Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Alberto Konrad.pdf: 1584135 bytes, checksum: ccdcfca1ae51dd78ae05c01a72fd724f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-16 / The argument put forward is the only non-judicial divorce, procedure, therefore, required when one or both spouses wish to end the marriage. Excluding the Judiciary of the extinction of marriage, although it may be asked the judiciary to define the effects of reflections, as a guard and feed the children, maintenance between spouses, use the name and division of property. The existence of children unable extrajudicial not prevent the dissolution of marriage, though in that case, be subject to approval by the Public Prosecutor of the agreement regarding the custody of parents and food to children, any court decision, if not preserved their interests. In this respect, helped the Portuguese civil law. Natural consequence is the separation between the end of the bond and its effects. Except as regards the interests of the children unable unavailable, all other details are available on the likes of rights, whereby the divorciandos deliberate on them freely, without government intervention. Failing agreement, however, the ruling may be sought even after the termination of the bond. Plays an important role in assisting in setting these mediation effects, optional tool for use by spouses. The thesis also bolsters the amended wording of § 6 of art. 226 of the Federal Constitution under the First Amendment 66. The change eliminated the separation and the discussion of the blame for ending the marriage, and removed the time limits for obtaining divorce. Facilitated, therefore, the extinction of the marriage bond. On that path, plus the experience of consensual divorce out of court, introduced by Law 11.441/2007, is the proposal for mandatory extra-judicial divorce, as facilitator of the extinction of marriage, merely by exercising the right of the spouse of potestative no longer want to stay married and against which no defense possible, ie there dispute. The rapid dissolution of the marital bond via registry, and relieve the Judiciary, it is shown in accordance with the constitutional principles of human dignity and freedom, among others, and releases the spouses to form a new family of marriage / A tese sustentada é a do divórcio exclusivamente extrajudicial, procedimento, portanto, obrigatório quando um ou ambos os cônjuges pretendam o fim do casamento. Exclui o Poder Judiciário da extinção do vínculo matrimonial, embora possa ser requisitado o Judiciário para a definição dos efeitos reflexos, como guarda e alimentos aos filhos, alimentos entre cônjuges, uso do nome e partilha dos bens. A existência de filhos incapazes não impede a dissolução extrajudicial do casamento, ainda que, nesse caso, fique condicionada à aprovação pelo Ministério Público do acordo dos pais quanto à guarda e alimentos aos filhos, com eventual decisão judicial, se não preservados seus interesses. A esse respeito, contribuiu a legislação civil portuguesa. Consequência natural é a dissociação entre o término do vínculo e seus efeitos. Salvo quanto aos interesses indisponíveis dos filhos incapazes, os demais aspectos encontram-se na seara dos direitos disponíveis, podendo os divorciandos sobre eles livremente deliberar, sem necessidade da intervenção estatal. Na falta de acordo, contudo, a decisão judicial poderá ser buscada mesmo após a extinção do vínculo. Assume importante papel de auxílio na fixação desses efeitos a mediação, instrumento de utilização opcional pelos cônjuges. A tese também se ampara na redação alterada do § 6° do art. 226 da Constituição Federal por força da Emenda n. 66. A mudança eliminou a separação e a discussão da culpa pelo fim do casamento, bem como suprimiu os prazos para obtenção do divórcio. Facilitou, portanto, a extinção do vínculo matrimonial. Nessa vereda, somada à experiência do divórcio consensual extrajudicial, introduzido pela Lei n. 11.441/2007, encontra-se a proposta de divórcio extrajudicial obrigatório, como instrumento facilitador da extinção do matrimônio, pelo simples exercício do direito potestativo do cônjuge de não mais querer continuar casado e contra o qual não há contestação possível, ou seja, não há litígio. A rápida dissolução do vínculo conjugal via cartório, além de desonerar o Poder Judiciário, mostra-se de acordo com os princípios constitucionais da dignidade da pessoa humana e da liberdade, dentre outros, bem como libera o cônjuge para constituir nova família matrimonial

Varicose veins is a condition, which affects numerous people. The condition is mostly not harmful but aesthetically unappreciated. Therefore many people choose to have them surgically removed. After the surgery is completed, the leg is bandaged, this for creating an ideal healing environment, without any complications occurring. It is important that a uniform pressure is distributed evenly along the bandaged leg, because high or low pressure can cause complications which prolongs healing. During the bandaging it is difficult to achieve an even pressure since the pressure varies due to the shape of the leg and who is bandaging the leg. PressCise has developed a compression bandage with a guide along the bandage, so that each bandaging will give the same pressure upon the leg. The bandage is designed after a specific mathematical formula that is derived from the law of Laplace. This means that no matter how thick or thin the leg is at different points, the pressure will distribute itself evenly over the entire bandaged leg. PressCise aims to obtain a CE-mark for the product before a launch. An analysis of demands and a wide test study therefor needs to be carried out. Demands and requirements for the product from different laws and regulations have been observed in order to determine which tests are necessary to execute. At this stage PressCise also needs to evaluate different parameters. To begin with, they need to see how the bandage behaves in different types of treatments, and secondly they need to evaluate the properties in order to give the correct information concerning usage and durability advices. In this report, a survey of the competitors was conducted in order to estimate which standards and tests the competitors are marketing their products with. An examination of the requirements of the product from the PressCise, CE marking and laws will be study, to see which demands and regulations lies upon the bandage. In this report a minor test study will be executed, where the product will go through a washing test, an abrasion test and a hysteresis test. The report will conclude with a requirement specification for the current product and its launching. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

[pt] Esta tese discute três questões em torno das previsões de Heckscher-Ohlin (HO). A primeira se relaciona com o impacto da abertura comercial sobre o aumento na desigualdade salarial nos Estados Unidos, e apresenta resultados consistentes com esta premissa quando se leva em conta a distorção provocada pelos níveis de sindicalização dos trabalhadores não qualificados. A segunda discute as implicações teóricas e empíricas das fontes de vantagens comparativas reveladas pelo comércio em um dado país, propondo-se dois refinamentos teóricos à literatura: as diferenças tecnológicas entre países e entre períodos. Com base neste debate estudam-se as fontes de vantagens comparativas no Brasil e mostrase que o país é rico em trabalho não-qualificado, estoque capital e terra, mas escasso em trabalho qualificado. Por fim, estuda-se o impacto das políticas de livre comércio - ocorridas na década de noventa - sobre o mercado de trabalho brasileiro, levando em conta as mudanças tecnológicas. Todos os testes elaborados são consistentes com as previsões de HO, já as inovações tecnológicas tiveram efeitos contrários à abertura comercial no mercado de trabalho. / [en] This thesis analyzes three questions around the Heckscher- Ohlin (HO) predictions. The first one is related to trade impact on the increase of wage inequality in the United States, and presents results that are consistent with this argument when the distortion caused by unions of unskilled workers is taken into account. The second one studies the theoretical and empirical concerns related to the comparative advantages sources that are revealed by a country international trade. It is added two theoretical considerations to the literature: technological differences between countries and between periods. Based on this debate the comparative advantages sources are determined to Brazil, showing that this country is rich in unskilled workers, capital and land, but scarce in skilled workers. Finally, the impact of free international trade policies - occurred in the 90s - on the Brazilian labor market is evaluated, taking into account the technological changes. The tests elaborated are consistent with the HO predictions, and technological innovations present contrary effects to openness on labor market.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-08T14:12:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Breno Leonardo Gomes de Menezes Araujo.pdf: 3596044 bytes, checksum: ba04fae7f1924573f14255f9d5e2c44a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T14:12:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Breno Leonardo Gomes de Menezes Araujo.pdf: 3596044 bytes, checksum: ba04fae7f1924573f14255f9d5e2c44a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-08 / Innovation driven approaches prescribe principles, practices and tools that are used to develop innovative products or services. Introducing elements of these innovation-driven approaches in the context of software processes allow that aspects related to the business, market and creativity being considered in design an innovative software product. However, there are gaps between innovation processes and software processes. This work seeks to address the relationship between elements of innovation processes and elements of software processes through traceability. Therefore, this work proposed an approach called InnoTrace that aims to enable tracking of innovation requirements toward system requirements and tracking of system requirements backward innovation requirements. The InnoTrace approach consists of: specifying signs to represent innovation requirements and system requirements; specifying a track to represent the relationship between signs through the notation provided by the SysML language; and traces that consist of following the track in the context of cases that demonstrate the application of software processes that incorporate innovation practices and techniques. The main contribution of this work is to provide a method appropriate for documenting traceability relations (cause and effect) between innovation and system requirements and thus mitigate the gaps commonly observed between innovation and software processes. / As abordagens dirigidas à inovação prescrevem princípios, práticas e ferramentas que são utilizados no desenvolvimento de produtos ou serviços inovadores. A introdução de elementos dessas abordagens dirigidas à inovação no contexto de processos de software permite que sejam tratados aspectos relacionados ao negócio, ao mercado, e à criatividade na concepção de um produto de software inovador. Porém, é comum existir lacunas entre os processos de inovação e os processos de software. Este trabalho procura tratar as relações entre elementos dos processos de inovação e de software, através de rastreabilidade. Para tanto, é proposta uma abordagem denominada InnoTrace que visa possibilitar o rastreamento de requisitos de inovação em direção a requisitos de sistema e vice-versa. A abordagem InnoTrace consiste: na especificação de sinais que representam os requisitos de inovação e de sistemas; na especificação de trilha que representa os relacionamentos entre sinais, através de notação fornecida pela linguagem SysML; e em rastros que consistem em seguir a trilha no contexto de casos que demonstram a aplicação de processos de software que incorporam práticas e técnicas de inovação. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é prover um método que permita documentar as relações de rastreabilidade (causa e efeito) entre requisitos de inovação e de sistema e assim mitigar as lacunas comumente observadas entre processos de inovação e de software.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Priscila de Andrade Massi.pdf: 1544991 bytes, checksum: 0aa0d9a3ed5ea1374208ba33e49177d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-22 / They were used three hundred slow-growing broilers from 35 to 70 and 35 to 84 days of age, and three hundred fast-growing broilers from 28 to 49 days of age to evaluate the effects of the energy levels on performance, carcass characteristics and economic indicators of broilers raised in a free-range system.The experimental design was the completely randomised with five levels of metabolizable energy and four replications of fifteen each. The slow-growing broilers, from 35 to 75 days age, had linear reduction on feed consumption with the increase of the metabolizable energy levels. The metabolizable energy levels influenced in a quadract form the feed:gain ratio, being estimated in 3046 kcal/kg of the diet the level that would result in the best feed:gain ratio (2,648). From 35 to 84 days of age, the metabolizable energy level affected in a linear form the feed consumption and the feed:gain ratio that reduced with the increase of the metabolizable energy level in the broilers diets. About the carcass characteristics, from 35 to 70 days age were observed quadract effects on the absolute weight of the hot carcass, the abdominal fat, the gizzard, the small intestine, and the live weight after fasting and on the relative weight of the gizzard and the feet. They were observed linear effects on absolute weights of the abdominal fat, the small intestine and on the small intestine length. From 35 to 84 days of age were observed linear increases in absolute and relative weight of the abdominal fat. The metabolizable energy levels did not affect the other studied parameters. From 35 to 70 days of age, the metabolizable energy levels influenced in a quadract form the cost for gain unit, being the gross margin average reduced in a linear way with the increase of the metabolizable energy level of the diet. From 35 to 84 days of age the cost for gain unit increased in a linear form with the increase of the metabolizable energy levels and the smaller level the metabolizable energy resulted in greater gross margin average. In relation of the fast-growing broilers was observed that the metabolizable energy levels affected the feed:gain ratio that improved in a linear form and the feed consumption that showed a quadract effect. They were observed linear increases in the live weight after fasting, the absolute weights of the hot carcass, the abdominal fat, the proventricle and the small intestine and in the relative weights of the abdominal fat and the gizzard. Quadract effects were observed in the carcass yeld, the absolute weights of the liver and the head with neck and in the relative weight of the liver. The metabolizable energy levels influence in a quadract form the cost for gain unit and the greater rate of the gross margin average was obtained with the level of 2900 kcal of ME/kg. / Foram utilizados 300 frangos de corte de crescimento lento nos per?odos de 35 a 70 e de 35 a 84 dias de idade, e 300 frangos de corte de crescimento r?pido no per?odo de 28 a 49 dias de idade para avaliar os efeitos dos n?veis de energia metaboliz?vel (EM) sobre o desempenho, caracter?sticas de carca?a e indicadores econ?micos de frangos semiconfinados. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repeti??es de quinze aves cada. Os frangos de crescimento lento apresentaram no per?odo de 35 a 70 dias de idade, redu??o linear no consumo de ra??o (CR) com o aumento dos n?veis de EM. Os n?veis de EM influenciaram de forma quadr?tica a convers?o alimentar (CA), o que permitiu estimar em 3046 kcal/kg de ra??o o n?vel que proporcionaria a melhor CA (2,648). No per?odo de 35 a 84 dias de idade, o n?vel de EM afetou de forma linear o CR e a CA que reduziram com o aumento de EM na ra??o dos frangos de corte. Quanto ?s caracter?sticas de carca?a, no per?odo de 35 a 70 dias de idade, foram observados efeitos quadr?ticos sobre os pesos absolutos da carca?a quente, da gordura abdominal, da moela, do intestino delgado e do peso vivo ap?s o jejum e sobre os pesos relativos da moela e dos p?s. Foram observados efeitos lineares sobre os pesos relativos da gordura abdominal e do intestino delgado e sobre o comprimento do intestino delgado. No per?odo de 35 a 84 dias de idade, foram observados aumentos lineares nos pesos absolutos e relativos da gordura abdominal. Os n?veis de EM n?o influenciaram os demais par?metros estudados. No per?odo de 35 a 70 dias, os n?veis de energia metaboliz?vel influenciaram de forma quadr?tica o custo por unidade de ganho (CPUG), tendo a margem bruta m?dia (MBM) reduzido linearmente com o aumento do n?vel de energia metaboliz?vel da ra??o. No per?odo de 35 a 84 dias de idade o CPUG aumentaram de forma linear com o aumento dos n?veis de energia metaboliz?vel e o menor n?vel de EM resultou em maior ?ndice de MBM. Quanto aos frangos de crescimento r?pido, observou-se que os n?veis de EM afetaram a CA que melhorou de forma linear e o CR que apresentou efeito quadr?tico. Foram observados aumentos lineares no peso vivo ap?s jejum, nos pesos absolutos da carca?a quente, da gordura abdominal, do proventr?culo e do intestino delgado, e nos pesos relativos da gordura abdominal e da moela. Efeitos quadr?ticos foram observados no rendimento de carca?a e nos pesos absolutos do f?gado e da cabe?a com pesco?o e no peso relativo do f?gado. Os n?veis de energia metaboliz?vel influenciaram de forma quadr?tica o CPUG e o maior ?ndice de MBM foi obtido com o n?vel de 2900 kcal/kg.

For many products, the adaptation to customer specifications is essential and requires flexible product design and manufacture while maintaining competitive pricing. Engineering design is often concerned with striking a good balance between product properties, e.g. performance, and the resources required to manufacture and assemble the product. When different courses of action are to be evaluated, even seemingly small changes in customer requirements, product design, and manufacturing properties have to be handled with caution. Small changes can entail products with: low level of conformability with the manufacturing system, highly increased cost, and extended manufacturing lead-time. For most companies, the manufacturing system is a valuable asset that is more or less fixed and only minor adaptations are allowed. This implies that the product design has to be adapted to the manufacturing system to a large extent. Design for producibility (DFP) is the process in which a systematic method is used to reach the required functional properties of the product at the same time as good compliance with the manufacturing system is ensured. The DFP process usually needs to involve several persons simultaneously for the purpose of sharing information and knowledge. For many manufacturing companies, the collaboration between engineering design and production engineering is a critical issue and they have to improve their methods and tools for ensuring and enhancing producibility. This can be achieved by introducing computer-supported design for producibility. The present research is intended to contribute to the development and utilisation of different application systems that can be used as such computer support. The aim is to provide companies with support in application system development and to show how different application systems can be used in a systematic way as means to ensure and enhance producibility. The competitive advantages to gain from introducing computer-supported design for producibility are: product designs with high level of conformability with the production system, shortened manufacturing lead-time, and decreased manufacturing cost. This work contributes to the achievement of these advantages by introducing a framework with principles and models supporting application systems development. Three types of application systems are presented and their practical usefulness is examined, showing practitioners how producibility aspects can be assessed systematically. The main scientific and theoretical contribution of the work comprises: the descriptions concerning how to structure and describe the product and product-related information (manufacturing requirements, costs, process plans and production resources), the foundation of different information models, and the clarification of the models’ interrelationships. This is perceived as a contribution to a better understanding of the domains and how they relate to each other.Design for producibility (DFP) is the process in which a systematic method is used to reach the required functional properties of the product at the same time as good compliance with the manufacturing system is ensured. The DFP process usually needs to involve several persons simultaneously for the purpose of sharing information and knowledge. For many manufacturing companies, the collaboration between engineering design and production engineering is a critical issue and they have to improve their methods and tools for ensuring and enhancing producibility. This can be achieved by introducing computer-supported design for producibility. The present research is intended to contribute to the development and utilisation of different application systems that can be used as such computer support. The aim is to provide companies with support in application system development and to show how different application systems can be used in a systematic way as means to ensure and enhance producibility.

Abstract As international trade is constantly increasing, the number of disputes between international parties is greater than ever. In view of the fact that it is difficult to get court judgments recognized and enforced, arbitration has gained a great foothold in international commercial disputes. The leading international legal framework for recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards is the New York Convention of 1958 with 142 Member States as of today. It simplifies recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in foreign countries. Nevertheless, certain criterions are required to be fulfilled and a much-debated criterion is the writing requirement for arbitration agreements. The writing requirement is found in Article II(2) of the New York Convention and it stipulates that an arbitration clause or an arbitration agreement must be signed by the parties or contained in an exchange of letters or telegrams to constitute a valid arbitration agreement, which is the foundation of a recognizable and enforceable arbitral award. The requirement in itself is clear, but the development of electronic communication and the fact that national courts interpret the writing requirement differently, leads to dissimilar requirements in various countries. Moreover, numerous new ways of how to conclude contracts have been established during the 50 years that has passed since the adoption of the New York Convention and the ever increasing number of disputes has questioned the function of the writing requirement. The UNCITRAL has, by adopting a model law, tried to accomplish a uniform interpretation and establish what it takes to fulfill the writing requirement. The starting point for the work of the UNCITRAL was to modify national arbitration legislation and thus reach the objective of harmonizing the writing requirement. The thesis undertakes an international outlook in three countries, Australia, Italy and Sweden. These countries are all Member States of the New York Convention but there are great differences in their legislation. Sweden imposes no writing requirement and Italy has applied a very restrictive interpretation. Australia has incorporated the UNCITRAL Model Law. The international outlook illustrates how the interpretation depends on national arbitration legislation and attitude towards the writing requirement. An analysis of the current general legal context shows a weakening threshold for fulfillment of the writing requirement. It is also evident that the writing requirement is not in line with how international trade is practiced today. The writing requirement frequently constitutes a formalistic problem regarding conclusion of contracts, as it comprise a requirement with-out function. In addition to this, the attempts of the UN have failed to eliminate uncer-tainty and the divergence in interpretation. To reach a uniform interpretation, an immense overhaul of the New York Convention is needed, alternatively that additional States adhere to the UNCITRAL Model Law and thus eliminate the national differences of today. / Sammanfattning En ständigt ökande internationell handel leder till en ökning i antalet tvister mellan parter från olika länder. Då nationella domslut är svåra att få erkända och verkställda i en främmande stat har skiljedomsförfaranden ökat i antal. Regelverket kring att få en skiljedom erkänd och verkställd i en främmande stat utgörs främst av New Yorkkonventionen från 1958 med 142 fördragsslutande stater till dags dato. New Yorkkonventionen möjliggör att en internationell skiljedom lättare kan erkännas och verkställas i en främmande stat. Dock måste vissa kriterier vara uppfyllda och ett av de mest omdebatterade och domstolsprövade kriterierna är det skriftliga formkravet för skiljeavtal. Skriftlighetskravet regleras i Artikel II(2), New Yorkkonventionen och påvisar att skiljeavtalet måste vara undertecknat av parterna eller inkluderat i brev- eller telegramväxling för att vara giltigt. Ett giltigt skiljeavtal formar grunden för en verkställbar skiljedom. Kravet i sig är relativt tydligt men med teknologins frammarsch och det faktum att nationella domstolar tolkar skriftlighetskravet olika har kraven för att uppnå skriftlighetskravet skiftat från land till land. Framförallt har olika sätt att sluta avtal tillkommit under de 50 år som New Yorkkonventionen har existerat och även det ökande antalet internationella skiljedomsförfaranden har ifrågasatt grunden för skriftlighetskravet. UNCITRAL har genom en modellag om kommersiella skiljeförfaranden försökt skapa enhetlighet om hur skriftlighetskravet skall tolkas och vad som krävs för att uppnå kravet. Utgångspunkten för UNCITRAL’s arbete har varit att förändra nationell lagstiftning och därmed uppnå målet om harmonisering av skriftlighetskravet. Uppsatsen gör en internationell utblick i tre länder, Australien, Italien och Sverige. De tre länderna är fördragsslutande stater till New Yorkkonventionen men deras nationella lagstiftning skiftar markant. Sverige påvisar inte något skriftlighetskrav för skiljeavtal och Italien har tolkat skriftlighetskravet restriktivt. Australien har fullt ut inkorporerat den modellag som UNCITRAL har utarbetat gällande kommersiella skiljeförfaranden. Utblicken visar även i flera rättsfall hur olika tolkningen av skriftlighetskravet blir beroende på den nationella lagstiftningen och inställningen till skriftlighetskravet. En analys av rättsläget påvisar att tröskeln för att uppnå skriftlighetskravet tenderar att luckras upp. Det framkommer även att skriftlighetskravet inte är i fas med hur internationell handel praktiseras idag. Skriftlighetskravet är ofta ett formalistiskt problem vad gäller avtalsslut och konstituerar ett krav utan funktion. Därtill har de försök som gjorts från överstatligt håll misslyckats med att undanröja osäkerheten och skiftningar i tolkningen. För att uppnå enhetlighet krävs en genomarbetning av New Yorkkonventionen, alternativt att fler stater anammar UNCITRAL’s modellag och därmed undanröjer de nationella olikheter som existerar idag.

The first chapter proposes multifractal analysis to measure inhomogeneity of regularity of 1H-NMR spectrum using wavelet-based multifractal tools. The geometric summaries of multifractal spectrum are informative summaries, and as such employed to discriminate 1H-NMR spectra associated with different treatments. The methodology is applied to evaluate the effect of sulfur amino acids. The second part of this thesis provides essential materials for understanding engineering background of a nano-particle fabrication process. The third chapter introduces a constrained random effect model. Since there are certain combinations of process variables resulting to unproductive process outcomes, a logistic model is used to characterize such a process behavior. For the cases with productive outcomes a normal regression serves the second part of the model. Additionally, random-effects are included in both logistics and normal regression models to describe the potential spatial correlation among data. This chapter researches a way to approximate the likelihood function and to find estimates for maximizing the approximated likelihood. The last chapter presents a method to decide the sample size under multi-layer system. The multi-layer is a series of layers, which become smaller and smaller. Our focus is to decide the sample size in each layer. The sample size decision has several objectives, and the most important purpose is the sample size should be enough to give a right direction to the next layer. Specifically, the bottom layer, which is the smallest neighborhood around the optimum, should meet the tolerance requirement. Performing the hypothesis test of whether the next layer includes the optimum gives the required sample size.

Background: Business process compliance management has recently attracted a lot of attention in both business and academia as it enables organizations to not only control and monitor their business processes from a legal point of view but also to avoid financial penalties and undesirable consequences to their reputation. Objective: This thesis aims to provide a framework that would enable organizations to: 1- Discover business processes that violate regulations, laws and policies; 2- Discover the importance level of business processes based on the organization’s goals; 3- Determine the impact of compliance-related process modifications on business goals, including conflicting goals between stakeholders, and on policies; and 4- Enable organizations to measure the level of business process compliance for one or multiple policies. Methodology: A systematic literature review in the area of goal-oriented business process compliance management and measurement has been conducted, which showed that balancing legal compliance obligations with business objectives remains a difficult challenge. A new Indicator-based Policy Compliance Framework (IPCF), which combines policy and rule models together with models capturing business goals (with their relative importance to the organization) and business processes, has been proposed. This framework builds on the User Requirements Notation (URN), which is the first international standard to combine goal modeling with scenario modeling. The intents and objectives of policies have been modeled, as well as the goals and business processes of organizations, and indicators are used to measure the compliance level of policies. This enables the detection of non-compliant business processes and the evaluation of the impact of compliance-related process modifications on business goals. Human resource policies and business processes are used as an example to illustrate the method. Aerodrome security regulations and business processes are then used to validate the method in a real-life environment. Comparisons to related work, evaluation against different sets of criteria, and tool support complement the framework validation. Results: The Indicator-based Policy Compliance Framework enables organizations to discover business processes that violate policies as well as other types of rules, regulations, and laws. Guidelines for modeling legal text with URN’s Goal-oriented Requirement Language (GRL) are proposed. Furthermore, IPCF helps determine the impact of compliance-related process modifications on business goals, including conflicting goals between stakeholders, and on policies. In addition, as policies sometimes apply differently to different types of organizations, a new profile for GRL, with suitable stereotypes, well-formedness constraints, and a modified analysis algorithm defined for GRL model families is used to evaluate the satisfaction level of individual goal models that are members of a larger family model. Finally, the proposed IPCF enables organizations to measure the level of business process compliance for one or multiple policies, and such measures can be visualized directly in URN models but also through interactive Business Intelligence portals, for a wider diffusion.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of how a bank’s features and internal factors have affected its choice of method in calculating the capital requirement. Theoretical and Empirical Method: The research strategy of this study has been of a qualitative nature with a deductive approach. The choice of method was depth interviews with respondents from a targeted sample of Swedish banks. These respondents were chosen based on the knowledge they possess as key employees in the capital requirement process and their involvement in choosing their banks’ method for calculating the capital requirement. The interviews were semi-structured, with open questions that allowed a dialogue with the respondents in which they could express their opinions and knowledge regarding the factors affecting their banks’ choice of method. Theoretical Approach: The study is based on the new institutional economics theory of how institutions affect organizational behavior. It’s also based on earlier research within the regulation Basel II by, among others, Hakenes and Schabel (2011), Rime (2005) and Wahlström (2009). Conclusions: The results of this study show that banks have identified different factors that affect their choice of calculation method for the capital requirement. The choice the banks are facing is to keep the standardized method, develop an advanced internal based method, create partnerships with other banks or focus on alternative clientele portfolios. The two factors that were considered to be have the greatest significant for the choice of calculation method were resources associated with the implementation of the IRB approach models and how the banks’ clientele portfolio was designed. How these were distributed and to what extent they influenced the choice was highly individual for the chosen banks. / Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att öka förståelsen om hur en banks förutsättningar och interna faktorer har påverkat dess val av beräkningsmetod för kapitalkravet. Teoretisk och empirisk metod: Forskningsstrategin för studien har varit av den kvalitativa typen med en deduktiv ansats. Valet av metod var djupintervjuer med respondenter från ett målinriktat urval av svenska banker. Respondenterna valdes utifrån de kunskaper som de besitter genom sin position på respektive bank, där deras deltagande i metodvalsprocessen påverkade valet av beräkningsmetod. Intervjuerna var av typen semistrukturerade, med öppna intervjufrågor för att få till en dialog med respondenterna och ta del av deras åsikter och kunskaper gällande de olika faktorerna till metodvalet. Teoretisk referensram: Studien utgick från den nyinstitutionella teorin, om hur institutioner påverkar organisationers beteenden. Den har baserats på tidigare forskning inom regelverket Basel II av bland annat Hakenes och Schnabel (2011), Rime (2005) samt Wahlström (2009). Slutsats: Resultatet av denna studie visar på att bankerna har identifierat olika faktorer som påverkar valet av beräkningsmetod för kapitalkravet. Valet som bankerna står inför är att behålla Schablonmetoden, utveckla en IRK-metod, skapa samarbeten med andra banker eller fokusera på alternativa klientelportföljer. De två faktorer som ansågs ha störst signifikans för valet av beräkningsmetod var resurserna som förknippades med implementeringen av modellerna i IRKmetoden och hur bankens klientelportfölj var utformad. Hur dessa var fördelade och i vilken grad de påverkade valet var högst individuellt för de utvalda bankerna.