Les enjeux planétaires du développement durable et du réchauffement climatique remettent en cause le fonctionnement de nos sociétés. La transition énergétique se traduit notamment par l’augmentation de l’utilisation des énergies renouvelables et constitue ainsi le contexte de nos travaux. Dans le cadre d’un contrat CIFRE avec l’entreprise VALOREM, nous proposons des méthodologies pour le développement et la conception d’installations renouvelables soutenables. L’approche d’Ingénierie Des Modèles mise en place nous permet de garder une démarche scientifique cohérente entre une vue très générale du contexte d’insertion des renouvelables et une vision plus technique et opérationnelle pour le développement d’installations renouvelables. Dans un premier temps, nous avons décrit de manière macroscopique le contexte d’insertion des énergies renouvelables en France, en proposant un cadre conceptuel pour le développement de projet d’aménagement du territoire. Il permet l’analyse des systèmes sociotechniques en transition grâce à une formalisation UML2 d’une part, et une méthode d’évaluation de la durabilité d’un processus d’autre part. Nous avons illustré ce cadre sur deux cas d’étude : le succès du développement de la centrale hydro-éolienne de l’île d’El Hierro dans les Canaries et l’échec du barrage de Sivens dans le Tarn en France. Par comparaison, nous montrons que l’implication des parties prenantes sur l’ensemble du processus de développement est cruciale pour le succès d’un projet. Nous avons ensuite proposé une implémentation logicielle permettant le suivi et le pilotage de projet d’aménagement du territoire en temps réel à l’aide d’outils d’intelligence artificielle. Conscient des limites opérationnelles de notre proposition, nous avons décidé de changer de point de vue pour adopter une vision plus technique sur les énergies renouvelables. La transition énergétique fait évoluer le système électrique français d’un modèle centralisé vers un modèle décentralisé, ce qui amène VALOREM à reconsidérer ses propositions techniques de production d’énergies renouvelables. Entre autre, l’entreprise tend vers l’hybridation de ses centrales et constate le besoin d’un outil de dimensionnement en phase d’avant-projet, afin d’identifier les opportunités d’activités. Nous faisons donc la proposition d’un prototype logiciel qui se veut flexible en termes de modélisation des centrales de production hybrides renouvelables et en termes de définition des objectifs et contraintes à satisfaire. Il est codé en C++ et basé sur des modèles d’optimisation linéaires. Nous illustrons son opérationnalité sur quatre cas d’étude : deux orientés marché électrique et deux en autoconsommation (l’un isolé, l’autre connecté au réseau). Les résultats des études montrent que les coûts de stockage batterie sont trop élevés pour pouvoir envisager l’installation de batteries dans les centrales hybrides renouvelables. Les systèmes en autoconsommation connectés au réseau semblent être plus prometteurs. Enfin, nous terminons par une analyse environnementale de différentes sources de production électrique afin de déterminer celles vers lesquelles la transition énergétique doit être axée. Les résultats montrent que la biomasse, l’éolien et le PV au sol sont les moyens de production les plus propres. La conclusion de la thèse propose une réflexion ascendante en complexité vers l’implication des acteurs dans les modèles de processus de développement territoriaux. / Sustainable growth issues and climate change imply to shift our society organisation towards new paradigms. In the energy sector, it is illustrated by an energy transition via renewables. Within this context and the support of the company VALOREM, we propose a methodology for the sustainable development and design of renewable infrastructures. By using a Model Driven Engineering approach, we were able to adopt several viewpoints on renewable energy issues, while keeping a consistent scientific approach. First of all, from a holistic stance, we developed a conceptual framework for land settlement development process. Thanks to its modelling with UML2 and a methodology to assess the sustainability of processes, it can be used to analyse the trajectory of sociotechnical systems. The framework was tested on two case studies: the success of El Hierro hydrowind power plant implementation in Canary Islands and the failure of the Sivens dam project in the south of France. Their comparison shows that implication of stakeholders at all stages of the development process is crucial for the success of the project. We further propose to implement the conceptual framework as a software tool for the monitoring of land settlement project in real time, with the help of artificial intelligence concepts. However, this proposition was deemed not in line with Valorem’s priorities and we decided to focus on a technical instantiation of the framework for Hybride Renewable Energy Systems (HRES), which design and operation are part of VALOREM’s activity. As, the energy transition implies to change the electrical system model from a centralized to a decentralized one, there exists a need for a grassroots sizing tool for identifying new HRES opportunities. A software prototype for the grassroot optimal design of HRES was developed, offering flexibility in terms of modelling, setting constraints and defining objective functions. It is coded in C++ and based on linear programming model. We showed its relevance on four HRES case studies: two related to electricity market and two for self-supply of energy (one isolated and the other grid-connected). The results show that battery costs are too high to be profitable in HRES and that grid-connected systems seems to be a good alternative. Finally, we carried out an environmental impact assessment of several sources of electricity production to find out which are the “cleaner” ones. The results show that biomass, wind turbines and ground PV are those that should be considered for a sustainable energy transition. In the conclusion, we step back to a more complex viewpoint and develop perspectives to model human interactions within territory development process.

<p>The purpose of this study is to find potential areas suitable for energy production using renewable sources. For this aim, accurate assessments are necessary. The assessments include geographical suitability, closeness of infrastructure and observing local and regional framework concerning the use of renewable sources together with environmental protection. In addition, economical factor is considered in such an assessment. In this study, the Photovoltaic (PV) production potential for Germany is considered. An accurate and complete data set is necessary in order to achieve reliable results. In addition, a powerful database management and strong analysis tools are required. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool for finding suitable sites for the photovoltaic production.Using GIS, energy generation planners are able to visualize solar densities throughout the considered area. In addition, they can find the optimal and most economical sites by the combination of solar potential with the information about land. In this study, data sources consist of meteorological and geographical conditions. Furthermore, all analyses have been performed using Arc GIS Desktop. This study demonstrates the possible places for photovoltaic plants and indicates suitable candidates according to weights and factors in multi criteria analysis. The solar radiation data is from year 1995 to 2005. Land cover data is according to Corine 2000 and the more detailed Raumordnungskataster (Rok) for Weser-Ems. Numerical results are reliable from a comparison point of view. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the defined criteria with respect to electricity production. In particular, this study is useful to see the capabilities of GIS for site selection regarding photovoltaic plants.The purpose of this study is to find potential areas suitable for energy production using renewable sources. For this aim, accurate assessments are necessary. The assessments include geographical suitability, closeness of infrastructure and observing local and regional framework concerning the use of renewable sources together with environmental protection. In addition, economical factor is considered in such an assessment. In this study, the Photovoltaic (PV) production potential for Germany is considered. An accurate and complete data set is necessary in order to achieve reliable results. In addition, a powerful database management and strong analysis tools are required. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool for finding suitable sites for the photovoltaic production.Using GIS, energy generation planners are able to visualize solar densities throughout the considered area. In addition, they can find the optimal and most economical sites by the combination of solar potential with the information about land. In this study, data sources consist of meteorological and geographical conditions. Furthermore, all analyses have been performed using Arc GIS Desktop. This study demonstrates the possible places for photovoltaic plants and indicates suitable candidates according to weights and factors in multi criteria analysis. The solar radiation data is from year 1995 to 2005. Land cover data is according to Corine 2000 and the more detailed Raumordnungskataster (Rok) for Weser-Ems. Numerical results are reliable from a comparison point of view. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the defined criteria with respect to electricity production. In particular, this study is useful to see the capabilities of GIS for site selection regarding photovoltaic plants.</p>

This dissertation explores the potential of renewable energy and efficiency strategies to solve the energy challenges faced by the people living in the biosphere reserve of El Vizcaíno, which is located in the North Pacific region of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. This research setting provides a practical analytical milieu to understand better the multiple problems faced by practitioners and agencies trying to implement sustainable energy solutions in Mexico. The thesis starts with a literature review (chapter two) that examines accumulated international experience regarding the development of renewable energy projects as a prelude to identifying the most salient implementation barriers impeding this type of initiatives. Two particularly salient findings from the literature review include the importance of considering gender issues in energy analysis and the value of using participatory research methods. These findings informed fieldwork design and the analytical framework of the dissertation. Chapter three surveys electricity generation as well as residential and commercial electricity use in nine coastal communities located in El Vizcaíno. Chapter three summarizes the fieldwork methodology used, which relies on a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods that aim at enabling a gender-disaggregated analysis to describe more accurately local energy uses, needs, and barriers. Chapter four describes the current plans of the state government, which are focused in expanding one of the state’s diesel-powered electricity grids to El Vizcaíno. The Chapter also examines the potential for replacing diesel generators with a combination of renewable energy systems and efficiency measures in the coastal communities sampled. Chapter five analyzes strategies to enable the implementation of sustainable energy approaches in El Vizcaíno. Chapter five highlights several international examples that could be useful to inform organizational changes at the federal and state level aimed at fostering renewable energy and efficiency initiatives that enhance energy security, protect the environment, and also increase economic opportunities in El Vizcaíno and elsewhere in Mexico. Chapter six concludes the thesis by providing: a summary of all key findings, a broad analysis of the implications of the research, and an overview of future lines of inquiry.

This dissertation explores the potential of renewable energy and efficiency strategies to solve the energy challenges faced by the people living in the biosphere reserve of El Vizcaíno, which is located in the North Pacific region of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. This research setting provides a practical analytical milieu to understand better the multiple problems faced by practitioners and agencies trying to implement sustainable energy solutions in Mexico. The thesis starts with a literature review (chapter two) that examines accumulated international experience regarding the development of renewable energy projects as a prelude to identifying the most salient implementation barriers impeding this type of initiatives. Two particularly salient findings from the literature review include the importance of considering gender issues in energy analysis and the value of using participatory research methods. These findings informed fieldwork design and the analytical framework of the dissertation. Chapter three surveys electricity generation as well as residential and commercial electricity use in nine coastal communities located in El Vizcaíno. Chapter three summarizes the fieldwork methodology used, which relies on a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods that aim at enabling a gender-disaggregated analysis to describe more accurately local energy uses, needs, and barriers. Chapter four describes the current plans of the state government, which are focused in expanding one of the state’s diesel-powered electricity grids to El Vizcaíno. The Chapter also examines the potential for replacing diesel generators with a combination of renewable energy systems and efficiency measures in the coastal communities sampled. Chapter five analyzes strategies to enable the implementation of sustainable energy approaches in El Vizcaíno. Chapter five highlights several international examples that could be useful to inform organizational changes at the federal and state level aimed at fostering renewable energy and efficiency initiatives that enhance energy security, protect the environment, and also increase economic opportunities in El Vizcaíno and elsewhere in Mexico. Chapter six concludes the thesis by providing: a summary of all key findings, a broad analysis of the implications of the research, and an overview of future lines of inquiry.

The purpose of this study is to find potential areas suitable for energy production using renewable sources. For this aim, accurate assessments are necessary. The assessments include geographical suitability, closeness of infrastructure and observing local and regional framework concerning the use of renewable sources together with environmental protection. In addition, economical factor is considered in such an assessment. In this study, the Photovoltaic (PV) production potential for Germany is considered. An accurate and complete data set is necessary in order to achieve reliable results. In addition, a powerful database management and strong analysis tools are required. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool for finding suitable sites for the photovoltaic production.Using GIS, energy generation planners are able to visualize solar densities throughout the considered area. In addition, they can find the optimal and most economical sites by the combination of solar potential with the information about land. In this study, data sources consist of meteorological and geographical conditions. Furthermore, all analyses have been performed using Arc GIS Desktop. This study demonstrates the possible places for photovoltaic plants and indicates suitable candidates according to weights and factors in multi criteria analysis. The solar radiation data is from year 1995 to 2005. Land cover data is according to Corine 2000 and the more detailed Raumordnungskataster (Rok) for Weser-Ems. Numerical results are reliable from a comparison point of view. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the defined criteria with respect to electricity production. In particular, this study is useful to see the capabilities of GIS for site selection regarding photovoltaic plants.The purpose of this study is to find potential areas suitable for energy production using renewable sources. For this aim, accurate assessments are necessary. The assessments include geographical suitability, closeness of infrastructure and observing local and regional framework concerning the use of renewable sources together with environmental protection. In addition, economical factor is considered in such an assessment. In this study, the Photovoltaic (PV) production potential for Germany is considered. An accurate and complete data set is necessary in order to achieve reliable results. In addition, a powerful database management and strong analysis tools are required. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool for finding suitable sites for the photovoltaic production.Using GIS, energy generation planners are able to visualize solar densities throughout the considered area. In addition, they can find the optimal and most economical sites by the combination of solar potential with the information about land. In this study, data sources consist of meteorological and geographical conditions. Furthermore, all analyses have been performed using Arc GIS Desktop. This study demonstrates the possible places for photovoltaic plants and indicates suitable candidates according to weights and factors in multi criteria analysis. The solar radiation data is from year 1995 to 2005. Land cover data is according to Corine 2000 and the more detailed Raumordnungskataster (Rok) for Weser-Ems. Numerical results are reliable from a comparison point of view. This study demonstrates the sensitivity of the defined criteria with respect to electricity production. In particular, this study is useful to see the capabilities of GIS for site selection regarding photovoltaic plants.

In many developing economies, a high percentage of domestic energy demand is for cooking based on fossil and biomass fuels. Their use has serious health consequences affecting almost 3 billion people. Cleaner cooking systems have been promoted in these countries such as solar cooking and smokeless stoves with varying degrees of success. In parallel, solar electrolytic hydrogen systems have been developed and increasingly used during the last 25 years for electricity, heat and automobile fueling applications. This study has developed and tested experimentally in the laboratory a solar hydrogen plant numerical model suitable for small communities, to generate and store cooking fuel. The numerical model was developed in TRNSYS and consists of PV panels supplying a PEM electrolyser of 63.6% measured stack efficiency and hydrogen storage in metal hydride cylinders for household distribution. The model includes novel components for the operation of the PEM electrolyser, its controls and the metal hydride storage, developed based on data of hydrogen generation, stack temperature and energy use from a purpose constructed small-scale experimental rig. The model was validated by a second set of experiments that confirmed the accurate prediction of hydrogen generation and storage rates under direct power supply from PV panels. Based on the validated model, large-scale case studies for communities of 20 houses were developed. The system was sized to generate enough hydrogen to provide for typical domestic cooking demand for three case-studies; Jamaica, Ghana and Indonesia. The daily cooking demands were calculated to be 2.5kWh/day for Ghana, 1.98kWh/day for Jamaica and 2kWh/day for Indonesia using data mining and a specific quantitative survey for Ghana. The suitability of weather data used in the model was evaluated through Finkelstein Schafer statistics based on composite and recent weather data and by comparing simulation results. A difference of 0.9% indicated that the composite data can be confidently used. Simulations results indicate that a direct connection system to the PV plant rather than using a battery is the optimal design option based on increased efficiency and associated costs. They also show that on average 10tonnes of CO2/year/household can be saved by replacing biomass fuel with hydrogen. The potential of total savings in the three case-study countries is shown in the form of novel solar hydrogen potential maps. The results of this study are a contribution towards better understanding the use of hydrogen systems and enhancing their role in renewable energy policy.

Energy is an important input for various activities that provide impetus to economic, human and social development of any country. Among all the energy carriers, electricity is the most important and sought after energy carrier for its quality, versatility and ability to perform various technology driven end-use activities. Therefore access to electricity is considered as the single most important indicator determining the energy poverty levels prevailing in a country. Demand for electricity has increased significantly, especially in the developing countries, in recent years due to growth in population and intensification of economic activities. Therefore, providing quality and reliable electricity supply at low-cost has become one of the most pressing challenges facing the developing world. Although sufficient efforts have gone into addressing this issue, little progress has been made in finding a satisfactory solution in alleviating this problem. Currently, electricity supply is mostly dependent on centralized large-scale power generation. These centralized systems are strongly supply focused, fossil-fuel intensive, capital intensive, and rely on large-distance transmission and distribution systems. This results in electricity cost becoming unaffordable to the majority poor which comprises more than 70% of the total population in developing countries like India and the benefits of quality energy remaining with the rich, giving rise to inequitable distribution of energy. Continuous exploitation of fossil fuels has also contributed to local and global pollution. Therefore it is necessary to explore alternate means of providing energy access such that the energy carriers are clean, easy to use, environmentally benign and affordable to the majority of the rural poor. India is at a critical juncture of passing through the path of development. India is also in a unique position that its vast majority of rural population is energy poor which is disconnected from the electricity grid. In this context, the proposed research is an attempt towards developing a greater understanding on the issue of rural energy access and providing a possible solution for addressing this gap. This has been proposed to be achieved by adopting a decentralized energy planning approach and distributed energy systems mostly based on renewable energy sources. This is expected to reduce dependence on imported energy, promote self-reliance, provide economically viable energy services for rural applications and be environmentally safe. The focus is limited to biomass energy route which has many advantages; it is a geographically equitably distributed resource, geographical advantage of having potential to setup energy systems at any location where vegetation is present and not seasonal like other renewable energy technologies. A mathematical model-based approach is developed to assess the feasibility of such a proposal. Models are developed for performing biomass resource assessment, estimating end-use-wise hourly demand for electricity, performing capacity and location planning and assessing economic feasibility. This methodological framework was validated through a case study developed for the district of Tumkur in the state of Karnataka (a state in southern region of India). The literature survey was conducted exhaustively covering the whole span of supplyside and demand-side management of electricity systems, and grid-connected and stand-alone power generation systems, their technical, economic and environmental feasibilities. Literature pertinent to GIS applications in biomass assessment, facility location planning and scheduling models were also reviewed to discern how optimal capacity, location and economic dispatch strategy was formulated. Through the literature survey it was understood that there were very few attempts to integrate both demand-side management and supply-side management aspects in the rural energy context. GIS based mathematical models were sparsely used in rural energy planning and decision making. The current research is an attempt to bridge these gaps. The focus in this study is on effectively utilizing the locally available biomass resource. Assessment of Biomass Potential for Power Generation As a first step, the supply option was studied at village level by overlaying LULC (land use land cover) and village boundary GIS maps of Tumkur district. The result was fortified by the NDVI results from remote sensing images of land use pattern in Tumkur district. A detailed village-level assessment of wasteland potential was made for the entire district. The result showed which shows that in Tumkur district, roughly 17.3% of total geographical land was under exploitable wasteland. Using secondary data and literature, biomass potential indices were prepared for different wasteland types to determine the total biomass potential for power generation. The results based on the GIS data the assessment shows that Tumkur has roughly 17.3% of exploitable wasteland. A complete village-level annual power generation potential was assessed considering both energy plantations from wasteland, existing degraded forests and crop residues. Assessment of end-use-wise hourly Demand for Electricity at Village Level Household survey was conducted for 170 sample households randomly chosen from 15 villages, again randomly selected to represent different socio-economic categories. Using statistical tools like k-means clustering, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test, first the households were classified into three economic categories to study the distribution of the households in each sample village. Later based on the number of households of each type in a village, the villages were further classified into five groups based on their socio-economic status. This was done to select the right representative per-household power demand for a village of any particular socioeconomic category. The representative per household power demand in each economic category along with secondary data helped in deriving the electricity daily load profiles for all the villages. Representative demand profiles were generated for different seasons across different sectors namely domestic, agriculture and industry sectors at the end-use level comprising of activities like home lighting, appliances, irrigation pump sets operation and small industry operations. Mathematical Modeling for Optimal Siting of Biomass Energy Systems Since the power has to be generated through biomass route, biomass may have to be transported over a large geographical area which requires efficient design of logistic systems. Apart from that, a major component of cost of biomass power is the cost of transportation of biomass from source to the power plant. Therefore it is important to determine the optimal siting of biomass energy systems to minimize the cost of transportation. Since these optimal locations are based on minimizing Euclidian distance, installing the power generation systems at these locations would also minimize total cost of local transmission and distribution. In order to locate the biomass energy system, K-medoid clustering algorithm was used to determine the optimal number of clusters of villages to minimize the Euclidean distance between the medoid of the cluster and the villages within the cluster, and minimize the total installed capacity to meet the cluster demand. The clustering algorithm was modified in such a way that the total capital cost of the power generation system installation was minimized. Since the total project cost not only depended on capital cost alone, but also on biomass transportation and power transmission costs, these costs were also included in the analysis. It was proposed to locate the energy systems at the medoids of the clusters. Optimal Capacity Planning Installing biomass power systems requires large investments. It is therefore necessary to reduce the peak demand to bring down the installed capacity required. This was achieved by developing heuristics to arrive at an optimal scheduling scheme of the end-use activities that would minimize the peak demand. The heuristics procedure was demonstrated on five representative villages, each from different economic category. The optimal demand profile was used as input in HOMER micro-energy system simulation software to perform a techno-economic analysis. The simulation facilitated a thorough economic feasibility study of the system. This included a complete analysis of the cash inflows and outflows, capital cost of the system, operation and maintenance cost, cost of fuel and estimation of total GHG emissions. There are many limitations in planning at village-scale. The results indicated that capacity planning done at the village level was prone to over-estimation of installed capacity of the system increasing the investment requirement, under utilization of the capacity and suffered from supply scarcity of biomass. This emphasized the need for looking at a bigger conglomerate of villages in other words cluster of villages. In the next step, the optimal capacity planning was performed for one of the clusters formed using the K-medoid clustering algorithm with the power generation system located at the medoid. For demonstrating the practical feasibility of extending the methodology to cluster level, a cluster with maximum number of villages was chosen from the optimal cluster set in the k-medoid algorithm output. The planning was conducted according to the socioconomic category of the villages in the cluster. Economic implications of Stand-alone (SA) vs Grid-connected (GC) Mode of Operation Other important question that was answered in this analysis was a comparison of GC systems with SA systems. Since extension of grid to a village that is not electrified involved drawing high voltage transmission lines from the nearest grid point, installation of distribution transformers and low transmission lines within the village for distribution. Since these involve high costs it was necessary to study whether or not it is feasible to extend the grid or install a stand-alone system. This question was answered by the breakeven distance for which grid extension becomes more economical than a SA system. For each village breakeven distance varied with the total installed capacity and the operational costs. This helped to compare the GC systems vis-à-vis SA systems from the point of view of economic feasibility. Summary It is necessary that planning and strategies be rational and reasonable for effectively assuaging the rural electrification imbroglio. The current study has highlighted the importance of integrating both demand-side-management and supply-sidemanagement of energy systems in the context of planning for power generation and distribution in rural areas. The key findings in the current study are: • The study showed the feasibility of biomass power systems in meeting the rural electricity needs. • Biomass assessment results showed that, if the power demand could be brought down by replacing the existing appliances with efficient ones (ex. compact fluorescent lamps and improved irrigation pump set valves), Tumkur district has enough biomass potential to meet both the current as well as increased future demands for electricity. • The optimal number of clusters minimizing total capital cost of biomass energy systems, transportation cost of biomass and distribution cost of power, was 96 for Tumkur district. For Kunigal block, the optimal number of clusters was 37 and 32 for supply and demand scenarios 1(BAU -Business As Usual) and 2 (with 10% increase in cropland and 20% increase in demand). • The optimal capacity planning emphasized the importance of clustering of villages for minimizing the total installed capacity. The result also showed that the breakeven distance was the determining factor about the choice of GC vs SA systems. The main contributions of this thesis are: i. Hourly demand pattern was studied to estimate the aggregate demand for electricity at village level for different sectors across various seasons. ii. Village-wise biomass resources potential for power generation was assessed iii. Optimal locations for siting biomass energy systems were identified using k-medoid clustering algorithm iv. An optimal scheduling of end-use activities was planned using heuristics method to minimize the installed capacity v. Optimal location, scheduling plan of end-use activities and optimal capacity were determined for individual villages as well as village clusters vi. The economic implications of grid extension vis-à-vis stand-alone mode of operation of the installed biomass energy systems were studied The generalized, multipronged approach presented in this thesis to effectively integrate both demand-side management and supply-side management in rural energy planning can be implemented for any rural region irrespective of the location. The results emphasized that for efficient demand-side and supply-side management, it is important to plan for clusters of villages than at the individual village level. The results reported in this thesis will help the policy and strategy makers, and governments to achieve rural electrification to a satisfactory extent to ensure continuous, uninterrupted and reliable power supply by determining the clustering strategy, optimal cluster size, optimal scale and siting of decentralized biomass power generation systems.

A major portion of this thesis is devoted to the Whisper 200 wind turbine model in Matlab-Simulink environment. The turbine is installed at the Department of Electrical Power Engineering, FEEC BUT. In the model, several types of simulations can be executed. On that basis, the power curve and mathematical relationships between wind speed and other physical quantities, such as RPM, electic current, and voltage, were obtained. Comparisons of the simulations' results with measurement data illustrate adequate agreement, but limitations of the model remain significant, as is exhaustively documented and commented upon in the thesis. As a partial advancement towards elimination of the model's deficiencies, conditions for substantial performance improvements of the dynamic simulation have been elaborately derived.

This thesis undertakes a thorough exploration of business models for energy communities, specifically tailored to the unique requirements of the Swedish energy sector. Its objective is to identify and evaluate global business models for energy communities, focusing on their applicability within Sweden's regulatory, market, and socio-cultural contexts. Utilizing the Business Model Canvas as an analytical framework, the study initially identifies twelve distinct business model archetypes, ranging from community-based energy generation to models grounded in circular economy principles. Subsequently, it assesses their viability within Sweden's innovative and sustainability-focused energy landscape. The research is based on a qualitative methodology, incorporating a systematic literature review and comparative analysis to understand the complex dynamics of energy communities. By examining the structure of the Swedish energy system, the study pinpoints key factors influencing the success of energy- community models in Sweden, including regulatory frameworks, technological infrastructure, economic and financial viability, community engagement, and environmental sustainability. The findings emphasize six business models that closely align with Swedish values and objectives, highlighting the significance of community involvement, sustainability, and innovation in transforming Sweden's energy sector. These models include community-based energy generation, residential energy self-consumption, shared community energy generation, electric mobility cooperatives, collective financial initiatives, and circular economy-based approaches. In conclusion, the thesis proposes an Integrated Sustainable Energy Community Model (ISECM) as a comprehensive futuristic energy community model to guide Sweden's transition towards a more decentralized, participative, and sustainable energy future. This model integrates sustainable energy production, smart urban mobility, resource recovery, and digital integration. Further recommending strategic initiatives for implementation such as developing community platforms, forging strategic partnerships, and establishing environmental and social metrics. The research contributes to both academic and practical discussions on sustainable energy transitions, offering a strategic framework for leveraging community-based models to achieve Sweden's environmental and energy goals. It calls for active engagement from government, industry, academia, and communities to unlock the potential of innovative business models in advancing Sweden's energy sustainability agenda. / Denna avhandling genomför en omfattande utforskning av affärsmodeller för energigemenskaper, särskilt anpassade till de unika kraven i den svenska energisektorn. Syftet är att identifiera och utvärdera globala affärsmodeller för energigemenskaper med fokus på deras tillämplighet inom Sveriges regelverk, marknadsdynamik och sociokulturella sammanhang. Med hjälp av Business Model Canvas som analytiskt ramverk kartlägger studien tolv distinkta affärsmodellsarketyper, från gemenskapsbaserad energiproduktion till modeller baserade på cirkulär ekonomi, och bedömer deras livskraft i Sveriges innovativa och hållbarhetsinriktade energilandskap. Forskningen är grundad i en kvalitativ metodik, inkluderande en systematisk litteraturgenomgång och jämförande analys för att förstå de mångfacetterade dynamikerna inom energigemenskaper. Genom att utforska strukturen i det svenska energisystemet identifierar studien nyckelfaktorer som påverkar framgången för modeller av energigemenskaper i Sverige, inklusive regelverk, teknologisk infrastruktur, ekonomisk och finansiell livskraft, gemenskapsengagemang och miljömässig hållbarhet. Resultaten belyser sex affärsmodeller som ligger i linje med svenska värderingar och mål, och betonar vikten av gemenskapsinvolvering, hållbarhet och innovation i omvandlingen av Sveriges energisektor. Dessa modeller inkluderar gemenskapsbaserad energiproduktion, självkonsumtion av energi i bostäder, delad gemenskapsenergiproduktion, kooperativ för elektrisk mobilitet, kollektiva finansiella initiativoch modeller baserade på cirkulär ekonomi. Som avslutning föreslår avhandlingen en Integrerad Hållbar Energi Gemenskaps Modell (ISEGM) som ett holistiskt framtida energigemenskap för att vägleda Sveriges övergång mot en mer decentraliserad, deltagande och hållbar energiframtid. Denna modell inkluderar hållbar energiproduktion, smart stadsrörlighet, återvinning av resurser och digital integration. Som vidare rekommenderar strategiska initiativ för implementering, såsom utveckling av gemenskapsplattformar, skapande av strategiska partnerskap och etablering av miljö- och sociala mätvärden. Forskningen bidrar till akademiska och praktiska diskussioner om hållbara energiövergångar, och erbjuder ett strategiskt ramverk för att utnyttja gemenskapsbaserade modeller för att uppnå Sveriges miljö- och energimål. Den uppmanar till aktivt engagemang från regeringen, industrin, akademin och gemenskaper för att förverkliga potentialen i innovativa affärsmodeller för att främja Sveriges hållbarhetsagenda inom energi.