(in English): This master's thesis focus on the repatriation of Koreans from Japan after World War II. The repatriation process was in many aspects more complicated than it could seem to be at the first sight. A hindrance to the repatriation of more than 2 million Koreans, who were left behind in Japan after the end of war, was vague politics of Supreme Command for Allied Powers (SCAP). SCAP did not possess any specific plan considering Koreans and other foreigners in Japan after its arrival to the Japanese archipelago. Therefore, the government of Japan was the one who seized upon the Korean repatriation and began sending ships from Japan's islands loaded with Korean laborers and soldiers, who were living testimony of its war crimes and a thread for Japanese public order. The government of Japan, however, was limited by number of ships, which it could provide for transportation of Koreans, and by number of available ports. As the waiting time for boarding on a repatriation ship was getting longer and longer, majority of Koreans could not wait anymore. In those cases, they usually decided to rent a small vessel, by which they got transported to the Korean peninsula. Those vessels, however, were making their voyages without a permission and were easy target for pirates or typhoons, which were...

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1981 / Bibliography: leaves 160-168. / by Robert C. Sharp. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management

The dissertation investigates South Africa’s legal aspects pertaining to voluntary repatriation of refugees. The repatriation of Mozambican and Angolan refugees was referred to in order to examine the loopholes in the process of repatriating them. This study moreover examines whether the application of the cessation clause is in contravention of the principle of non-refoulement, which is intrinsically the cornerstone for voluntariness of repatriation. The analysis of international, regional and South Africa’s refugee protection framework demonstrates that South Africa affords refugees the protection required by international law. This has been compared with states’ practice and case law with regards to refugee protection in countries including Canada and the United Kingdom. Although South Africa, Canada and the United Kingdom have comprehensive legal framework governing refugees’ protection, refugees’ rights have been violated on numerous occasions. The dissertation consequently concludes that notwithstanding the presence of international, regional and domestic legislations, the rights of refugees are violated due to their vulnerability and the repatriation process ignores the principle of voluntariness on several occasions. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LLM

This in-country grounded theory study examined the lived experiences of 24 Chinese returnees who completed advanced degrees in the United States. The study found that the four types of organizations in mainland China determine the social context of the application of Western education of the Chinese returnees. Returnees working in multinational corporations apply their Western education more than the returnees working in the other types of organizations. Themes that revolved around the international educational experiences of the Chinese students, including the development of cultural intelligence and new understanding of the ‘other’, and their realization of the differences between their home and host cultures, are included in the findings of this study. The relationship between these themes has led to the construction of a new concept concerning their self-cultivation that, in the Chinese perspective, is integral to Chinese leadership. This study introduces the concept of the bridger as a role that some Chinese returnees take on within their Chinese organizations and the third space that bridgers occupy.

<p>It has been stated in many studies that MNCs are in the position of transferring and combining market knowledge and by doing so are creating a competitive edge on national firms. In addition, research has also pointed out the expatriates as one of the most important vehicles for transporting this knowledge. However, recent studies have indicated that there is a gap between what the expatriate learn and what their organization as a whole learn from the expatriates’ international assignments. This study therefore investigates if Nordic MNC’s use mechanisms to assimilate the knowledge expatriates have gained on their international assignments. The findings from 39 Large Cap companies indicate that the participating MNCs do not use mechanisms of knowledge assimilation in any wider sense. Formal methods of sharing knowledge, for example through reports, seminars or IT systems were not common in the studied MNCs nor were informal mechanisms such as fostering a common knowledge sharing vision within the MNC. The findings suggest that the most commonly used methods of assimilating repatriate knowledge are informal in forms of assigning the repatriates to positions that take advantage of their international knowledge and by using different forms of mentoring systems.</p>

Barriers like financial constraints and travel logistics prevent Indigenous people from accessing their cultural heritage objects held by national, state, and local institutions. This can be overcome using photogrammetry to create 3D models of cultural heritage objects and housing them in virtual museums accessible via Internet-capable devices. This pilot project, working with the White Earth Band of Ojibwe on the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota, followed appropriate museology and communities of practice approaches to meet the concerns, desires, and budget of the tribal members to provide them unfettered access to cultural heritage objects. Because this approach presents cultural objects as 3D models, which can be 'manipulated' as if physically held, it offers visitors more meaningful engagement than they would have with single-dimension, restricted access museum displays. This project focusing on ten cultural heritage objects serves as a foundation on which similar digital museum projects initiated by Indigenous communities can build. / May 2017

An ethnographic approach is used to produce a nuanced investigation of the efforts of the Haida First Nation in British Columbia, Canada, to repatriate the human remains of their ancestors from collections around the world. The result is a contextualisation of Haida repatriation within values and structures of kinship—a position that stands in contrast to the frequent use of political or legalistic frameworks to understand repatriation issues. Incorporating Haida sensibilities toward kinship relations is necessary as analyses based in colonial or post-colonial encounters fail to account for the full range of motivating factors, which include the Haida value of yahgudangang (‘to pay respect’ and ‘to be fit for respect’) and the agency of ancestors after death. Furthermore, it is argued that kinship is the predominant structure through which Haidas experience identity, history and memory. Repatriation is therefore approached as a collective space in which kinship and memories are created, as well as a collective space in which remembering occurs. In order to understand how the individual elements comprising the repatriation process reflect and foster the construction of kinship, the expectations and obligations that exist within matrilineages and between moieties are traced, as is their material manifestation in objects, as well as tangible and ephemeral property. The sharing of embodied experiences between generations as a consequence of Haidas’ participation in the process of repatriation is shown to augment collective memory and family histories. The ways in which repatriation is incorporated within individual and collective narratives are explored as a further means of understanding the dynamic between the production of kinship, memory and identity. Avenues for expanding the current findings on repatriation, the connections between memory and kinship, and Northwest Coast scholarship more generally are presented.

Using a global sample of multinational corporations (MNCs) and their foreign subsidiaries, we find that repatriation taxes impair subsidiary-level investment efficiency. Consistent with internal agency conflicts between the central management of the MNC and the manager of the foreign subsidiary being the driver, we find that this effect is prevalent in subsidiaries with high information asymmetry, in subsidiaries that are weakly monitored, and subsidiaries of cash-rich MNCs. Natural experiments in the UK and Japan establish a causal relationship for our findings and suggest that a repeal of repatriation taxes increases subsidiary-level investment efficiency while reducing the level of investment. Our paper provides timely empirical evidence to inform expectations for the effects of a recent change to the U.S. international tax law which eliminated repatriation taxes from most of the future foreign earnings of U.S. MNCs. / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities School of Social Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment for the degree of Masters in Migration & Displacement. Johannesburg 2016 / Repatriation like any other form of migration is highly gendered. The objective of this research study is to analyze the gendered determinants of repatriation. I will explore various motivations for return and the general literature surrounding repatriation. My interest in the research was inspired by my experience working with Rwandan returnees where I encountered more female returnees than men. The other reason was the invocation of the cessation of Rwandan refugees on the 30th June 2013.The implication of the cessation meant to bring to closure to a close the refugee status of Rwandans who fled the country before 31st December 1998 and to find alternative status for those refugees still in need of international protection. An interesting observation is that despite this invocation by the end of 2013, the number of Rwandan refugees coming back did not increase as was expected. At the time of the interviews, the invocation of the cessation status of Rwandan refugees was a not an issue in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). However, a meeting held on the 2nd of October 2015 came up with new deadlines for the implementation on the cessation clause. This research follows a mini-research for my Honours degree that I conducted in 2014 with Rwandan refugees residing in Johannesburg. This work however differs from my previous pilot study in Johannesburg in two ways; in contrast to this research paper, my interviews in Johannesburg involved Rwandan refugees who had not taken the decision to return to Rwanda. Additionally, the refugee profile in South Africa comprised mostly political asylum-seekers while Rwandan refugees hosted in the DRC (my current research location) are mostly those who fled during the 1994 genocide. Voluntary repatriation is a contested issue. In various instances, refugees feel obliged to return either through active promotion of repatriation, reduction of aid in refugee camps or appalling conditions in countries of asylum. What is also evident is the politics between the countries of asylum and origin and the uncomfortable position the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) finds itself as it seeks to ensure the voluntary character of repatriation as is stipulated by the 1969 OAU convention. The gendered approach taken in migration studies reveals renegotiation of gender relations and roles as a result of displacement. Although the role of women changes considerably; social expectations puts more pressure on men to provide and as the limited livelihood opportunities during displacement curtails their primary role as breadwinners. Gender mainstreaming is one of the approaches employed by the, UNHCR to ensure that women are not only involved in all aspects of planning and development but also in issues of peace and security. The literature on repatriation, suggests that women and men consider different factors in their decision to return; men’s main concern is security while women dwell more on working structures like hospitals and schools for their children. During fieldwork, the household emerged as an important unit for repatriation decision making. The research employed a qualitative design. The tools for data collection included semi-structured in-depth questions for Rwandan refugee participants in Goma and key informants from the UNHCR and their government counterpart in the repatriation exercise the Commission Nationale pour les Réfugiés (CNR). In addition, I engaged in an extensive secondary data search through journals, books, the internet, newspapers and policy documents. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the collected data. Based on the findings, it was evident that Rwandan refugee men and women put into consideration different aspects in their decision to return to Rwandan. Men focused mostly on security issues both in the DRC and Rwanda while women considered working structures like schools, hospitals and the hope of reclaiming their spouses’ land for the sake of the children. On the decision to return, single women took the decision on their own while in the case of married couples, the men came up with the idea and discussed it with their wives and children. A cross cutting theme between the interviewed Rwandan refugee men and women was the important function of social networks as a pull factor for return. Social networking was especially important in obtaining information about the specific areas in Rwanda and also acted as assurance for temporary accommodation upon return and therefore reducing the cost of return migration. Based on the findings, access to information for both men and women was not mentioned as a major challenge owing to advances in technology (radios, internet, and mobile phones) and the presence of social networks. Keywords (Returnee, Cessation Clause, Repatriation, Reintegration, Decision-making process, Gender, Identity, Social networking) / MT2017

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Felipe Ferreira de Souza.pdf: 807632 bytes, checksum: 188b2b5966b3c9f569108870cdcc832d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / The expatriation is one of the main strategies used by internationalized companies to manage their international practices and ensure better communication between the mother company and their subsidiaries. From an organizational point of view there are several reasons to a company send a expatriate and these reasons, many times, don t dialogues with the reasons that do the professional accepts the international mission. By accepting to be expatriate, the professional usually create high expectations about the return, imagining the professional growth, increases in benefits and salary and best positions in the company. During the process of expatriation and repatriation, many obstacles are overcome, such as intercultural adjustment in the going and return. The literature suggests that if there is no intercultural adjustment the expatriate will be unable to perform their functions and the international mission will fail, negatively affecting the company and the professional. To deal with cultural impact and ensure proper intercultural adjustment, the company needs to assist the professional from the initial stages of expatriation, while still in the origin country, with intercultural training, until the repatriation of the professional, with supports to help to deal with the reverse cultural impact. From this contexto, this research seek, through the perspective of Brazilian expatriates and repatriates, capture the opinions of the professionals about how was the process of expatriation and repatriation. For that, three stages were defined: (1) understand the phenomenon of internationalization of companies, (2) define the expatriation and repatriation processes and (3) develop a survey with professional expatriates and repatriates. This research used an exploratory-descriptive and qualitative methodology. The focus of the discussion was talk with the professionals to capture their views about the process of expatriation and repatriation. The results signaled that when intercultural adjustment is neglected by the company hardly the international mission has successfully. Also was observed that the motivations that lead professionals to accept the expatriation are determinants to the success of expatriation / A expatriação é uma das principais estratégias utilizadas pelas empresas internacionalizadas para gerenciar suas práticas internacionais e garantir a melhor comunicação entre a Matriz e subsidiária. Do ponto de vista organizacional existem diversas razões uma empresa expatriar um profissional e estas razões, muitas vezes, não dialoga com as razões que motivam o profissional a aceitar a missão internacional. Ao aceitar ser expatriado, o sujeito tende a criar grandes expectativas sobre o seu retorno, imaginando o crescimento profissional, aumentos de benefícios e salários e melhores cargos na empresa. Durante o processo de expatriação e repatriação diversos obstáculos são superados, como é o caso do ajustamento intercultural na ida e na volta. A literatura sugere que se não houver o ajustamento intercultural o expatriado não será capaz de exercer suas funções e a missão internacional falhará, afetando de maneira negativa tanto a empresa quanto o profissional. Para lidar com o choque cultural e garantir o adequado ajustamento intercultural, a empresa precisa auxiliar o profissional desde as etapas iniciais da expatriação, quando ainda em solo de origem do profissional, com treinamentos interculturais até a repatriação do profissional, com suportes para ajudar a lidar com o choque cultural reverso. A partir desse contexto, essa pesquisa buscou, através da perspectiva dos profissionais brasileiros expatriados e repatriados, capturar as opiniões dos sujeitos sobre como ocorreu o processo de expatriação e repatriação. Para tanto, foram definidas três etapas: (1) compreender o fenômeno da internacionalização de empresas, (2) definir os processos de expatriação e repatriação e (3) desenvolver uma pesquisa com profissionais expatriados e repatriados. Essa pesquisa se utilizou de uma metodologia exploratória-descritiva e qualitativa. O foco da discussão foi dialogar com os sujeitos para capturar suas opiniões sobre o processo de expatriação e repatriação. Os resultados obtidos sinalizaram que, quando o ajustamento intercultural é negligenciado pela empresa, dificilmente a missão internacional possui sucesso. Também foram observados que as motivações que levam os profissionais a aceitar a expatriação são fatores determinantes para o sucesso da expatriação