The purpose of this mixed-method study was to explore the instructional changes in first grade classrooms and reading progress of first grade students in relation to implementation of standards-based report cards (SBRC). The goal of this study, conducted in a suburban Texas school district, was to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in reading progress between students enrolled in first grade classrooms in which traditional report cards were used in comparison to comparable classrooms in which SBRCs were used. Additionally, the instructional practices of teachers were examined to determine the types of changes that took place as the district moved from traditional report cards to SBRCs. A total of 709 students and 15 teachers were involved in the study. The study revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the reading growth of students assessed in SBRC classrooms and those assessed with traditional report cards. There were, however, significant differences in instructional practices employed by teachers in SBRC classrooms. These changes in practice included instructing with a greater degree of focus on specific objectives to be taught, more closely following the district’s scope and sequence, greater communication regarding the grading criteria and methods used for reporting progress, use of the most recent achievement data when determining grades (in comparison to averaging of grades during a reporting period), and a greater awareness of students’ specific abilities.

Till följd av nytt regelverk för granskning av hållbarhetsrapporter ställs nyakompetenskrav på revisorer. Historiskt har revisorer endast behövt hakompetens att granska finansiell information men nu kommer de att behövaskaffa sig kompetens att granska icke finansiell information. Revisorerna kommerbehöva nå upp i en tillräcklig kompetensnivå för att erhålla komfort medrevisionskvaliteten vilket i sin tur leder till en kvalitet som gerhållbarhetsrapporten legitimitet mot intressenterna. Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskaperna om hur revisorer ser på sinkompetens för att kunna granska icke-finansiell information ihållbarhetsrapporter. Två frågeställningar har valts ut för att besvara syftet medstudien. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tio revisorer, vilka får anses varaexperter på området, har svaren analyserats och slutsatser dragits. Slutsatser som studien kom fram till var att det råder stor komfort hos revisoreridag med revisionskvaliteten under det befintliga regelverket. Det finns däremoten stor osäkerhet hos revisorer med att uppnå komfort med sin revisionskvalitettill det utökade regelverket. Revisorernas bedömning är att de kommer att behövahöja kompetensnivån avseende kunskap om hållbarhet generellt samt hurrevision ska ske av icke-finansiell information. Det kommer att krävas en storutbildningsinsats. Respondenterna i studien anser att det kommer att bli en storomställning kompetensmässigt för hela branschen. Studien kom även fram till attdet fanns delade åsikter om det kommer att behövas standardiseradekompetenskrav till att bedöma hållbarhetsrapporter. De var dock överens om attdet kommer att behöva rekryteras hållbarhetsspecialister. Till vilken grad somspecialister ska användas, differentierades svaren bland respondenterna. Respondenterna i studien anser att kompetensnivån måste ökas för att kunnamöta det utökade regelverket annars finns det risk att hållbarhetsrapportenslegitimitet ifrågasätts av dess intressenter. Revisorernas kompetens kritiseras avdess intressenter och hållbarhetspecialister efterfrågas till större grad. Flertaletav respondenterna menar dock att med större standardisering av granskningenav hållbarhetsrapporter kommer legitimiteten öka gentemot dess intressenter. Nyckelord: Kompetens, revisionskvalitet, komfort, legitimitet, intressenter / As a result of new regulations for the review of sustainability reports, newcompetence requirements are placed on auditors. Historically, auditors have onlyneeded to have competence to review financial information, but now they willhave to acquire competence to be able to review non-financial information. Theauditors will need to reach a sufficient level of competence to obtain comfortwith audit quality, which in turn leads to a quality that gives the sustainabilityreport legitimacy to the stakeholders. The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge regarding how auditors viewtheir competence to review non-financial information in the sustainability report.Two questions have been selected to answer the purpose of the study. Throughqualitative interviews with ten accountants, who may be considered experts inthe field, the answers have been analysed and conclusions drawn. The study ́s conclusions were that auditors today are very comfortable with auditquality under the existing regulatory framework. On the other hand, there is greatuncertainty among auditors about achieving comfort with their audit quality tothe expanded regulatory framework. The auditor ́s assessment is that they willneed to raise the level of competence regarding knowledge of sustainability ingeneral and how to audit non-financial information. A large educational effortwill be required. The respondents in the study believe that there will be a majoradjustment in terms of skills for the entire industry. The study also concludedthat there were divided opinions on whether standardized competencerequirements will be needed to assess sustainability reports. However, theyagreed that it will be necessary to recruit sustainability specialists. To what degreespecialists should be used, the answers were differentiated among therespondents. The respondents in the study believe that the level of competencemust be increased to be able to meet the expanded regulatory framework,otherwise there is a risk that the legitimacy of the sustainability report will bequestioned by its stakeholders. The auditors' competence is criticized by itsstakeholders and sustainability specialists are in greater demand. However, mostrespondents believe that with greater standardization of the review ofsustainability reports, legitimacy will increase towards its stakeholders. Keywords: Competence, audit quality, comfort, legitimacy, stakeholders

Social desirability has been offered as an explanation for observed self-reported levels of substance use within specific populations (i.e., inpatient, court referred) and it has been identified as a possible threat to the validity of self-report prevalence studies, but it has not been tested as a variable that could be manipulated to directly affect reporting. The present study assessed the effects of a simple social desirability manipulation on self-report of substance use. Participants consisted of 389 late adolescents aged 18 to 25 who were enrolled at a large southeastern university. Results indicate that presenting a drug as socially desirable does not lead participants to report higher levels of substance use. Furthermore, participants reported that peer reports, rather than their own, were more often distorted on the present study. The results have implications for enhancing procedures for both clinicians and social scientists who survey youth about substance use.

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Objectives: To describe clinical features, demographic characteristics, and treatment outcome in four prepubertal children with severe periodontitis. This is a case report of prepubertal children that have been referred to the Temple University Kornberg School of Dentistry (TUKSD) for the treatment of severe periodontitis. Methods & Materials: Chart review was performed of available paper and electronic records of patients aged ≤ 10 years that have been treated at the Graduate Periodontology Clinic, TUKSD during the past 5 years. Cases were evaluated for periodontal diseases by means of assessing dental plaque, dental calculus, gingivitis, probing depths and clinical attachment level, and radiographic evidence of bone levels. Cases diagnosed with periodontitis were identified and the patients¡¯ demographics, clinical findings, type of treatment provided, treatment outcome, and medical history were noted. Results: Four children with severe periodontitis were identified. All the subjects had deep probing depths around their primary teeth showing significant bone loss on radiographs and were diagnosed with severe periodontitis. These children were treated with scaling and root planing combined with systemic antibiotics and extraction of hopeless primary teeth. The permanent teeth erupted early and there was no radiographic alveolar bone loss. Three subjects had microbiological testing and showed predominance of certain periodontal pathogens such as Prevotella intermedia and Fusobecterium nucleatum. Following treatment all children were inaccessible for follow-up. Conclusion: Periodontitis in prepubertal children causes early loss of primary teeth and early eruption of permanent teeth. Relevant systemic diseases were not detected in any of the children. Compliance with periodontal maintenance is poor among prepubertal children attending the TUKSD clinics for the treatment of periodontitis. / Oral Biology

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