From April 2012 to August 2016, 78 heifers (Holstein and Czech Fleckvieh) were observed with the aim to assess 1) the influence of the intensity of breeding heifers and the influence of the season of birth on the yield during first lactation, 2) selected reproduction indicators. The intensity of breeding has been evaluated through the liveweight gain of heifers weighing 117 kg, 186 kg, 309 kg and 483 kg (their overall average liveweight was 301 kg). There was no evidence of any negative impact of relatively high daily liveweight gains (reaching to 1 kg) neither on milk yield nor on selected reproduction indicators. On the contrary, among the observed first calvers, excellent yield has been achieved, reaching to 6023 kg of milk for 1 piece of cattle during the lactation period. The yield in the first 100 days reached 2282 kg, while the average lactation period was 278 days. Excellent levels of reproduction parameters were gained insemination interval of 56 days, service of period 73 days and interim 357 days. A positive influence of higher intensity of growth on the examined production as well as reproduction parameters has been detected, especially at the early age of heifers (117 and 186 kg). The season of birth clearly impacted only the liveweight at birth reaching its top in Autumn (38 kg) and its low in Spring (33 kg). The season of birth did not influence the remaining examined parameters of milk yield and reproduction.

Reproductive behavior and its pattern in the South Kazakhstan region Abstract This study is focused on reproductive behavior issues in the South Kazakhstan region over the period from 1999 to 2010. The main objective is to contribute to the scientific cognition of reproductive attitudes, intentions and its realization among South Kazakhstani couples. The analysis is based on data collected for couples in the survey "Reproductive behavior of a family of Kazakhstan" held in the year 2007. In addition to that, trends in population development and impact of recent socio-economic changes on reproductive behavior in the selected region are studied. Differences in age, sex, ethnicity, place of residence as well as religious affiliation, educational attainment and respondents' incomes are considered in data analysis. The results of fertility decomposition method showed, that recent increase in fertility was predominantly caused by the factor of age-specific fertility rate. Factors of urban-rural difference and birth order were not significant. With regard to reproductive attitudes, intentions and its realization it was found that reproductive preferences among South Kazakhstani couples were devoted to a large family, while their reproductive intentions were focused on two-three children at most. Keywords:...

CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING EARLY PARENTHOOD IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: LIFE STRATEGIES OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND MOTHERS UNDER THE AGE OF 20 Abstract The data gathered in the qualitative study by 58 semi-structured interviews with pregnant teenage girls or teenage mothers were used to describe relatively large scope of life circumstances connected to early pregnancies. The author examines what was the reason for becoming pregnant, how the teenagers' decision about how to respond to getting pregnant was made and how their life strategies changed under the pressure of this unpredictable event. Studying sexual behavior of adolescent mothers the author placed emphasis on partners' communication connected with first sexual intercourse and the increased risk of sexual abuse among the observed population. Furthermore, the role of "sexual socialization" in the family of origin was discussed. Concerning decision-making process- "keeping the baby or not", the main emphasis was placed on the social support networks and their influence on pregnant women's decisions. Very important issue analyzed in this part of the study is phenomenon of "wishing to have a baby". Another topics covered are the family formation process and housing conditions after opting for motherhood, in particular, the importance of marriage and the partner's...

The main aim of this thesis is to analyse the impact of HIV/AIDS on the reproductive behaviour of population of South Africa, its four racial groups and its nine provinces since the half of 1980's. Before the analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDS on reproductive behaviour was made, it was shown how big the problem of HIV/AIDS is in South Africa. The HIV incidence and prevalence were used for this purpose. The impact of HIV/AIDS was noticeable from the comparison of levels of fertility between HIV positive and negative women. The impact of HIV/AIDS on reproductive behaviour was further assessed using the decomposition methods and the statistical and epidemiological indicator called population attributable change. The results of analyses revealed the exceptional position of South Africa between other African countries that suffer from HIV/AIDS as well. A regression analysis showed that the growing prevalence of HIV increases the overall level of fertility. At the end of the thesis the projection of fertility till 2030 was made to illustrate the theoretical development of fertility provided that nobody become infected with HIV since the beginning of 2010.

A number of chemicals may have a negative impact on the environment and wildlife. Endocrine disruptors (EDs), which can mimic estrogen, interfere with natural hormones in organism and can have a negative effect on the reproductive system. Such substances include zearalenone (ZEA) - mycotoxin, produced by the fungi Fusarium. Despite the non-steriodal structure of its molecule, ZEA and its derivates possess potent estrogenic activity. The influence of ZEA on reproductive parameters and changes in expression of selected genes were tested in the outbred line of mice. This study showed significant effects of ZEA on number of reproductive performances. This effect was observed at lower examined dose, to which are humans normally exposed, and at higher doses, both showed changes in the tested parameters.

Generally it is assumed, that sexual selection drives the evolution of elaborate traits. The strength of sexual selection has traditionally been attributed to varinace in reproductive success among individuals. This variance is mainly caused by the number of mating partners and the number of sired offspring. Both males and females can increase their reproductive success by alternative reproductive strategies - extrapair copulations and intraspecific brood parasitism. In our study we tested the relationship between male ornamentation and success in extra-pair and within-pair paternity and the total male reproductive success in barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), a socially monogamous species with high levels of extrapair paternity. The results suggest more colourful throat to indicate male reproductive success. Dark rusty males were less often cuckolded and they have higher total fertilization success than drab ones. Tail length did not affect neither within- nor extra-pair fertilization success, however, previous studies have concluded that reproductive success of male barn swallows is positively related to the tail ornaments. Our results confirm that extra-pair paternity considerably increase variance in reproductive success among barn swallow males. We show that within-pair success may increase the...

This thesis provides an overview of the literature on reproduction attributes of the Holstein Friesian cattle and its influence on the cattle reproductive indices. One of the goals was to evaluate the influence of selected factors on the reproduction indices for a pre-selected group of dairy cattles. The data has been processed and sorted by the lactation production levels, daily production, order of lactation and the age of the first calving. The data about the used bulls has been processed as well. Another goal of the thesis was acquisition of the data about excluded cows. For the excluded cows, the age, order of lactation, reason for exclusion and life-long production have been recorded. The data for the thesis have been obtained from the production control records and database of breeds in the selected Holstein cattle breeding. The dairy cattles, which got in calf during the years 2017 and 2018 have been evaluated. In particular, for 2017 and 2018, the evaluation was carried out on 190 and 229 dairy cattles respectively, which makes the total of 419 evaluated cows. For those dairy cows, the insemination index data, insemination interval, gestation after first insemination, service period and gestation period has been recovered from the zootechnical register. The evaluation of excluded dairy cows contained 339 dairy cows, which have been excluded during years 2017 and 2018. For the evaluation of the used bulls, the total count and description of how the bull for insemination have been selected is provided. Evaluation the influence of level of lactation production on the reproduction indices has shown a significant (p0,05) statistical relation between production levels and duration of the service period. It has also been proven that this has an influence on the insemination index levels. The lowest values (p0,05) of service period and insemination index have been detected for dairy cattles with production up to 6 999 kg. On the other hand, the highest values of service period and insemination index have been recorded for the dairy cattles with production up to 9 000 kg (p0,05). The influence of daily dairy production levels on the reproduction indices have been evaluated as well. It can be clearly seen from the results that as the daily dairy production increases, the service period increases as well. The lowest values (p0,05) of the service period was recorded for breeds, who had the daily production levels up to 24.99 kg. Opposed to that, the highest values of service period have been recorded for dairy cattles with average daily milk production over 30 kg. The evaluation of order of lactation on the reproduction indices did not show any significant statistical results (p0,05). Furthermore, during the evaluation of first calving, no statistically significant differences have been shown (p0,05). Last reproduction index we have evaluated was gestation after the first insemination. The groups were divided by the production levels, daily milk production, order of lactation and age of the first calving. For each group, the percentage of cattles that got in calf after first insemination has been computed. On average, this value was 36.28%.

Title.: Utilisation of molecular cytogenetic techniques in reproductive genetics Chromosomal abnormalities constitute one of the most important causes of birth defects, fertilization failure and/or human infertility. Approximately, 40-50% of human conceptuses are chromosomally abnormal, 6% of the abortions during the first trimester of gestation are directly linked to chromosomal abnormality, while at term 0.6% of livebirths present with such features. Most of these abnormalities originate from the gametogenesis and arise through disturbed meiotic processes. Each gamete is a final and original product of the meiosis carrying a unique chromosomal set. Therefore, cytogenetic examination of individual gametes represents an important scientific challenge for our undrstandidng of the formation, incidence and etiology of aforementioned chromosomal abnormalities. Nonetheless, it is very technically demanding to perform efficient chromosomal investigation on gametes, hence single cells. My Ph.D. thesis is focused on the development of new techniques for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in gametes and embryos. We developed a PNA-based technique as an alternative to conventional FISH and PRINS-based methods for fast, efficient and robust in situ detection of chromosomal abnormalities in human...

This thesis focuses on childlesness in lifestyle concept. The aim of the thesis is to characterize the lifestyle of childless respondents. The work describes the various lifestyle related factors and reproductive plans. Comprehensive analysis is processed using logistic regression and determines how much a given factors affects repro- ductive plans and ultimate childlessness. Key words: childlesness, life style, fertility, reproductive behaviour 1

Obsahem práce je řešení problematiky oceňování v konkrétním podniku a to na základě teoretických poznatků uvedených v teoretické části. Jedná se především o obecné možnosti oceňování aktiv, oceňování při běžném účtování, oceňování v účetní závěrce. Část je věnována problematice oceňování zásob vlastní výroby, porovnání oceňovacích metod na vypovídací schopnost údajů v účetních výkazech.