Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar, a partir do recorte de um dado discurso musical (rap), como os jovens das periferias urbanas brasileiras têm representado discursivamente o social. Sob esse aspecto, a representação dos atores sociais no discurso é o principal foco analítico, tendo como perspectivas teóricas de estudo a Análise Crítica do Discurso (doravante ACD), e a lingüística funcional sistêmica (doravante LFS) no que diz respeito a questões de linguagem. O trabalho apresenta uma introdução na qual são apontadas características de grupos musicais diretamente afetados por conflitos sociais, destacando-se como corpus de trabalho o discurso musical dos Racionais MCs e seguindo-se de uma contextualização histórica do grupo e do movimento hip- hop. Em seguida, apresentam-se, no capítulo teórico, as matérias ligadas diretamente ao objeto de estudo (discurso, ideologia e tipos de significado), ao mesmo tempo em que é feita uma apresentação da linha teórica utilizada e da orientação assumida pelos autores de referência para o trabalho (Fairclough e Halliday). Logo depois, no capítulo metodológico, são descritas as etapas de construção da pesquisa, observando-se os seguintes aspectos: 1) apresentação dos critérios de constituição do corpus, destacando o interesse pelo estilo rap, através de suas principais características, até delimitar as músicas do grupo Racionais MCs para análise; 2) descrição do corpus, a partir de uma característica particular (gangstar rap), com posterior explicação da metodologia criada aqui para sua análise; 3) explicação da categoria analítica utilizada (a representação dos atores sociais), através de exemplos dados pelo seu autor (van Leeuwen, 1996) e outros encontrados no próprio corpus. A análise volta-se, inicialmente, para a observação do significado representacional enfocando as estratégias de representação dos atores sociais utilizadas pelo discurso rap; e, num segundo momento, revela uma prática de polarização, a partir da qual se traça a identidade discursiva do grupo Racionais MCs e sua alteridade (significado identificacional). Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível refletir sobre uma forma de representar o mundo, realizada atualmente por alguns jovens oriundos de comunidades periféricas. Dessa forma, foi possível perceber como os sentidos produzidos por eles podem revelar aspectos significativos de uma nova ordem social brasileira / This dissertation aims at exploring how the youth of Brazilian urban peripheries have been representing their social reality in discourse, on the basis of a study of a given musical genre (rap). To achieve this aim, the main analytical focus of this research is on the discursive representation of social actors, from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA), and that of systemic functional linguistics (henceforth SFL). The introduction of this dissertation deals with the most prominent features of musical groups directly affected by social conflicts, and singles out for corpus of this research the musical discourse of Racionais MC's, a group from São Paulo. The introduction also presents a historical contextualization of the emergence of the group and that of the hip-hop movement. In the theoretical chapter, conceptual categories directly related to the object of study of this research (discourse, ideology and types of meaning) are presented, as well as the theoretical principles in Faircloughs (CDA) and Hallidays (SFL) frameworks. The chapter which introduces the methodology describes the different stages in the construction of the research: 1) it first introduces the criteria in the constitution and delimitation of the corpus; 2) next, it describes the corpus and how it was narrowed down to one particular kind of artistic phenomenon within hip-hop ( gangstar rap ); 3) finally, it introduces an explanation of the analytical category adopted in the research (the representation of social actors in discourse), with examples given by its author (van Leeuwen, 1996) and others found in the corpus itself. The analysis focusses on the strategies used by producers of rap to represent social actors in discourse (representational meaning); in doing this, it reveals a practice of polarization in discourse, on the basis of which the discursive identity of the group Racionais MC's is constructed, as well as its alterity (identificational meanings). The analyses confirm previous research by Herchmann (2005), who argues that the discursive construction of social reality that is carried out at present by some young people in urban peripheries emphasizes fragmentation and conflict. Results of the analyses also suggest that the social meanings produced by Racionais MCs reveal significant aspects of a new Brazilian social order

Esta dissertação é sobre filosofia do entendimento. Buscaremos responder questões como: O que é o conteúdo de um pensamento? Como entendemos um conteúdo de um pensamento? Como se dá uma deliberação? Qual o papel do conteúdo do pensamento em uma deliberação? Que tipo de acesso temos ao conteúdo do pensamento? Para tanto, nos deteremos em analisar a filosofia anti-individualista de Tyler Burge a partir das objeções levantadas por Åsa Wikforss (2006), que defende que o Princípio de Frege é incompatível com a teoria do entendimento incompleto e que a noção burgeana de conteúdo não é capaz de desempenhar à função de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa. Veremos como a leitura burgeana do Princípio de Frege é capaz de dissolver a incompatibilidade alegada. Defenderemos a tese de que o conteúdo do pensamento na concepção anti-individualista é capaz de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa mediante uma compreensão aprofundada do papel do conteúdo representacional na deliberação, considerando sua inserção no sistema filosófico de Burge que o relaciona com a teoria das garantias epistêmicas e da percepção. Ao atentarmos para a distinção entre significado lexical e significado de tradução, apresentaremos um argumento em defesa da tese de que a teoria do entendimento anti-individualista explica melhor a perspectiva cognitiva e é mais condizente com a prática comum do que as teorias do conteúdo que residem no plano de fundo da interpretação de Wikforss acerca do Princípio de Frege. Por fim, proporemos e defenderemos uma leitura alternativa do Princípio de Frege que julgamos exprimir melhor tanto a visão anti-individualista quanto a fregeana. / This thesis is concerned with the philosophy of understanding. We will try to answer questions such as: What is thought content? How do we understand a thought content? How do we deliberate? What is the role of a thought content in a deliberation? What kind of access do we have to a thought content? For this, we will focus on analyzing the anti-individualist philosophy of Tyler Burge with respect to the objections raised by Åsa Wikforss (2006), who argues that Frege's Principle is incompatible with the Theory of Incomplete Understanding and that the Burgean notion of content is not able to fulfill the function of capturing the cognitive perspective from a first person point of view. We shall see how the Burgean reading of Frege's Principle is capable of dissolving the alleged incompatibility. We will defend the thesis that thought content on the anti-individualist account is capable of capturing the cognitive perspective of the first person point of view through a deep comprehension of the role of the representational content in deliberation, considering that‟s insertion in the philosophical system of Burge‟s, who connects it with the theories of epistemic warrants and of perception. Moreover, when we look at the distinction between lexical meaning and translational meaning, we will present an argument in defense of the thesis that the anti-individualist theory of understanding better explains the cognitive perspective and is more genuine to the common practice than the content theories which are on the background of Wikforss‟ interpretation of the Frege‟s Principle. Finally, we will propose and defend an alternative reading of Frege's Principle that we think will better capture both the anti-individualistic and the Fregean views.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / This research tries to verify if the representational aspects and the textual aspects are determinant in the performance in questions of the National Exam of the High School in the area of Natural Sciences that took the test in the years of 2012, 2013 and 2014. This research is carried out through statistical analysis Descriptive analysis of the performance in previously selected questions with the crossing of the data of these questions with the variables of the socioeconomic questionnaire. The results indicate that both representational aspects and textual aspects can not be statistically identified as determining factors in school performance. In the analyzed questions and in the cross-referencing with socioeconomic data, the factor that most stands out statistically as a determinant of performance is the family income factor. / Esta pesquisa procura verificar se os aspectos representacionais e os aspectos textuais são determinantes no desempenho em questões do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio na área Ciências Naturais que realizaram a prova nos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2014. Esta pesquisa é realizada por meio de análise estatística descritiva do desempenho em questões previamente selecionadas com o cruzamento dos dados destas questões com as variáveis do questionário socioeconômico. Os resultados indicam que tanto os aspectos representacionais como os aspectos textuais estatisticamente não se pode identifica-los como fatores determinantes no desempenho escolar. Nas questões analisadas e no cruzamento com os dados socioeconômicos o fator que mais se destaca estatisticamente como determinante do desempenho é o fator renda familiar.

A representação do milagre no cinema é um problema. O seu caráter descontínuo solicita do(a) realizador(a) uma tomada de posição: esconder as marcas das operações fílmicas, camuflando-as em prol de uma transparência, ou explicitar sem disfarces os artifícios empregados. Supõe-se que o milagre no cinema seja mais bem resolvido quando se apresenta frontalmente, expondo as suas fraturas através da exacerbação do meio fílmico. A hipótese acima, de natureza axiológica, será verificada na análise de filmes que tematizam três milagres dos Evangelhos: Anunciação, Cura do cego e Ressurreição. Cada milagre será articulado a um diferente problema de representação. Na primeira parte da tese, estudaremos a Anunciação no cinema à luz dos motivos plásticos herdados de sua vasta iconografia. Na segunda parte, dedicada à Cura do cego, analisaremos as operações empregadas na representação do milagre a partir das questões que se colocam pela figuração da imagem religiosa. Na terceira parte da tese, por fim, a Ressurreição: veremos as estratégias de encenação adotadas em função da crença do espectador na representação. / The representation of the miracle in films is a problem. Its discontinuous aspect demands from the director to take a position: to hide the traces from the filmic operations, dissimulating them for transparency purpose, or to underline the effects employed. In this thesis we will argue that the miracle is better represented when it shows itself frontally, exposing its disruptions in the explicitness of the filmic means. In order to verify the axiological hypothesis above, we will analyze several films that stage three miracles of the Gospels: Annunciation, Healing of the blind and Resurrection. Each of them will be articulated to a different representational problem. In the first part of the thesis, we will study the Annunciation in films according to the motifs inherited from its vast iconography. In the second part, dedicated to the Healing of the blind, we will analyze the filmic operations employed and the questions posed by the figuration of the religious image. In the third part of the thesis, finally, the Resurrection: we will see the strategies of staging adopted according to the belief of the spectator in the representation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taicara_Farias_Canez_Duarte_Dissertacao.pdf: 2766548 bytes, checksum: cee2d1cd5f8bec04e3cb9eb789417146 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-15 / This research, which is connected to studies of the comprehension of the writing acquisition processes, aims at mapping students representations regarding the orthography and the morphology of Brazilian Portuguese, as well as analyzing the effects of orthography teaching tasks that address the morphology aspects of the orthographic performance and of the representational changes that may happen. The research was carried out in two steps with elementary school students in a public school in Pelotas, RS. By using three tools for data collection and an interview, the fist step evaluated the knowledge students have about certain morphemes of the language and analyzed whether there is a relation between their knowledge about the morphemes and their orthographic performance. The second step consisted of developing a practice to teach orthographic rules with a morphological-grammatical basis and observing the effect of this practice on the student s orthographic performance; modifications may be interpreted as representational changes regarding this knowledge under investigation. In general, results show that students manipulate the morphemes in the language, although the control they have over these processes is related to the type of morpheme, since some are more accessible than others. During the first step of the study, in which the suffix that forms occupations, the negative prefix in-, and verbal flexion were worked on, the students, in general, used the selected suffixes to form agentives and verbally explained their knowledge about the prefix easily. However, they could not verbalize their knowledge about the verbal flexion, even though they had used the verb endings according to verbal paradigms. Regarding the effect of the didactic interventions, there is evidence that work on the explicitation of the relation between morphemes and orthography can make the student re-elaborate his/her representations; however, this result will also be influenced by the type of morpheme under study. On one hand, data collected during the second step show that students have improved regarding the comprehension and the spelling of the morpheme esa. On the other hand, the same evolution was not observed in relation to the knowledge about verbal flexion. In general, the results of the research show the need to carry out studies to investigate the relation between the morphemes of the language and the learning of these units so that verbal explicitation can be achieved. / Esta pesquisa, vinculada a uma linha de estudos voltada à compreensão dos processos de aquisição da escrita, tem como objetivo geral mapear as representações de alunos acerca da ortografia e da morfologia da língua portuguesa e analisar o efeito de atividades de ensino da ortografia, concernentes a aspectos da morfologia, sobre o desempenho ortográfico e sobre as mudanças representacionais que possam vir a ocorrer. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, ambas realizadas com alunos do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Pelotas. Por meio de três instrumentos de coleta de dados e de uma entrevista clínica, a primeira etapa da pesquisa avaliou o conhecimento dos alunos sobre determinados morfemas da língua e analisou uma possível relação entre o conhecimento sobre os morfemas e o desempenho ortográfico dos alunos. A segunda etapa consistiu em desenvolver uma prática de ensino de regras ortográficas de base morfológico-gramatical e observar o efeito dessa prática sobre possíveis modificações no desempenho ortográfico do aluno, o que pode ser interpretado como mudanças representacionais referentes ao conhecimento enfocado. Os resultados, de modo geral, evidenciam que os alunos manipulam os morfemas da língua, embora o controle que possuam sobre esses processos esteja correlacionado ao tipo de morfema envolvido, sendo alguns mais acessíveis do que outros. Na primeira etapa do estudo, em que se trabalhou com o sufixo formador de profissões, o prefixo de negação in- e a flexão verbal, os alunos, de modo geral, utilizaram os sufixos selecionados pela língua para a formação de agentivos e apresentaram facilidade para explicitar verbalmente seus conhecimentos acerca do prefixo, porém não conseguiram verbalizar seus conhecimentos em relação à flexão verbal, mesmo tendo utilizado as desinências em acordo com os paradigmas verbais. No que diz respeito ao efeito das intervenções didáticas, há indícios de que o trabalho de explicitação da relação entre morfemas e ortografia pode levar o aluno a uma reelaboração de suas representações, entretanto, esse resultado será influenciado também pelo tipo de morfema envolvido. Os dados dessa segunda etapa apontam para um avanço dos alunos no que diz respeito à compreensão e à grafia do morfema esa. Não notamos, porém, a mesma evolução no que tange ao conhecimento acerca das flexões verbais. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam, de modo geral, para a necessidade de que sejam realizados estudos que investiguem a relação entre os morfemas da língua e a aprendizagem dessas unidades em nível de explicitação verbal.

The objective of this thesis was to design and implement a scalable and load efficient back-end system for web game services. This is of interest since web applications may overnight gain a significant increase in user base, because of viral sharing. Therefore designing the web application to service an increasing amount of users can make or break the application, in regard to keep the user base. Because of this, testing how well the system performs during heavy load can be used as a foundation when making a decision of when and where to scale up the application. The system was to be generically accessible through an Application Programming Interface (API) by the different game services. This was done using a RESTful architecture where emphasise was put on building the system scalable and load efficient. This thesis focuses on designing and implementing such a system, and how load testing can be used to evaluate this systems performance for an increasing amount of simultaneous clients using the web application. The results from load testing the implemented system was above the expectations, considering the hardware used when running the tests and hosting the system. The conclusion of this thesis is that by following REST when designing a web service, scalability becomes a natural part of how one would design the system.

Ce mémoire présente une étude sur le processus du co-design dans le contexte d’un projet d’architecture d’intérieur mené avec des acteurs multidisciplinaires. Nous nous sommes intéressés principalement sur la méthode de participation des acteurs lors du déroulement du processus. Le but de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre les rôles des différents intervenants en co-conception selon leurs disciplines et en contexte des différents outils représentationnels utilisés. Le projet du réaménagement de la bibliothèque HEC Montréal a été utilisé pour cette étude où trois groupes de participants multidisciplinaires, composés d'architectes, professeurs, bibliothécaires, professionnels, gestionnaires, étudiants et designers, on été mobilisés. Nous avons effectué l’observation de ces trois groupes lors de l’idéation, où les conversations, les comportements et les activités des participants ont été observés et analysés. Les résultats suggèrent une différence importante entre les rôles des participants multidisciplinaires en fonction de l’utilisation des outils représentationnels traditionnels et numériques. Nous avons trouvé que la multidisciplinarité est principalement plus importante dans les premières phases des conversations de design, et que les phases les plus avancées davantage font plus appel aux connaissances des disciplines en question. À travers les différents rôles des participants, les résultats proposent aussi l’apparition de deux types de hiérarchie communicationnelle et créative. À partir de ces résultats, cette étude apporte de nouvelles pistes de recherche qui pourront bonifier davantage l'approche du co-design en architecture d’intérieur et en design en général. / This paper presents a study on the co-design process in the context of an interior design project with multidisciplinary stakeholders. We focused mainly on the method of participation of stakeholders in the process flow. The purpose of this research is to better understand the roles of different stakeholders in co-design according to their disciplines and in context of different representational tools. The project of the redevelopment of the library HEC Montreal was used for this study where three multidisciplinary groups of participants were mobilized composed of architects, teachers, librarians, professionals, managers, students and designers. We conducted the observation of these three groups during the ideation, where conversations, behaviours and activities of the participants were observed and analyzed. The results suggest a significant difference between the muldisciplinary participants roles based on the use of representational tools, the involvement of the multidisciplinary nature mainly in the earlier phases of collaborative ideation; two types of hierarchies (communicational and creative) emerged from the different roles of the participants. From these results, this study may provide new avenues of research that could further enhance the approach of co-design.

We present a series of improvements to the Hybrid system, a formal theory implemented in Isabelle/HOL to support specifying and reasoning about formal systems using higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS). We modify Hybrid's type of terms, which is built definitionally in terms of de Bruijn indices, to exclude at the type level terms with `dangling' indices. We strengthen the injectivity property for Hybrid's variable-binding operator, and develop rules for compositional proof of its side condition, avoiding conversion from HOAS to de Bruijn indices. We prove representational adequacy of Hybrid (with these improvements) for a lambda-calculus-like subset of Isabelle/HOL syntax, at the level of set-theoretic semantics and without unfolding Hybrid's definition in terms of de Bruijn indices. In further work, we prove an induction principle that maintains some of the benefits of HOAS even for open terms. We also present a case study of the formalization in Hybrid of a small programming language, Mini-ML with mutable references, including its operational semantics and a type-safety property. This is the largest case study in Hybrid to date, and the first to formalize a language with mutable references. We compare four variants of this formalization based on the two-level approach adopted by Felty and Momigliano in other recent work on Hybrid, with various specification logics (SLs), including substructural logics, formalized in Isabelle/HOL and used in turn to encode judgments of the object language. We also compare these with a variant that does not use an intermediate SL layer. In the course of the case study, we explore and develop new proof techniques, particularly in connection with context invariants and induction on SL statements.

Newts have the incredible ability to regenerate many different organs and tissues as adults, including the limbs. Limb regeneration occurs via the dedifferentiation of stump tissue and the formation of a blastema, which provides the majority of cells for the regenerate. Despite all that we have learned about dedifferentiation and blastema formation, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are still poorly understood. We used representational difference analysis (RDA) to identify genes involved in the early dedifferentiation process in newt forelimb regeneration. Our analysis identified approximately 410 unique genes that were differentially regulated during this process. Microarray analysis was used to determine the expression profile of these genes throughout limb and tail regeneration. We used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to validate the expression of a subset of these genes [β-catenin, wntless, dapper, thymosin-β 4 (Tβ4), and thymosin-β 10/15 (Tβ10/15)] in regenerating limb and tail tissue, as well as in differentiating newt myoblasts. We also verified the expression of these genes in the regenerating newt limb using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). Finally, we performed a functional analysis on β-catenin, wntless, dapper, and Tβ4 by overexpressing these genes in mouse myoblasts to examine their effects on differentiation and potential roles in dedifferentiation. Quantitative PCR verified the expression of β-catenin, wntless, dapper, and Tβ4 during limb regeneration and IHC/ISH localized the β-catenin and Tβ4 proteins to the blastema during regeneration. Tβ10/15 was shown by qPCR to be expressed in the tail during regeneration. Overexpression of newt β-catenin, wntless, dapper, and Tβ4 in mouse myoblasts showed that each of these genes has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and, therefore, may play a role in promoting or maintaining the dedifferentiated state. Our work has identified a large number of genes with potential roles in regulating the dedifferentiation process during newt forelimb regeneration. We have also laid a framework from which much more work can be done by drawing on the genes we have identified and the microarray data, which indicate ideal follow-up candidates. Our analysis of specific genes has also increased our understanding of the molecular events occurring during the dedifferentiation process in the regenerating newt limb.

Esta dissertação é sobre filosofia do entendimento. Buscaremos responder questões como: O que é o conteúdo de um pensamento? Como entendemos um conteúdo de um pensamento? Como se dá uma deliberação? Qual o papel do conteúdo do pensamento em uma deliberação? Que tipo de acesso temos ao conteúdo do pensamento? Para tanto, nos deteremos em analisar a filosofia anti-individualista de Tyler Burge a partir das objeções levantadas por Åsa Wikforss (2006), que defende que o Princípio de Frege é incompatível com a teoria do entendimento incompleto e que a noção burgeana de conteúdo não é capaz de desempenhar à função de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa. Veremos como a leitura burgeana do Princípio de Frege é capaz de dissolver a incompatibilidade alegada. Defenderemos a tese de que o conteúdo do pensamento na concepção anti-individualista é capaz de capturar a perspectiva cognitiva de primeira pessoa mediante uma compreensão aprofundada do papel do conteúdo representacional na deliberação, considerando sua inserção no sistema filosófico de Burge que o relaciona com a teoria das garantias epistêmicas e da percepção. Ao atentarmos para a distinção entre significado lexical e significado de tradução, apresentaremos um argumento em defesa da tese de que a teoria do entendimento anti-individualista explica melhor a perspectiva cognitiva e é mais condizente com a prática comum do que as teorias do conteúdo que residem no plano de fundo da interpretação de Wikforss acerca do Princípio de Frege. Por fim, proporemos e defenderemos uma leitura alternativa do Princípio de Frege que julgamos exprimir melhor tanto a visão anti-individualista quanto a fregeana. / This thesis is concerned with the philosophy of understanding. We will try to answer questions such as: What is thought content? How do we understand a thought content? How do we deliberate? What is the role of a thought content in a deliberation? What kind of access do we have to a thought content? For this, we will focus on analyzing the anti-individualist philosophy of Tyler Burge with respect to the objections raised by Åsa Wikforss (2006), who argues that Frege's Principle is incompatible with the Theory of Incomplete Understanding and that the Burgean notion of content is not able to fulfill the function of capturing the cognitive perspective from a first person point of view. We shall see how the Burgean reading of Frege's Principle is capable of dissolving the alleged incompatibility. We will defend the thesis that thought content on the anti-individualist account is capable of capturing the cognitive perspective of the first person point of view through a deep comprehension of the role of the representational content in deliberation, considering that‟s insertion in the philosophical system of Burge‟s, who connects it with the theories of epistemic warrants and of perception. Moreover, when we look at the distinction between lexical meaning and translational meaning, we will present an argument in defense of the thesis that the anti-individualist theory of understanding better explains the cognitive perspective and is more genuine to the common practice than the content theories which are on the background of Wikforss‟ interpretation of the Frege‟s Principle. Finally, we will propose and defend an alternative reading of Frege's Principle that we think will better capture both the anti-individualistic and the Fregean views.