, produzindo-se o modelo geoidal chamado GEÓIDESP_FC_2007. Este geóide foi avaliado e posteriormente comparado com o Modelo Digital do Geóide Regular (MDGR). Ao final, argumentos foram apresentados para justificar o estudo do campo de gravidade da Terra no âmbito do sensoriamento remoto. / The objectives of this work are: to determine the geoid of the São Paulo (SP) State applying the mathematical technique so-called Fast Collocation using the CG01c geopotential model, from the new satellite gravity missions CHAMP and GRACE, to evaluate that geoid by stations with known geoidal heights and by the geoid determined by Souza (2002), and to show a new approach that enlarges the idea about the remote sensing. The CG01c geopotential model, obtained from missions CHAMP, GRACE and surface data, and developed up to degree and order 360, it was used to obtain the gravity anomalies, which were subtracted of the terrestrial gravity anomalies, yielding the residuals gravity anomalies. These residuals gravity anomalies it was input to the FASTCOL software to yield the residuals geoidal heights. The CG01c geopotential model, representative of the long wavelengths of the earth gravity field, was added to the residuals geoidal heights, yielding the geoid model so-called GEÓIDESP_FC_2007. This geoid was evaluated and later compared with the Modelo Digital do Geóide Regular (MDGR). At the end, arguments were presented to justify the study of the earth gravity field in the scope of the remote sensing

Os cereais destinados a produção de grãos (trigo) e de pastagens (azevém) são alvos espectralmente semelhantes, o que dificulta a sua identificação e discriminação em imagens de satélite ao usar sensoriamento remoto. Entretanto, o ciclo fenológico destas culturas é diferente. A análise do perfil multitemporal dos talhões torna-se a estratégia mais adequada para a discriminação destes alvos, os quais apresentam ciclos fenológicos diferentes, porém são espectralmente semelhantes. Usaram-se as imagens bissemanais (vermelho, infravermelho próximo e infravermelho médio) do produto MOD13q1 do sensor MODIS para aplicar um modelo linear de mistura espectral, do qual foram geradas as imagens fração: vegetação, solo e sombra (água). Utilizou-se a distância de Bhattacharyya para realizar uma análise prévia de separabilidade das classes de trigo e azevém geradas. As composições NDVI do produto MOD13q1 foram utilizadas para a segmentação de imagens e para a geração dos perfis multitemporais, os quais foram elaborados usando pontos de controle (lavouras) coletados em saída de campo com auxílio de GPS. Usaram-se as imagens NDVI 129, 177 e 257 do ano de 2009 na segmentação. O mapeamento foi realizado usando o Isodata implementado no Spring 5.0.3, e várias classificações foram testadas. Os dados do mapeamento final foram comparados com dados do IBGE. A estimativa oficial do IBGE para as pastagens é de 118.657 ha para os 42 municípios da área de estudo (metade sul do RS), uma diferença de 18.018 ha a mais quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 100.639 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 19 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha ao compararem-se os dados do IBGE com o mapeamento. A estimativa dos cereais destinados a produção de grãos foi de 73.690 ha de acordo com o IBGE, uma diferença de 9.543 ha a menos quando comparada com a estimativa do mapeamento, de 83.233 ha. Dos 42 municípios que compõem a área de estudo, 25 apresentaram uma diferença menor do que 1.000 ha. / When employing remote sensing, the cereals destined for grain production (wheat) and pasture (ryegrass) become spectrally similar targets, which makes their identification and distinction more difficult on satellite images. Nevertheless, the phenological cycle of both cultures is different. Thus, the analysis of the multi-temporal profile of plots results in the most suitable strategy for the distinction of those targets, which have unalike phenological cycles but are spectrally similar. Biweekly images (red, near-infrared and mid-infrared) of the product MOD13q1 from MODIS sensor were employed in order to apply a linear model of spectral mixture, from which fraction images were rendered: vegetation, soil and shade (water). The Bhattacharyya distance was used to perform a previous analysis of the separability of generated wheat and ryegrass classes. The NDVI composites of the product MOD13q1 were used in image segmentation and in the multi-temporal profiles rendering, which were elaborated by exploiting control points (crops) gathered in trip field with the aid of GPS. Images NDVI 129, 177 and 257 from the year 2009 were used in the segmentation. The mapping was carried out by employing the Isodata implemented in Spring 5.0.3, and several classifications were tested. The final mapping’s data were compared with IBGE’s data. According to IBGE’s official estimate, there are 118.657 ha of pastures in the 42 cities of the study area (south half of RS), a difference of 18.018 ha more in comparison to the mapping’s estimate, which is of 100.639 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 19 presented a difference of less than 1.000 ha when comparing IBGE’s data to the mapping’s data. As stated by IBGE, the estimate of cereals destined for grain production was of 73.690 ha (a difference of 9.543 ha less in comparison to the mapping’s estimate of 83.233 ha. Out of the 42 cities that totalize the study area, 25 showed a difference of less than 1.000 ha.

Orientador: Thiago Sanna Freire Silva / Banca: Carlos Henrique Grohmann / Banca: Cenira Maria Lupinacci da Cunha / Resumo: Os modelos digitais de elevação são importantes para a geração de informações sobre variáveis ambientais correlacionadas à topografia, principalmente como subsídio à análises geomorfométricas. O sensoriamento remoto pode contribuir com a geração de modelos digitais de elevação, principalmente através do uso de sensores de alta resolução espacial e tecnologias avançadas. Os VANTs - Veículos Aéreos Não Tripulados - tem sido cada vez mais explorados no âmbito da cartografia e topografia, com atuação cada vez mais importante dentro da ciência, devido à capacidade de transportarem diferentes sensores e ao seu baixo custo de operação. Câmeras fotográficas simples acopladas aos VANTs podem ser combinadas com tecnologias de visão computacional, trazendo novas oportunidades para explorar a geração de modelos digitais de elevação. Algoritmos de visão computacional, como o Structure-from-Motion (SfM), permitem a extração de pontos tridimensionais a partir de imagens sobrepostas obtidas por VANTs. Esses pontos compõem nuvens de pontos capazes de subsidiar a geração de modelos digitais de superfície (MDS), quando combinadas com algoritmos de interpolação de dados. Contudo, os modelos gerados desta maneira nos retornam informações relacionadas à superfície dos objetos presentes sobre o terreno, incluindo por exemplo construções e dosséis vegetais. A filtragem e classificação das nuvens de pontos se faz assim necessária para geração de modelos digitais que descrevam mais fielmente a superfí... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Digital elevation models are important for producing information on different environmental variables correlated to topography, especially for geomorphometric analyses. Remote sensing can contribute to the generation of digital elevation models, mainly through high spatial resolution sensors and advanced technologies. UAVs - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - have been increasingly employed in the fields of cartography and topography, and have had an increasingly prominent role in science, as they can carry different sensors and have low-cost operation. Simple cameras attached to UAVs can be combined with computer vision technologies, bringing new opportunities to explore the production of digital elevation models. Computer vision algorithms such as Structure-from-Motion (SfM) allow the extraction of threedimensional points from superimposed images obtained by UAVs. These points make up points clouds capable of supporting the production of digital surface models (DSM) when combined with interpolation algorithms. However, models generated this way give us information related to the surface of objects present on the ground, including buildings and plant canopies. Point cloud filtering and classification is thus necessary for producing digital models that more accurately describe the bare terrain surface. In this dissertation, we evaluated two methods for filtering and interpolating digital terrain models (DTM) from point clouds generated by UAVbased optical imaging. The chosen study ar... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Antonio R. Asebedo / Sensor technology has become more important in precision agriculture, by real time sensing for site specific management to monitor crops during the season especially nitrogen (N). In Kansas N available in the soils can vary year to year or over a course of a year. The objective of this study was to compare current available passive (PS) and active optical sensor technologies (AOS) performance in regards to sky conditions effects and derive the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) relationship to wheat yield, as well as evaluate KSU optical sensor-based N recommendations against KSU soil test N recommendation system and sUAS (small unmanned aircraft systems) based recommendation algorithms with the PS and AOS platforms. Each year (2015-2016 & 2016-2017) five field trails across Kansas were conducted during the winter wheat crop year in cooperation with county ag agents, farmers, and KSU Agronomy Experiment Fields. Treatments consisted of N response curve, 1st and 2nd generation KSU N recommendation algorithms, sUAS based recommendation algorithms, and KSU soil test based N recommendations applied in the spring using N rates ranging from 0 to 140 kg ha⁻¹. Results indicate the Holland Scientific Rapid Scan and MicaSense RedEdge NDVI data was strongly correlated and generated strong relationships with grain yield at 0.60 and 0.57 R² respectively. DJI X3 lacks an NIR band producing uncalibrated false NDVI and no relationship to grain yield at 0.03 R². Calibrated NDVI from both sensors are effective for assessing yield potential and could be utilized for developing N recommendation algorithms. However, sensor based treatments preformed equal to higher yields compared the KSU soil test recommendations, as well as reduced the amount of fertilizer applied compared to the soil test recommendation. The intensive management algorithm was the most effective in determining appropriate N recommendations across locations. This allows farmers to take advantage of potential N mineralization that can occur in the spring. Further research is needed considering on setting the NUE (nitrogen use efficiency) in KSU N rec. algorithms for effects of management practice, weather, and grain protein for continued refinement.

abstract: Amorphous phases are detected over large regions of the Martian surface from orbit and in more localized deposits by rovers on the surface. Amorphous silicates can be primary or secondary in origin, both having formed through very different processes, so the unambiguous identification of these phases is important for understanding the geologic history of Mars. Secondary amorphous silicates are poorly understood and underrepresented in spectral libraries because they lack the long-range structural order that makes their crystalline counterparts identifiable in most analytical techniques. Fortunately, even amorphous materials have some degree of short-range order so that distinctions can be made with careful characterization. Two sets of laboratory experiments were used to produce and characterize amorphous weathering products under probable conditions for the Martian surface, and one global spectral analysis using thermal-infrared (TIR) data from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument was used to constrain variations in amorphous silicates across the Martian surface. The first set of experiments altered crystalline and glassy basalt samples in an open system under strong (pH 1) and moderate (pH 3) acidic conditions. The second set of experiments simulated a current-day Martian weathering scenario involving transient liquid water where basalt glass weathering solutions, formed in circumneutral (pH ~5.5 and 7) conditions, were rapidly evaporated, precipitating amorphous silicates. The samples were characterized using visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy, TIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). All experiments formed amorphous silicate phases that are new to spectral libraries. Moderately acidic alteration experiments produced no visible or spectral evidence of alteration products, whereas exposure of basalt glass to strongly acidic fluids produced silica-rich alteration layers that are spectrally consistent with VNIR and TIR spectra from the circum-polar region of Mars, indicating this region has undergone acidic weathering. Circum-netural pH basalt weathering solution precipitates are consistent with amorphous materials measured by rovers in soil and rock surface samples in Gale and Gusev Craters, suggesting transient water interactions over the last 3 billion years. Global spectral analyses determine that alteration conditions have varied across the Martian surface, and that alteration has been long lasting. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2016

abstract: On Mars, sedimentary deposits reveal a complex history of water- and wind-related geologic processes. Central mounds – kilometer-scale stacks of sediment located within craters – occur across Mars, but the specific processes responsible for mound formation and subsequent modification are still uncertain. A survey of central mounds within large craters was conducted. Mound locations, mound offsets within their host craters, and relative mound heights were used to address various mound formation hypotheses. The results suggest that mound sediments once filled their host craters and were later eroded into the features observed today. Mounds offsets from the center of their host crater imply that wind caused the erosion of central mounds. An in depth study of a single central mound (Mt. Sharp within Gale crater) was also conducted. Thermal Emission Imaging System Visible Imaging Subsystem (THEMIS-VIS) mosaics in grayscale and false color were used to characterize the morphology and color variations in and around Gale crater. One result of this study is that dunes within Gale crater vary in false color composites from blue to purple, and that these color differences may be due to changes in dust cover, grain size, and/or composition. To further investigate dune fields on Mars, albedo variations at eight dune fields were studied based on the hypothesis that a dune’s ripple migration rate is correlated to its albedo. This study concluded that a dune’s minimum albedo does not have a simple correlation with its ripple migration rate. Instead, dust devils remove dust on slow-moving and immobile dunes, whereas saltating sand caused by strong winds removes dust on faster-moving dunes. On the Moon, explosive volcanic deposits within Oppenheimer crater that were emplaced ballistically were investigated. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Diviner Radiometer mid-infrared data, LRO Camera images, and Chandrayaan-1 orbiter Moon Mineralogy Mapper near-infrared spectra were used to test the hypothesis that the pyroclastic deposits in Oppenheimer crater were emplaced via Vulcanian activity by constraining their composition and mineralogy. The mineralogy and iron-content of the pyroclastic deposits vary significantly (including examples of potentially very high iron compositions), which indicates variability in eruption style. These results suggest that localized lunar pyroclastic deposits may have a more complex origin and mode of emplacement than previously thought. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2016

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_fa_me_prud.pdf: 2522184 bytes, checksum: a4acb46054fde8c9233bacf1d5c21128 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os mapeamentos da cobertura da terra apresentam o relevante papel de permitir avaliar as alterações na paisagem provocadas pela ação antrópica e fornecer importantes informações para o manejo eficiente dos recursos naturais constituindo-se, assim, em ferramentas essenciais para o planejamento regional e urbano. Entretanto, os atuais mapeamentos atendem a propósitos muito específicos e, conseqüentemente, são limitados na sua capacidade de definir a ampla variedade de tipos existentes de cobertura da terra. Nesse contexto, a proposta central desta pesquisa é desenvolver um sistema hierárquico de classificação, amplo e abrangente, partindo de um nível generalizado de definição de classes de cobertura da terra, para mapeamentos em escala regional, e especializando essas classes para ambientes urbanos. Para cada escala de mapeamento é proposta a nomenclatura das classes e os critérios usados para defini-las. Um estudo de caso é desenvolvido para testar o sistema hierárquico em dois níveis de detalhamento distintos, nas escalas regional e urbana, e são utilizadas diferentes abordagens de classificação multiespectral para extrair as informações temáticas de interesse a cada nível de aplicação... / Land cover mappings present the relevant role of allowing to evaluate the changes in the landscape caused by the man's action and to supply important information for the efficient handling of the natural resources. Thus, those are essential tools for the regional and urban planning. However, current mappings are related to very specific purposes and, consequently, they are limited in their capacity to define the wide variety of existent types of land cover. In that context, the main proposal of this research is to develop a wide and including hierarchical classification system, starting from a generalized level of definition of land cover classes for mappings in regional scale and specializing those classes for urban environment. It is proposed the nomenclature of the classes and the criteria used to define them for each scale of mapping. A study case is developed to test the hierarchical system in two detailing levels, in the regional and urban scales, and different approaches of multispectral classification are used to extract the thematic information of interest to each application level... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP:06/05182-6