The Master’s Thesis deals with the design and implementation of a web application for testing the security of SSL/TLS protocols on a remote server. The web application is developed in the Nette framework. The theoretical part describes SSL/TLS protocols, vulnerabilities, recommendations and technologies used in the practical part. The practical part is devoted to the creation of a web application with the process of using automatic scripts to test and display the results on the website with a rating of A+~to~C. The web application also displays a list of detected vulnerabilities and their recommendations.

Les Partenariats Publics Privés (PPPs) peuvent être un outil efficace pour optimiser et moderniser la commande publique dans un contexte où les besoins en investissement public ne cessent d’accroître. Les fréquences importantes de renégociation et les difficultés à estimer correctement les revenus futurs demeurent un défi majeur lors de la structuration financière des PPPs. Ce travail propose d’incorporer des clauses financières flexibles afin de remédier à ce problème. L’approche développée se base sur les théories d’options réelles et d’optimisation multi-objectif. Dans un premier temps, une méthodologie adéquate pour la gestion des risques est développée. La volatilité du projet est déterminée par le biais de la simulation de Monte Carlo et un déflateur stochastique est introduit afin de conduire les différentes valorisations d’options sous la probabilité historique. Ce travail développe dans un second temps, quatre formes de flexibilité qui permettent de réajuster l'équilibre financier du projet, si le revenu est insuffisant. Enfin une approche d’optimisation multi-objectif est développée afin de permettre de visualiser les différents compromis auxquels l’introduction de la flexibilité donne lieu. / Public private partnerships can be a solution to the dilemma of how to do more with less available funds that public entities are constantly financing in the last decades. If implemented properly, Public Private Partnerships can contribute to the modernization of public service provision and can constitute efficient vehicles for the delivery of optimal value for money. The high incidence of renegotiation as well as the difficulty of accurately predicting the future demand on the projects is a matter of concern when it comes to the financial structuring of Public Private Partnerships. This work proposes a real-option- based optimization framework to boost the financial viability of the projects. This is done by introducing flexible financial clauses. First, an adequate framework for risk management, where volatility is derived by Monte Carlo simulation and the valuation is made without switching to the risk neutral measure, is presented. Four families of flexible clauses are, afterwards, investigated. Such clauses are triggerred, if the revenue level of the projet is not sufficient to guarnatee its financiel viability. Finally, this work develops a multi-objective optimization approach in order to assess the different trade-offs that the introduction of flexibility leads to. The proposed optimization problem is solved via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms.

Submitted by Gabriella Marques de Azevedo dos Santos (gazevedo@fgvmail.br) on 2017-03-20T18:49:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão final para publicação - 20.03.pdf: 1587313 bytes, checksum: c0db901fd23b3df984ff7a19e274f2a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Publicação Direito Rio (publicacao.direitorio@fgv.br) on 2017-03-21T18:12:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão final para publicação - 20.03.pdf: 1587313 bytes, checksum: c0db901fd23b3df984ff7a19e274f2a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T19:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão final para publicação - 20.03.pdf: 1587313 bytes, checksum: c0db901fd23b3df984ff7a19e274f2a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03 / This paper aims to develop about the possibility of contracts with flexible term in different situations in the Brazilian infrastructure scenario. Flexible terms when used as contractual renegotiations deserve greater attention, especially in relation to governance, because the number of their incidence is increasing in Latin America. However, renegotiation of the infrastructure contracts has contributed to the increase of cost and business’ inefficiency. Case studies in the energy sector and highway sector show renegotiation assumptions and reveal negative consequences arising from its process. In the energy sector, the change in the system of energy commercialization affected the concession of use of public property to independent producers of electricity power. The extension of the term of these contracts was the proposed solution to mitigate the risks involved. About São Paulo State´s highway concessions, the economic crisis was the cause of the extension of the term as object of renegotiation. It is proposed a more efficient management of the 'flexible term' mechanism as a hypothesis of renegotiation. This tool presents benefits to different infrastructure sectors, if they are well designed and structured. It is necessary, however, respect the importance given, by the Law 8.987/95, to fixing of terms as an essential clause of the concession contract. The recent 'Investments Partnerships Program' emerges to strengthen the attempt to provide legal certainty and predictability in cases of renegotiation of concession contracts. The mechanisms of control and transparency can be imported to the other hypotheses of extension of contractual term that not only due to new investments. A space for greater dialogue between public and private actors, including regulators, should be fostered. It is argued that the possibility of predicting flexible deadlines for infrastructure contracts can contribute to the mitigation of business risks, making contract execution more efficient. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver raciocínio acerca da possibilidade de atribuir ao ordenamento jurídico brasileiro contratos com prazo flexível no cenário da infraestrutura. Prazos flexíveis quando utilizados como objeto de renegociações contratuais merecem maior atenção, em especial em relação à governança, visto que o número de incidência é crescente na América Latina. Evidencia-se, contudo, que a renegociação na seara da infraestrutura tem contribuído para o aumento de custo e ineficiência dos negócios. Estudos de casos no setor elétrico e no setor de rodovias, cujas hipóteses de renegociação foram prorrogações dos prazos contratuais, revelam consequências negativas advindas de seu processo. No setor de energia elétrica, a mudança na sistemática da comercialização de energia afetou diretamente os contratos de concessão de uso de bem público dos produtores independentes de energia. A prorrogação do prazo dos contratos foi a solução proposta para mitigar os riscos envolvidos. Na seara das concessões de rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, a prorrogação do prazo como objeto de renegociação teve como causa, mudanças na legislação tributária, frutos da crise econômica à época. Neste trabalho, propõe-se um manejo mais eficiente do mecanismo da flexibilização de prazo como hipótese de renegociação. Trata-se de ferramenta que apresenta benefícios aos diferentes setores de infraestrutura, desde que bem elaboradas e estruturadas. É preciso, contudo, respeitar a importância dada pela Lei 8.987/95, como cláusula essencial do contrato de concessão, a fixação de prazo. O recente Programa de Parcerias de Investimentos surge para reforçar a tentativa de proporcionar segurança jurídica e previsibilidade ao ordenamento jurídico em casos de renegociação dos contratos de concessão. Os mecanismos de controle e transparência podem ser importados às demais hipóteses de prorrogação de prazo contratual que não apenas em razão de novos investimentos. Para isso, deve-se fomentar um espaço de maior diálogo entre os agentes públicos e privados, incluindo as entidades reguladoras. Sustenta-se que a possibilidade de previsão de prazos flexíveis aos contratos de infraestrutura pode contribuir para a mitigação dos riscos do negócio, tornando a execução dos contratos mais eficiente.