[pt] Esta tese estuda a interação entre escolaridade e mercado de trabalho a partir de um fenômeno ainda pouco explorado na literatura: a venda de milhares de diplomas de ensino médio e de graduação no Brasil. O primeiro capítulo descreve a nova base de dados construída, composta por milhares de diplomas de Ensino Médio (EM) da modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), expedidos para pessoas que nunca concluíram seus estudos. A análise mostra que a compra do diploma resulta em ganhos salariais consistentes, com rendimentos 5 por cento a 8 por cento maiores em comparação com os indivíduos sem diploma de ensino médio durante o período de análise. Considerando apenas o seu custo pecuniário, estima-se que a compra de um diploma tenha uma taxa de retorno superior a 100 por cento, ou um valor presente entre dois e seis meses de salário. Esses resultados são consistentes com: (i) uma possível sinalização de habilidade em mercados com informações imperfeitas, (ii) aprendizagem assimétrica entre o empregador e outras firmas do mercado, ou ainda (iii) fenômenos de learning-by-doing. O segundo capítulo explora o mesmo banco de dados para investigar a acumulação de capital humano no EM-EJA. A análise mostra que os indivíduos que concluíram de forma regular o EM-EJA desfrutam de certo prêmio salarial em relação aos que não completaram o EM, mas não em relação àqueles que compraram diploma. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados dos dois primeiros capítulos indicam que os benefícios do EMEJA estão relacionados a um efeito-diploma e não à acumulação de capital humano. O último capítulo explora um novo banco de dados de diplomas universitários expedidos entre 2011 e 2016 que foram considerados irregulares e cancelados após investigação judicial. Apresentamos evidências preliminares sobre ganhos salariais e estabelecemos questões de pesquisa adicionais que podem ser estudadas com este banco de dados. De maneira geral, a tese reforça a importância dos diplomas como dispositivos de sinalização para o mercado de trabalho. / [en] This thesis studies different aspects of the interaction between education and labor market outcomes using a still largely unexplored phenomenon: the selling of thousands of high school and undergraduate diplomas in Brazil. The first chapter describes this new database, comprising thousands of Adult High School (AHS, or EJA in Brazil) diplomas sold for individuals that never really completed their degrees. Our analysis of the performance of these individuals in the labor market shows consistent wage gains of buying a diploma, with earnings 5 percent to 8 percent higher in comparison with individuals without a high school diploma during our period of analysis. Back-of-the envelope calculations considering the pecuniary cost of buying a diploma indicate a rate of return over 100 percent, or present value corresponding to two to six months of wages. We interpret this as potential evidence of alternative mechanisms: (i) signaling effects in a context of labor markets with incomplete information, (ii) asymmetric employer learning or (iii) learning-by-doing. The second chapter explores the same database to investigate human capital accumulation in real AHS. Initial investigation shows that individuals that completed AHS regularly enjoy a wage premium. However, compared to workers that merely bought diplomas, those who studied show no apparent advantage. Taken together, the results from the first two chapters indicate that the benefits from AHS are related to a pure diploma effect, and not to human capital accumulation. The third and last chapter explores a new database of fake college graduates between 2011 and 2016 who were exposed and had their degrees canceled following a large police investigation. We present preliminary evidence about wage gains and establish additional research questions that can be addressed with this database. As a whole, the thesis reinforces the importance of diplomas as signaling devices for the labor market.

Requirements in the development of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) continue to increase. This leads to more complexities in handling and processing the requirements, which often causes inconsistencies in the requirments. To better manage the resulting complexities, ASIC development is evolving into a model-based process. This thesis is part of a continuing research into the application and evolution of a model-based process for ASIC development at the Robert Bosch GmbH. It focuses on providing methologies that enable tracing of ASIC requirements and specifications as part of a model-based development process to eliminate inconsistencies in the requirements. The question of what requirements are and, what their traceability means, is defined and analysed in the context of their relationships to models. This thesis applies requirements engineering (RE) practices to the processing of ASIC requirements in a development environment. This environment is defined by availability of tools which are compliant with some standards and technologies. Relying on semi-formal interviews to understand the process in this environment and what stakeholders expect, this thesis applies the standards and technologies with which these tools are compliant to provide methodologies that ensures requirements traceability. Effective traceability methods were proven to be matrices and tables, but for cases of fewer requirements (ten or below), requirement diagrams are also efficient and effective. Furthermore, the development process as a collaborative effort was shown to be enhanced by using the resulting tool-chain, when the defined methodologies are properly followed. This solution was tested on an ASIC concept development project as a case study.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19195号 / 農博第2134号 / 新制||農||1034(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4941(農学部図書室) / 32187 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷 史人, 教授 保川 清, 准教授 橋本 渉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20417号 / 農博第2202号 / 新制||農||1047(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5038(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 田尾 龍太郎, 教授 土井 元章, 教授 北島 宣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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[pt] Essa dissertação investiga como a maternidade impacta as mulheres no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Normas sociais que consideram o papel das mulheres mais orientado para a família, a divisão desigual do trabalho não remunerado e a falta de creches gratuitas acessíveis para todas as mães podem afetar sua oferta de trabalho, salários e carreira. Usando dados administrativos com vínculo empregador-empregado, eu estimo o impacto das crianças em vários resultados do mercado de trabalho por meio da metodologia de estudo de eventos comparando mães e não mães. Além do nascimento do filho estar associado à queda nos rendimentos da mãe, na participação no mercado de trabalho formal e na probabilidade de ocupar um cargo gerencial, ele também está associado ao aumento da participação no setor público e em empregos em tempo parcial. Além disso, encontra-se que as penalidades são mitigadas se as mulheres forem mais ricas, tiverem completado a graduação e forem funcionárias do setor público. Ademais, dados de pesquisas domiciliares são utilizados para investigar diferenças de gênero de curto-prazo na penalidade por ter filhos. Encontra-se uma diminuição do salário das mães, do emprego e aumento da probabilidade de ocupar um emprego informal após o fim do período de estabilidade no mercado de trabalho formal. Os homens não apresentam mudanças nos resultados do mercado de trabalho devido à paternidade. / [en] I investigate how motherhood impacts women in the Brazilian labor market. Social norms that regard women s role as more family-oriented, unequal division of non-market work, and the lack of accessible free childcare for all working mothers could impact their labor supply, wages, and career path. Using an administrative linked employer-employee dataset, I estimate children s impact on several labor market outcomes through an event-study methodology comparing mothers and non-mothers. While a child s birth is associated with a decline in the mother s earnings, participation in the formal labor market, and the probability of holding a managerial position, it is also associated with an increase in participation in the public sector and part-time jobs. In addition, I found that employment penalties are reduced if women are wealthier, college-graduated, and public sector employees. Further, I use household survey data to investigate short-run gender differences in child penalties. I find a decrease in mothers wages, employment, and an increase in the probability of holding an informal job after the stability period in the formal labor market. Men do not present changes in labor market outcomes due to parenthood.

Objective: This study’s purpose was to examine dietary quality, macronutrient intake, and micronutrient adequacy among long term weight loss maintainers (WLM) in a commercial weight management program. Methods: Participants were 1,207 WLM in WW (formerly Weight Watchers) who had maintained a 9.1 kg or greater weight loss (29.7 kg on average) for 3.4 years, and had an average BMI of 28.3 kg/m2. A control group of weight stable adults with obesity (Controls; N=102) had a BMI of 41.1 kg/m2 and 2.3 kg or less weight change over the previous five years. Results: WLM vs. Controls had a 10.1 point higher HEI-2015 score (70.2 [69.7 - 70.7] vs 60.1 [58.4 - 61.8], respectively; p=0.0001) in analyses that adjusted for group difference in demographic factors. WLM versus Controls had a significantly higher average percentage of calories from carbohydrates (50.3% [49.7 - 50.8] vs 46.7% [44.8 - 48.7], respectively; p=0.0001) and protein (18.2% [18.0-18.5] vs 15.9% [15.1-16.6], respectively; p=0.0001) and lower percentage of calories from fat (32.3% [31.9-32.8] vs 37.4% [35.8-38.9], respectively; p=0.0001). Examining micronutrients, WLM had significantly higher odds for meeting the EAR for copper (OR=5.8 [2.6-13.1]; p=0.0001), magnesium (OR=2.9 [1.8-4.7]; p=0.0001), potassium (OR=4.7 [1.4-16.5]; p=0.015), vitamin A (OR=2.8 [1.7-4.8]; p=0.0001), thiamin (OR=2.3 [1.3-4.1]; p=0.003), riboflavin (OR=6.5 [2.2-19.3]; p=0.001), vitamin B6 (OR=2.91 [1.6-5.2]; p=0.0001), vitamin C (OR=5.0 [2.8-8.8]; p=0.0001), folate (OR=2.2 [1.3-3.7]; p=0.003), and vitamin E (OR=1.8 [1.1-2.8]; p=0.014) and didn’t differ in calcium (OR=1.15 [0.7-1.7]; p=0.823), iron (OR=1.9 [0.8-4.6]; p=0.151), phosphorus (OR=2.0 [0.9-4.5]; p=0.101), selenium (OR=1.6 [0.6-3.8]; p=0.332), zinc (OR=1.7 [0.9-3.0]; p=0.095), niacin (B3) (OR=1.9 [0.8-4.1]; p=0.136), vitamin B12 (OR=1.2 [0.5-2.8]; p=0.625), and vitamin D (OR=1.5 [0.9-2.4]; p=0.09). Conclusions In a widely available commercial program, WLM consumed a healthier and more micronutrient rich diet than adults who were weight stable with obesity. Future research is needed to examine whether improved micronutrient status among WLM reduces risk of chronic disease.

At Swisslog there is no up to date model for selecting the electric motors for their conveyor elements. The current model and measurements are about 20 years old and the motors and conveyors have changed in that time. To get a better picture and basis for the selection of the electric motors a calculation model for the torque requirement for different pallet weights was produced in this work. The model was further expanded to involve the calculated overhung load, the root mean square power and the permitted switching frequency for the motors which would also aid in the decision of which motor would fit for each application. To verify the model a number of different tests were completed to measure the actual torque from the motor when the conveyors were in use. The model and the testing results had a reasonable resemblance. From the calculations an excel document was also developed which used the calcualtions as a basis to give a selection of motors that can function at a number of different pallet weights and conveyors. The excel document implements all of the calculations from the models to enable a simple choice of motor for the specific conveyor element for the designer at Swisslog.

Since the regulatory framework Basel II was implemented in 2007, banks have been allowed to develop internal risk models for quantifying the capital requirement. By using data on retail non-performing loans from Hoist Finance, the thesis assesses the Advanced Internal Ratings-Based approach. In particular, it focuses on how banks active in the non-performing loan industry, can risk-classify their loans despite limited data availability of the debtors. Moreover, the thesis analyses the effect of the maximum-recovery period on the capital requirement. In short, a comparison of five different mathematical models based on prior research in the field, revealed that the loans may be modelled by a two-step tree model with binary logistic regression and zero-inflated beta-regression, resulting in a maximum-recovery period of eight years. Still it is necessary to recognize the difficulty in distinguishing between low- and high-risk customers by primarily assessing rudimentary data about the borrowers. Recommended future amendments to the analysis in further research would be to include macroeconomic variables to better capture the effect of economic downturns. / Sedan det regulatoriska ramverket Basel II implementerades 2007, har banker tillåtits utveckla interna riskmodeller för att beräkna kapitalkravet. Genom att använda data på fallerade konsumentlån från Hoist Finance, utvärderar uppsatsen den avancerade interna riskklassificeringsmodellen. I synnerhet fokuserar arbetet på hur banker aktiva inom sektorn för fallerade lån, kan riskklassificera sina lån trots begränsad datatillgång om låntagarna. Dessutom analyseras effekten av maximala inkassoperioden på kapitalkravet. I sammandrag visade en jämförelse av fem modeller, baserade på tidigare forskning inom området, att lånen kan modelleras genom en tvåstegs trädmodell med logistisk regression samt s.k. zero-inflated beta regression, resulterande i en maximal inkassoperiod om åtta år. Samtidigt är det värt att notera svårigheten i att skilja mellan låg- och högriskslåntagare genom att huvudsakligen analysera elementär data om låntagarna. Rekommenderade tillägg till analysen i fortsatt forskning är att inkludera makroekonomiska variabler för att bättre inkorporera effekten av ekonomiska nedgångar.