Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-03T23:46:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnthonyAndreyRamalhoDiniz_TESE.pdf: 15099373 bytes, checksum: 616c247460cf0f6003f86c2374d07108 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-05T23:03:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnthonyAndreyRamalhoDiniz_TESE.pdf: 15099373 bytes, checksum: 616c247460cf0f6003f86c2374d07108 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T23:03:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnthonyAndreyRamalhoDiniz_TESE.pdf: 15099373 bytes, checksum: 616c247460cf0f6003f86c2374d07108 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-10 / Em 2006, a Petrobras anunciou a descoberta do campo de Tupi, na Bacia de Santos, que concentra uma grande quantidade de petr?leo abaixo da camada de sal, conhecida como camada pr?-sal. Essa descoberta possui grandes volumes de ?leo leve (28? a 30? API), com alto conte?do de g?s, pr?xima aos centros consumidores mais importantes do Sudeste do Brasil e tendo os testes de forma??o dos primeiros po?os apresentado altas vaz?es, sem indica??o de barreiras. Apesar dessa descoberta ser muito importante, a Petrobras e seus parceiros reconhecem que ela representa um cen?rio desafiador, por estar localizada em torno de 300km da costa, em condi??es adversas para sua produ??o. Examinando poss?veis m?todos de recupera??o avan?ada aplic?veis ?quelas condi??es, considerou-se que a presen?a de di?xido de carbono (CO2) poderia ser vantajosa, se combinada com a ?gua do mar, no processo de inje??o alternada de ?gua e g?s (WAG), que passou a ser visto como uma boa op??o. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo a realiza??o da avalia??o de v?rias t?cnicas de inje??o de CO2 e ?gua, em reservat?rios com caracter?sticas do pr?-sal brasileiro. Para tanto, foi modelado um ?leo leve, semelhante aos ?leos encontrados na camada do pr?-sal, e um reservat?rio homog?neo, semissint?tico, tamb?m de caracter?sticas semelhantes aos reservat?rios carbon?ticos daquela regi?o, produzindo atrav?s de uma malha five-spot, em um tempo de projeto de 12 anos. Inicialmente, foram realizados testes injetando apenas ?gua e depois CO2. Com base nesses testes, foram avaliadas quatro varia??es do WAG, sendo as duas primeiras com inje??o alternada dos fluidos e as demais com inje??o cont?nua. Ao final, verificou-se que a inje??o alternada de ?gua e g?s, iniciada com ?gua, ? a op??o com maior recupera??o de ?leo, que alcan?ou 91,34% no melhor caso. Quando iniciado com inje??o de g?s, o mesmo processo se torna mais r?pido para intervalos mais curtos, mas n?o resulta na mesma efici?ncia. Por fim, os processos com inje??o cont?nua apresentam resultados mais r?pidos que a inje??o individual dos fluidos, mas o resultado final do CO2 ? superior.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JennysLMB.pdf: 3002293 bytes, checksum: 3b71773a14bee418fd80243a633d0cc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Steam assisted gravity drainage process (SAGD) involves two parallel horizontal wells located in a same vertical plane, where the top well is used as steam injector and the bottom well as producer. The dominant force in this process is gravitational. This improved oil recovery method has been demonstrated to be economically viable in commercial projects of oil recovery for heavy and extra heavy oil, but it is not yet implemented in Brazil. The study of this technology in reservoirs with characteristics of regional basins is necessary in order to analyze if this process can be used, minimizing the steam rate demand and improving the process profitability. In this study, a homogeneous reservoir was modeled with characteristics of Brazilian Northeast reservoirs. Simulations were accomplished with STARS , a commercial software from Computer Modelling Group, which is used to simulate improved oil recovery process in oil reservoirs. In this work, a steam optimization was accomplished in reservoirs with different physical characteristics and in different cases, through a technical-economic analysis. It was also studied a semi-continuous steam injection or with injection stops. Results showed that it is possible to use a simplified equation of the net present value, which incorporates earnings and expenses on oil production and expenses in steam requirement, in order to optimize steam rate and obtaining a higher net present value in the process. It was observed that SAGD process can be or not profitable depending on reservoirs characteristics. It was also obtained that steam demand can still be reduced injecting in a non continuous form, alternating steam injection with stops at several time intervals. The optimization of these intervals allowed to minimize heat losses and to improve oil recovery / O processo de drenagem gravitacional com inje??o cont?nua de vapor (SAGD) envolve dois po?os horizontais paralelos localizados em uma mesma vertical, onde o po?o superior ? usado como injetor de vapor e o inferior como produtor. A for?a dominante neste processo ? a gravitacional. Este m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada tem sido demonstrado ser economicamente vi?vel em projetos comerciais de recupera??o de petr?leo pesado e extra pesado, mas ainda n?o foi implementado no Brasil. O estudo desta tecnologia em reservat?rios com caracter?sticas das bacias regionais ? necess?rio para analisar como se ad?qua o processo para minimizar a demanda de vapor obtendo a maior rentabilidade do processo. Neste estudo foi usado um modelo homog?neo com caracter?sticas de reservat?rios do Nordeste Brasileiro. As simula??es foram realizadas em um programa comercial da Computer Modelling Group , o STARS , m?dulo usado para realizar estudos de m?todos de recupera??o avan?ada de reservat?rios de ?leo. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma otimiza??o do vapor em reservat?rios com diferentes caracter?sticas f?sicas e em diferentes cen?rios, atrav?s de uma an?lise t?cnico-econ?mica. Tamb?m foi estudada a inje??o de vapor semi-cont?nua ou com paradas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ? poss?vel utilizar uma equa??o simplificada do valor presente l?quido, que incorpora os ganhos e gastos na produ??o de ?leo e os gastos na inje??o de vapor, para otimizar a demanda do vapor obtendo um maior valor presente l?quido no processo. Observou-se que o m?todo (SAGD) pode ser ou n?o rent?vel dependendo das caracter?sticas do reservat?rio. Encontrou-se tamb?m que a necessidade de vapor pode ainda ser diminu?da utilizando esquemas de inje??o de vapor com paradas em intervalos de tempo otimizados, e isto permitiu minimizar as perdas de calor e melhorar a recupera??o.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-13T12:25:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelAraujoRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 5011334 bytes, checksum: d4996c7516aeda7455db92bc1ebfc1d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-23T13:23:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelAraujoRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 5011334 bytes, checksum: d4996c7516aeda7455db92bc1ebfc1d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-23T13:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcelAraujoRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 5011334 bytes, checksum: d4996c7516aeda7455db92bc1ebfc1d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / A explora??o de reservas de hidrocarbonetos pesados e extrapesados ? de interesse primordial para muitas companhias de petr?leo, uma vez que, a magnitude desses recursos representa parte da energia mundial. A produ??o de ?leo pesado, a partir de dep?sitos subterr?neos, ? complexa, at? mesmo sob as melhores circunst?ncias, devido principalmente ? elevada viscosidade do ?leo. Para melhor desenvolver o processo de produ??o, tornando-o eficiente, de maneira que os fluidos que n?o seriam produzidos consigam chegar ? superf?cie, foram desenvolvidos m?todos de recupera??o convencionais e especiais, para obten??o de um maior fator de recupera??o e, consequentemente, uma maior lucratividade na opera??o de explota??o dessas jazidas. Para reduzir a alta viscosidade e as elevadas tens?es interfaciais, foram desenvolvidos os m?todos t?rmicos. Nesse trabalho, simulou-se a inje??o continua de vapor, com po?os injetores verticais e horizontais, para desenvolver um reservat?rio com caracter?sticas do Nordeste brasileiro, de ?leo pesado, atrav?s da condu??o dos fluidos produzidos com po?o horizontal. Foram feitas an?lises t?cnicas e econ?micas dos modelos que diferiam quanto ?s suas restri??es e arranjos estruturais do sistema. Na configura??o horizontal se observou a influ?ncia da vaz?o de inje??o, da dist?ncia vertical e da dist?ncia lateral sobre o fator de recupera??o. Na configura??o vertical se analisou a influ?ncia da vaz?o de inje??o, da completa??o dos injetores, da dist?ncia lateral e da quantidade de po?os injetores sobre o fator de recupera??o. Diante dos modelos proposto, analisou-se a produ??o acumulada de ?leo, o Volume Poroso Injetado, a forma??o das c?maras de vapor e o Valor Presente L?quido. Tecnicamente, os modelos em que se injetou vapor com po?os verticais obtiveram maior fator de recupera??o de ?leo, j? os modelos horizontais se sobressa?ram economicamente. / The reserves exploration of heavy and extra heavy hydrocarbon is of prime interest to many oil companies, since the magnitude of these resources the magnitude of these resources still stands out on the global and Brazilian energy matrix. The production of heavy oil, from the underground deposits is complex, even on the best of circumstances, mainly due to the high viscosity of the oil. To further develop the process of production, making it efficient, so that the fluids that would not be produced get to reach the surface, complementary recovery methods and advanced were developed to obtain a higher recovery factor and, hence, greater profitability in operation exploitation of these deposits. To combat the high viscosity and high interfacial tensions, thermal methods were developed. In this work, the steam injection continues was simulated in vertical and horizontal injection wells, to develop a reservoir with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast of heavy oil, by conducting fluid produced with horizontal well. Technical and economic analyzes were made of the models that differ in their structural constraints and system arrangements. In horizontal configuration was observed the influence of the injection flow, of the vertical distance and of the lateral distance over the recovery factor. In vertical configuration was analyzed the influence of the injection flow, of the injection wells completion, of the lateral distance and the amount of injection wells over the recovery factor. Faced the proposed models, was analyzed the cumulative oil production, the Pore Volume Injected, the formation of steam chambers and the Net Present Value. Technically, the models in which steam is injected with vertical wells had higher recovery factor of oil, since the horizontal models stood out economically.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-02T12:02:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaroLuisDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 2932644 bytes, checksum: d1a3358a8c6546c8e68ed42f2bdda6b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-06T21:20:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaroLuisDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 2932644 bytes, checksum: d1a3358a8c6546c8e68ed42f2bdda6b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-06T21:20:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaroLuisDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 2932644 bytes, checksum: d1a3358a8c6546c8e68ed42f2bdda6b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / O aquecimento de ?gua solar ? uma das principais aplica??es dessa fonte energ?tica que ? o sol, pois j? se comprovou que o uso de aquecedores solares pode trazer economia significativa para a matriz energ?tica pela n?o utiliza??o de chuveiros el?tricos, grandes consumidores de energia. Dentro desse contexto foi estudado um sistema de aquecimento solar de ?gua para banho, composto por um coletor solar com tubos absorvedores de PVC e reservat?rio t?rmico fabricado a partir de um tambor de polietileno de 200 litros. Os tubos absorvedores foram unidos por conex?es em T e joelhos de PVC, e a configura??o da grade absorvedora formada foi em paralelo. O reservat?rio t?rmico constitu?do do tambor de polietileno foi revestido por chapas de a?o galvanizado e entre as duas superf?cies foram aplicadas espuma de poliuretano, um material de excelente resist?ncia t?rmica. O sistema de aquecimento proposto tem como principais caracter?sticas o baixo custo e simples processos de fabrica??o e montagem. Ser? apresentado os processos de fabrica??o e montagem do coletor e do reservat?rio t?rmico alternativo, e resultados de testes que demonstrar?o a viabilidade do sistema de aquecimento proposto para promover o aquecimento de ?gua para banho para uma fam?lia de quatro pessoas. Demonstrou-se que o coletor solar proposto teve capacidade de promover o aquecimento da massa de ?gua do reservat?rio t?rmico alternativo a uma temperatura m?dia de 49?C, em um ?nico dia de aquecimento, bem superior ? de banho, entre 32 ? 38?C, e que o sistema de aquecimento tinha autonomia de tr?s banhos para um ?nico dia de teste. A perda t?rmica do coletor solar estudado esteve muito acima da relativa aos coletores solares convencionais de mercado, mas n?o inviabilizou a utiliza??o do coletor solar proposto para utiliza??es residenciais. O sistema de aquecimento solar alternativo estudado teve custo correspondente a 33,4% do convencional de mercado, comprovando-se sua viabilidade econ?mica. / Solar water heating is one of the main applications of this energy source, because it has already proved that the use of solar heaters can bring significant cost savings to the energy matrix by use of electric showers, large consumers of energy. Within that context was studied a solar water heating system for bath, consisting of a solar collector with pipes and PVC thermal reservoir absorbers made from a polyethylene drum 200 liters. Absorbing tubes were joined by T-connections and knees of PVC, and setting the grid formed absorber was in parallel, to provide greater heating capacity, increasing the temperature of the circulating water. The thermal reservoir composed of polyethylene drum was coated on galvanized steel sheets and between the two surfaces have been applied polyurethane foam, a material of excellent thermal resistance. The proposed heating system had as main features the low cost and simple processes of manufacture and Assembly. Will be presented the processes of manufacture and Assembly of the collector and the heat reservoir, and results of tests that will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed heating system to promote the heating of water for a shower for a family of four. It was demonstrated that the proposed solar collector had ability to promote pasta water heating thermal tank alternate an average temperature of 49? C, in a single day, well higher than the bathroom, between 32-38? C, and the heating system had autonomy of three baths for a single day of testing. The solar collector heat loss studied was very above on the conventional market solar collectors, but not impeded the use of solar collector proposed for residential uses. The solar heating system alternative studied had cost corresponding to 33,5% of the conventional market, its economic viability.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-10T16:44:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GlydianneMaraDiogenesFernandes_TESE.pdf: 3862064 bytes, checksum: fefa5eff9a9888901a0fc8b23ab2f361 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-10T21:36:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GlydianneMaraDiogenesFernandes_TESE.pdf: 3862064 bytes, checksum: fefa5eff9a9888901a0fc8b23ab2f361 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T21:36:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GlydianneMaraDiogenesFernandes_TESE.pdf: 3862064 bytes, checksum: fefa5eff9a9888901a0fc8b23ab2f361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02 / As novas tecnologias que utilizam a recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo surgiram da necessidade de se retirar o ?leo que ainda permanece no reservat?rio ap?s a recupera??o prim?ria. O objetivo desses m?todos ? elevar o fator de recupera??o do ?leo. Dessa forma, alguns projetos passam a se tornar vi?veis economicamente quando se utilizam esses m?todos. Os m?todos t?rmicos, dentre eles a inje??o de vapor, promovem a recupera??o do ?leo atrav?s da inser??o de energia t?rmica dentro do reservat?rio. O aumento da temperatura faz com que o ?leo tenha a sua viscosidade reduzida, aumentando assim, seu deslocamento em dire??o aos po?os de produ??o. O processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD) ? um m?todo avan?ado de recupera??o. Sua configura??o apresenta dois po?os horizontais paralelos, um acima do outro. O vapor ? injetado de forma cont?nua ao longo do po?o injetor, em seguida forma-se uma c?mara de vapor que cresce at? encontrar os limites do reservat?rio. Este ?leo tem, ent?o, sua viscosidade reduzida e, pela a??o das for?as gravitacionais, ? drenado em dire??o ao po?o produtor. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um estudo de diferentes configura??es de po?os injetores no processo SAGD, considerando os efeitos das perdas de carga e calor no po?o injetor em reservat?rios do nordeste brasileiro. Um planejamento fatorial foi utilizado para verificar a influ?ncia dos par?metros estudados no fator de recupera??o. Foi realizada tamb?m uma an?lise t?cnico econ?mica das configura??es dos po?os injetores com a finalidade de analisar a rentabilidade dos projetos estudados. Para a realiza??o das simula??es num?ricas foi utilizado o simulador t?rmico STARS da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os resultados mostraram que os po?os injetores inclinados apresentaram uma menor produ??o em rela??o ? configura??o com po?os horizontais. A configura??o com po?os injetores deslocados em rela??o ao po?o produtor (W-SAGD), para vaz?es de inje??o a partir de 100 ton/dia, levou a forma??o de uma c?mara de vapor maior e mais eficiente. Foi observado tamb?m que a utiliza??o de po?os injetores verticais (V-SAGD), para maiores vaz?es de inje??o de vapor, apresentou uma produ??o acumulada de ?leo menor, por?m, similar ao SAGD com po?o injetor horizontal. Na an?lise econ?mica, o modelo SAGD apresentou os maiores VPLs. / New technologies that use the enhanced oil recovery emerged the need to remove the oil that remains in the reservoir after primary recovery. The goal of these methods is to increase the oil recovery factor. Thus, some projects start to become economically viable when using these methods. The thermal methods, including steam injection, promote the recovery of oil through the thermal energy within the insert reservoir. The increased temperature causes the oil to have its viscosity reduced, thereby increasing its speed towards the production wells. The steam assisted gravity drainage process (SAGD) is an advanced method of recovery. Its configuration has two parallel horizontal wells, one above the other. The steam is injected continuously during the injection well, and then forms a steam chamber which grows to find the limits of the reservoir. This oil is then reduced its viscosity and, by the action of gravitational forces, it is drained toward the producing well. In this context, this study aimed to carry out a study of different configurations of injection wells in SAGD process, considering the effects of load loss and heat in the injection well in the Brazilian northeast reservoirs. A factorial design was used to investigate the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. It also performed an economic analysis of the technical settings of injection wells in order to analyze the profitability of the projects studied. To perform the numerical simulations we used the thermal simulator CMG STARS (Computer Modelling Group). The results showed that the inclined injection wells had a lower production compared to the configuration with horizontal wells. A setting producer injectors offset from the well (W-SAGD) for injection flowrates from 100 ton/day, led to the formation of a vapor chamber larger and more efficient. It was also observed that the use of vertical injection wells (VSAGD), for larger flowrates, showed a lower cumulative production of oil, however, similar to SAGD injector well horizontally. In the economic analysis, the SAGD model showed the highest NPVs.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-02-13T20:25:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VitorHugoFernandesDeVasconcelos_DISSERT.pdf: 2647970 bytes, checksum: 84d964f39f1827856185449f445ffc14 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-16T20:32:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VitorHugoFernandesDeVasconcelos_DISSERT.pdf: 2647970 bytes, checksum: 84d964f39f1827856185449f445ffc14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T20:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VitorHugoFernandesDeVasconcelos_DISSERT.pdf: 2647970 bytes, checksum: 84d964f39f1827856185449f445ffc14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A eutrofiza??o constitui-se na principal causa de perda de qualidade da ?gua dos a?udes da regi?o semi?rida brasileira. No entanto, ainda n?o existem estudos quantitativos sobre a import?ncia relativa de diferentes fontes de nutrientes para a eutrofiza??o dos a?udes como tamb?m n?o existem a??es efetivas de controle das cargas externas de nutrientes para esses mananciais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar as emiss?es naturais e antr?picas potenciais de nitrog?nio (N) e f?sforo (P) para os sete maiores reservat?rios da bacia hidrogr?fica do Rio Serid?, na regi?o semi?rida do Rio Grande do Norte. Os resultados mostram que as emiss?es totais variam de 1955 t.N.ano-1 e 1180 t.P.ano-1 (Passagem das Tra?ras) a 84 t.N.ano-1 e 56 t.P.ano-1 (Carna?ba). As emiss?es antr?picas, em conjunto, s?o atualmente respons?veis por 72-87% de todas as emiss?es de nitrog?nio e mais de 98% de todas as emiss?es de f?sforo para os reservat?rios estudados. Dentre as emiss?es naturais, as emiss?es da deposi??o atmosf?rica s?o maiores para P e menores para N quando comparadas ?s emiss?es da denuda??o f?sica e qu?mica dos solos. Dentre as emiss?es antr?picas, as emiss?es de N e P oriundas da pecu?ria s?o maiores do que as emiss?es dos efluentes dom?sticos e da agricultura. Tais resultados dever?o subsidiar a??es de gest?o ambiental das bacias hidrogr?ficas e projetos de restaura??o de a?udes eutrofizados. / Eutrophication constitutes the main cause of water quality loss in reservoirs of Brazilian semiarid region. However, there are no quantitative studies about the relative importance of different nutrients sources for eutrophication of reservoirs as there are no control effective action to control the nutrients external loads to these reservoirs. The present study aimed to estimate the potential natural and anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for the seven largest reservoirs of Serid? River watershed, in the Rio Grande do Norte semiarid region. The results show that the total emission range from 1955 t.N.ano-1 e 1180 t.P.ano-1 (Passagem das Tra?ras) a 84 t.N.ano-1 and 56 t.P.ano-1 (Carna?ba). The anthropogenic emissions are currently responsible for 72-87% of all nitrogen emissions and more than 98% of all phosphorus emissions to the reservoirs. Among the natural emissions, emissions from atmospheric deposition are higher for P and lower to N when compared to the physical and chemical soils denudation. Among the anthropogenic emissions, N and P emissions from husbandry are the larger than emissions from domestic sewage and agriculture. These results should support environmental management programs and watershed restoration projects of eutrophic reservoirs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HumbertoSC_DISSERT.pdf: 7792135 bytes, checksum: 5204c60825f60e9f74c5f24e46e8aa4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Nearly 3 x 1011 m3 of medium and light oils will remain in reservoirs worldwide after conventional recovery methods have been exhausted and much of this volume would be recovered by Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. The in-situ combustion (ISC) is an EOR method in which an oxygen-containing gas is injected into a reservoir where it reacts with the crude oil to create a high-temperature combustion front that is propagated through the reservoir. The High Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) method is a particular denomination of the air injection process applied in light oil reservoirs, for which the combustion reactions are dominant between 150 and 300?C and the generation of flue gas is the main factor to the oil displacement. A simulation model of a homogeneous reservoir was built to study, which was initially undergone to primary production, for 3 years, next by a waterflooding process for 21 more years. At this point, with the mature condition established into the reservoir, three variations of this model were selected, according to the recovery factors (RF) reached, for study the in-situ combustion (HPAI) technique. Next to this, a sensitivity analysis on the RF of characteristic operational parameters of the method was carried out: air injection rate per well, oxygen concentration into the injected gas, patterns of air injection and wells perforations configuration. This analysis, for 10 more years of production time, was performed with assistance of the central composite design. The reservoir behavior and the impacts of chemical reactions parameters and of reservoir particularities on the RF were also evaluated. An economic analysis and a study to maximize the RF of the process were also carried out. The simulation runs were performed in the simulator of thermal processes in reservoirs STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The results showed the incremental RF were small and the net present value (NPV) is affected by high initial investments to compress the air. It was noticed that the adoption of high oxygen concentration into the injected gas and of the five spot pattern tends to improve the RF, and the wells perforations configuration has more influence with the increase of the oil thickness. Simulated cases relating to the reservoir particularities showed that smaller residual oil saturations to gas lead to greater RF and the presence of heterogeneities results in important variations on the RF and on the production curves / Aproximadamente 3 x 1011 m3 de ?leos m?dios e leves restar?o nos reservat?rios ao redor do mundo ap?s a aplica??o dos m?todos convencionais de recupera??o e grande parte desse volume seria recuper?vel com o uso de m?todos especiais. A combust?o in-situ (CIS) ? um m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo no qual um g?s que cont?m oxig?nio ? injetado no reservat?rio onde reage com o ?leo cru para criar uma frente de combust?o de alta temperatura que se propaga pelo reservat?rio. O m?todo HPAI (High Pressure Air Injection) ? uma denomina??o particular do processo de inje??o de ar aplicado em reservat?rios de ?leos leves, onde as rea??es de combust?o s?o dominantes entre 150 e 300?C e a gera??o de flue gas ? o principal fator de deslocamento do ?leo. Um modelo de simula??o de fluxo de um reservat?rio homog?neo foi constru?do para o estudo, o qual foi inicialmente submetido ? produ??o prim?ria, por 3 anos, e em seguida, ao processo de inje??o de ?gua por mais 21 anos. Nesse ponto, com a condi??o madura estabelecida no reservat?rio, foram selecionadas tr?s varia??es desse modelo, de acordo com o fator de recupera??o (FR) obtido, para o estudo da t?cnica de combust?o in-situ (HPAI). Em seguida realizou-se uma an?lise de sensibilidade sobre o FR de par?metros operacionais pr?prios do m?todo: vaz?o de inje??o de ar por po?o, concentra??o de oxig?nio no g?s injetado, esquema de inje??o de ar e configura??o dos canhoneados dos po?os. Essa an?lise, para um per?odo adicional de at? 10 anos produ??o, foi efetuada com o aux?lio da t?cnica de planejamento composto central. O comportamento do reservat?rio e os impactos de par?metros envolvendo as rea??es qu?micas e de particularidades de reservat?rio sobre o FR tamb?m foram avaliados. Adicionalmente foram elaborados uma an?lise econ?mica e um estudo de maximiza??o do FR do processo. As simula??es foram realizadas com o simulador de processos t?rmicos em reservat?rios STARS (Steam, Thermal and Advanced Process Reservoir Simulation) da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os resultados mostraram que os FR incrementais foram baixos e que o valor presente l?quido (VPL) ? impactado negativamente pelos elevados investimentos iniciais para compress?o do ar. Observou-se que a ado??o de maiores concentra??es de oxig?nio no g?s injetado e do esquema de inje??o de ar tipo five spot tende a favorecer o FR, e que a configura??o dos canhoneados dos po?os apresenta influ?ncia crescente com o aumento da espessura porosa com ?leo do reservat?rio. Casos simulados referentes ?s particularidades de reservat?rio indicaram que menores satura??es residuais de ?leo ao g?s levam a FR maiores e que a exist?ncia de heterogeneidades resulta em varia??es consider?veis nos FR e nas curvas de produ??o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoCO.pdf: 708202 bytes, checksum: 3eb4368a0c268064bcd6ad892e1f2c0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-22 / The constant increase of complexity in computer applications demands the development of more powerful hardware support for them. With processor's operational frequency reaching its limit, the most viable solution is the use of parallelism. Based on parallelism techniques and the progressive growth in the capacity of transistors integration in a single chip is the concept of MPSoCs (Multi-Processor System-on-Chip). MPSoCs will eventually become a cheaper and faster alternative to supercomputers and clusters, and applications developed for these high performance systems will migrate to computers equipped with MP-SoCs containing dozens to hundreds of computation cores. In particular, applications in the area of oil and natural gas exploration are also characterized by the high processing capacity required and would benefit greatly from these high performance systems. This work intends to evaluate a traditional and complex application of the oil and gas industry known as reservoir simulation, developing a solution with integrated computational systems in a single chip, with hundreds of functional unities. For this, as the STORM (MPSoC Directory-Based Platform) platform already has a shared memory model, a new distributed memory model were developed. Also a message passing library has been developed folowing MPI standard / O constante aumento da complexidade das aplica??es demanda um suporte de hardware computacionalmente mais poderoso. Com a aproxima??o do limite de velocidade dos processadores, a solu??o mais vi?vel ? o paralelismo. Baseado nisso e na crescente capacidade de integra??o de transistores em um ?nico chip surgiram os chamados MPSoCs (Multiprocessor System-on-Chip) que dever?o ser, em um futuro pr?ximo, uma alternativa mais r?pida e mais barata aos supercomputadores e clusters. Aplica??es tidas como destinadas exclusivamente a execu??o nesses sistemas de alto desempenho dever?o migrar para m?quinas equipadas com MPSoCs dotados de dezenas a centenas de n?cleos computacionais. Aplica??es na ?rea de explora??o de petr?leo e g?s natural tamb?m se caracterizam pela enorme capacidade de processamento requerida e dever?o se beneficiar desses novos sistemas de alto desempenho. Esse trabalho apresenta uma avalia??o de uma tradicional e complexa aplica??o da ind?stria de petr?leo e g?s natural, a simula??o de reservat?rios, sob a nova ?tica do desenvolvimento de sistemas computacionais integrados em um ?nico chip, dotados de dezenas a centenas de unidades funcionais. Para isso, um modelo de mem?ria distribu?da foi desenvolvido para a plataforma STORM (MPSoC Directory-Based Platform), que j? contava com um modelo de mem?ria compartilhada. Foi desenvolvida, ainda, uma biblioteca de troca de mensagens para esse modelo de mem?ria seguindo o padr?o MPI

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EgnilsonMM_TESE.pdf: 6816418 bytes, checksum: d3184a3bc2d81353458b49364682badc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work we developed a computer simulation program for physics porous structures based on programming language C + + using a Geforce 9600 GT with the PhysX chip, originally developed for video games. With this tool, the ability of physical interaction between simulated objects is enlarged, allowing to simulate a porous structure, for example, reservoir rocks and structures with high density. The initial procedure for developing the simulation is the construction of porous cubic structure consisting of spheres with a single size and with varying sizes. In addition, structures can also be simulated with various volume fractions. The results presented are divided into two parts: first, the ball shall be deemed as solid grains, ie the matrix phase represents the porosity, the second, the spheres are considered as pores. In this case the matrix phase represents the solid phase. The simulations in both cases are the same, but the simulated structures are intrinsically different. To validate the results presented by the program, simulations were performed by varying the amount of grain, the grain size distribution and void fraction in the structure. All results showed statistically reliable and consistent with those presented in the literature. The mean values and distributions of stereological parameters measured, such as intercept linear section of perimeter area, sectional area and mean free path are in agreement with the results obtained in the literature for the structures simulated. The results may help the understanding of real structures. / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um programa de simula??o computacional f?sica de estruturas porosas com base em linguagem de programa??o C++ utilizando uma placa Geforce 9600 GT com o chip da Physx, originalmente desenvolvida para jogos eletr?nicos. Com essa ferramenta, a capacidade de intera??o f?sica entre os objetos simulados ? ampliada, possibilitando simular uma estrutura porosa, como por exemplos, rochas reservat?rios ou estruturas com alta densidade. O procedimento inicial para desenvolvimento da simula??o porosa ? a constru??o de uma estrutura c?bica constitu?da de esferas com um ?nico tamanho e com tamanhos variados. Al?m disso, podem ser ainda simuladas estruturas com variadas fra??es de volumes. Os resultados apresentados est?o divididos em duas partes: a primeira, as esferas ser?o consideras como gr?os s?lidos, ou seja, a fase matriz representa a porosidade; a segunda, as esferas est?o sendo considerada com poros. Neste caso a fase matriz representa a fase s?lida. As simula??es nos dois casos s?o as mesmas, mas as estruturas simuladas s?o intrinsecamente distintas. Para validar os resultados apresentados pelo programa, foram realizadas simula??es variando a quantidade de gr?os, a distribui??o de tamanhos de gr?os e a fra??o de vazio na estrutura. Todos os resultados apresentados mostraram-se estatisticamente confi?veis e em concord?ncia com os apresentados na literatura. Os valores m?dios e as distribui??es dos par?metros estereol?gicos mensurados, como intercepto linear, per?metro de se??o de ?rea, ?rea de se??o e livre caminho m?dio est?o de acordo com os resultados obtidos na literatura para as estruturas simuladas. Os resultados podem auxiliar a compreens?o de estruturas reais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ErnestoVBa_DISSERT.pdf: 9825397 bytes, checksum: 732b67b111fb317d406c771240e47d87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / Electrical resistive heating (ERH) is a thermal method used to improve oil recovery. It can increase oil rate and oil recovery due to temperature increase caused by electrical current passage through oil zone. ERH has some advantage compared with well-known thermal methods such as continuous steam flood, presenting low-water production. This method can be applied to reservoirs with different characteristics and initial reservoir conditions. Commercial software was used to test several cases using a semi-synthetic homogeneous reservoir with some characteristics as found in northeast Brazilian basins. It was realized a sensitivity analysis of some reservoir parameters, such as: oil zone, aquifer presence, gas cap presence and oil saturation on oil recovery and energy consumption. Then it was tested several cases studying the electrical variables considered more important in the process, such as: voltage, electrical configurations and electrodes positions. Energy optimization by electrodes voltage levels changes and electrical settings modify the intensity and the electrical current distribution in oil zone and, consequently, their influences in reservoir temperature reached at some regions. Results show which reservoir parameters were significant in order to improve oil recovery and energy requirement in for each reservoir. Most significant parameters on oil recovery and electrical energy delivered were oil thickness, presence of aquifer, presence of gas cap, voltage, electrical configuration and electrodes positions. Factors such as: connate water, water salinity and relative permeability to water at irreducible oil saturation had low influence on oil recovery but had some influence in energy requirements. It was possible to optimize energy consumption and oil recovery by electrical variables. Energy requirements can decrease by changing electrodes voltages during the process. This application can be extended to heavy oil reservoirs of high depth, such as offshore fields, where nowadays it is not applicable any conventional thermal process such as steam flooding / O Aquecimento El?trico Resistivo (AER) ? um m?todo t?rmico usado para aumentar a recupera??o de petr?leo. Este aumenta a vaz?o de ?leo e conseq?entemente a recupera??o de petr?leo devido ao aumento de temperatura promovida pela passagem de corrente el?trica na zona de interesse. O AER tem algumas vantagens sobre m?todos t?rmicos conhecidos, como inje??o cont?nua de vapor, por apresentar baixa produ??o de ?gua, podendo ser aplicado a reservat?rios com diversas caracter?sticas e diversas condi??es iniciais. Um software comercial foi usado para testar v?rios casos usando um reservat?rio homog?neo semi-sint?tico com algumas caracter?sticas encontradas em reservat?rio da bacia sedimentar do Nordeste Brasileiro. Foi realizada uma an?lise de sensibilidade dos par?metros de reservat?rio, tais como: espessura da zona de ?leo, presen?as de capa de g?s e de aq??fero e satura??o de ?leo, na recupera??o de ?leo e consumo de energia el?trica. V?rios casos foram testados usando vari?veis el?tricas consideradas mais importantes no processo, tais como: tens?o, configura??es el?tricas e posi??es dos eletrodos. Os resultados mostram que os par?metros de reservat?rio foram significativos no sentido de aumentar a recupera??o de ?leo e a demanda de energia em cada reservat?rio. Os par?metros mais significativos na recupera??o de ?leo e no consumo de energia foram: a espessura da zona de ?leo, presen?as de capa de g?s e de aq??fero, as configura??es el?tricas e a posi??o dos eletrodos. Fatores como: satura??o irredut?vel de ?gua, salinidade da ?gua e a permeabilidade relativa da ?gua na satura??o residual de ?leo tiveram pouca influ?ncia na recupera??o de ?leo, mas tiveram uma influ?ncia maior na demanda de energia. Foi poss?vel otimizar o consumo de energia com a recupera??o de ?leo usando as vari?veis el?tricas. Estas aplica??es podem ser estendidas para reservat?rios de ?leo pesado e de grande profundidade, como em campos mar?timos (offshore), onde atualmente n?o ? poss?vel o uso de m?todos t?rmicos convencionais de recupera??o, como a inje??o de vapor