Résumé : Le cadre de compétence CanMEDS définit les rôles attendus des médecins canadiens, mais fait l’objet de certaines critiques. Par exemple, la définition et l’adoption du rôle de promoteur de la santé semblent problématiques, entre autres en ce qui a trait à une dualité implicite entre des actions de type individuel et collectif. Cette étude visait à identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’intention d’adopter des comportements associés au rôle de promoteur de la santé et à en comparer les variables prédictives selon le type d’action. Une étude transversale descriptive a été réalisée utilisant un questionnaire web élaboré selon les principes de la Théorie du comportement planifié d’Ajzen. Le questionnaire a été envoyé par courriel en 2013 à tous les résidents en médecine de famille des universités francophones du Québec. Soixante-huit résidents (7%) ont complété le questionnaire. L’importance du rôle pour les participants et la pression sociale perçue étaient particulièrement significatives dans la prédiction de l’intention d’adopter des comportements associés au rôle de promoteur de la santé (variance expliquée de 26%, p<0.001; et 48%, p<0.001; respectivement). Les résidents participants avaient également une attitude plus positive envers les actions de type individuel (moyenne =72,8% vs 58,3%, p<.05), et percevaient plus de pression à adopter celles-ci (moyenne = 82.7% vs 74.3%, p<.05). Ils ressentaient moins de contrôle quant à l’adoption d’action de type collectif (moyenne = 79.8% vs 84.6%, p<.05). Étant donné que différents types d’action sont associés au rôle de promoteur de la santé, l’intention d’adopter ce rôle peut être influencée par différents facteurs. Une redéfinition éventuelle du rôle devrait prendre en compte cette dualité et les interventions pédagogiques devraient être modulées en conséquence. // Abstract : The CanMEDS framework defines the roles and competencies for all Canadian physicians. It is widely used but fraught with challenges, particularly concerning the understanding and adoption of the health advocate role, which includes both individual and collective type actions. This study aimed to identify the factors that influence the intention to adopt this role by family medicine residents and to compare their intention related to individual versus collective type actions. A cross sectional descriptive study was designed using a web questionnaire based on the theory of planned behaviour elaborated by Ajzen. The questionnaire was sent by email in 2013 to all family medicine residents from francophone programs in Quebec. Sixty-eight residents (7%) completed the questionnaire. The importance of the role for participants and social pressure were particularly influential factors regarding the intention to adopt behaviours associated with the health advocate role (26% variance explained p < 0.001 and 48% p < 0.001 respectively). Residents also had a more favourable attitude towards individual type actions (mean =72,8% vs 58,3%, p<.05), and perceived more pressure to adopt them (mean = 82.7% vs 74.3%, p<.05). They perceived less control towards collective-type actions (mean = 79.8% vs 84.6%, p<.05). Since different types of action are associated with the health advocate role, intention to adopt the role can be influenced by different factors. Future revisions of the role should take into account the implicit duality of the role focusing on both individual and collective type actions and pedagogical interventions should be tailored accordingly.

This study examined the supervisory interactions of past and present residence life staff members, specifically, the implications of race on the residence life professional (HD)/residence life student staff member (RA) supervisory relationship. College and university residence halls provide some of the most diverse environments that individuals will encounter as they move through life (Amada, 1994; Jaeger & Caison, 2005). It is in these spaces that individuals learn the most about themselves and others. Thus, learning to navigate multicultural interactions is critical. Facilitated by residence life staff, this knowledge serves as preparation for the actual experiences and situations students will face once they are in the "real world." Although some areas of the higher education literature were limited, the literature review supported the role that residence life staff members have in preparing student staff members (whom are also residents) for the workplace. Learning how to handle situations in the workplace where there are differences such as language, race/ethnicity, culture, or values and beliefs will aid in positive interactions with others and ultimately contribute to a better working environment--inside and outside of the residence halls. Qualitative methods were used for this study because of their attention to vivid and layered descriptions. These descriptions give voice to a person's experiences and interactions and help them make meaning of their own worlds. As a result of residence life staff members living where they work, the most appropriate way to further examine their life experiences was through a phenomenological lens. In addition to the aforementioned qualitative methods, modified versions of quantitative instruments from an earlier study (Ladany, Brittan-Powell, & Pannu, 1997) and two other scales (Helms & Carter; 1990; Helms & Parham, 1996) were used to measure the racial identity development of the participants. These inventories relied on participants to self-report their perceptions. After these assessments were completed, interviews were conducted with 10 randomly selected participants (five RAs and five HDs). Five themes emerged from these participant interviews: prestige, protection, privilege, proximity, and preparedness. / text

本研究以臺北市文山區為例，探討都市住民之社區意識、家庭婚姻親子關係、夫妻角色關係、幸福感等價值態度及對社區發展看法等，本研究以問卷為研究工具，本研究鑑於文獻之不足，在問卷編製過程，除多方資料收集歸納參酌相關文獻外，並拜訪文山區之里鄰長、里幹事、居民等人員提供意見，加以編製都市住民意識調查問卷，本研究問卷經過預試後，正式問卷始告確立，本問卷共分四個部分，第一部分受訪者個人特質：包括性別、年齡、教育程度、職業、宗教信仰、世居情形、個人每月所得、及省籍等。第二部分住民對文山之社區意識。第三部分：住民對家庭婚姻親子關係、夫妻角色關係、幸福感等價值態度。第四部分：對文山社區發展看 法。針對文山區住民進行問卷調查，共得有效問卷603 份，所得資料以次數分配、平均數、t考驗、單因子變異分析、Scheffe法事後比較及皮爾森積差相關等統計方法進行分析，以達成研究目的。 本研究依上述統計分析之結果，得到以下結論： 一、個人特質的不同與住民意象有顯著差異 住民意象萃取分為生活環境、社區歸屬、生活環境、產業特色四個因素。宗教信仰與生活環境因素有顯著性差異；年齡、職業與產業特色因素有相當顯著性差異；教育程度與產業特色因素有極顯著性差異；宗教信仰與產 業特色因素有顯著性差異。 二、個人特質的不同與婚姻親子關係有顯著差異 婚姻親子關係萃取分為教養方式、親子互動、不婚觀、婚姻觀、婚姻幸福 、婚姻障礙六個因素。教養方式因素：年齡與教養方式因素有相當顯著性差異，世居情形與教養方式因素有顯著性差異；親子互動因素：性別與親子互動因素有顯著性差異；不婚觀因素：性別與不婚觀因素有顯著性差異 ，年齡、職業、宗教信仰與不婚觀因素有極顯著差異，教育程度、省籍與不婚觀因素有相當顯著差異；婚姻觀因素：性別、宗教信仰與婚姻觀因素有極顯著差異，教育程度、職業、世居情形、省籍與婚姻觀因素有相當顯著差異，年齡與婚姻觀因素有顯著差異；婚姻幸福因素：性別與婚姻幸福因素有相當顯著差異，個人每月所得與婚姻幸福因素有顯著差異；婚姻障礙因素：教育程度、個人每月所得與婚姻障礙因素有相當顯著差異。 三、個人特質的不同與夫妻角色關係有顯著差異 夫妻角色關係萃取分為家庭權力、家務分工、性別角色、兩性平權、性別分工五個因素。家庭權力因素：教育程度與家庭權力因素有顯著差異；家務分工因素：職業、宗教信仰與家務分工因素有相當顯著的差異；性別角色因素：性別、世居情形、宗教信仰、省籍與性別角色因素有顯著性的差異，個人每月所得與性別角色因素有極顯著的差異；兩性平權因素：教育程度、省籍與兩性平權因素有顯著的差異，宗教信仰、職業與兩性平權因素有相當顯著的差異；性別分工因素：省籍與性別分工因素有顯著的差異 。 四、個人特質的不同與幸福感有顯著差異 幸福感萃取分為人際幸福、生活充實、財富幸福三個因素。人際幸福因素 ：教育程度與人際幸福因素有相當顯著的差異，宗教信仰與人際幸福因素有顯著的差異；生活充實因素：年齡、世居情形、個人每月所得與生活充實因素有顯著的差異；財富幸福因素：教育程度、宗教信仰、省籍與財富幸福因素有顯著的差異，職業與財富幸福因素有相當顯著的差異。 五、住民婚姻親子關係、夫妻角色、幸福感具有顯著相關 （一）、婚姻親子關係及夫妻角色之相關性分析 1、教養方式因素與家庭權力因素有極顯著正相關；教養方式因素與家務分工因素有極顯著正相關；教養方式因素與性別分工因素有顯著正相關。 2、親子互動因素與兩性平權因素有極顯著正相關；親子互動因素與家務分工因素有相當顯著正相關。 3、不婚觀因素與家務分工因素、性別角色因素、兩性平權因素分別有極顯著正相關。 4、婚姻觀因素與家庭權力因素有相當顯著正相關；婚姻觀因素與家務分工因素、性別角色因素分別有極顯著正相關；與兩性平權有顯著正相關。 5、婚姻幸福因素與兩性平權因素有極顯著正相關；婚姻幸福因素與家務分工因素有顯著正相關；婚姻幸福因素與性別分工因素有極顯著正相關。 （ 二）、婚姻親子關係及幸福感之相關性分析 1、教養方式因素與生活充實因素有相當顯著正相關，與財富幸福因素極顯著正相關。 2、親子互動因素與人際幸福因素、生活充實因素有極顯著正，與財富幸福因素顯著負相關。 3、不婚觀因素與生活充實因素極顯著負相關，與財富幸福相當顯著負相關，與人際幸福因素相當顯著正相關。 4、婚姻觀因素與生活充實因素有相當顯著正相關，與財富幸福因素極顯著正相關。 5、婚姻幸福因素與財富幸福因素有顯著負相關。 6、婚姻障礙因素與人際幸福因素有極顯著正相關，與財富幸福因素顯著 正相關。 （三）、夫妻角色與幸福感之相關性分析 1、家庭權力因素與人際幸福因素有顯著正相關與財富幸福因素極顯著正相關。 2、家務分工因素與財富幸福因素有極顯著負相關。 3、性別角色因素與生活充實因素、財富幸福因素有極顯著正相關。 4、兩性平權因素與人際幸福因素、生活充實因素有極顯著正相關，與財富幸福因素顯著負相關。 5、性別分工因素與人際幸福因素、財富幸福因素有相當顯著正相關。 根據研究結果，提出建議，以供相關人員及後續研究者作為參考。

The purpose of this qualitative, in-depth interview, study was to understand the experiences of heterosexual male Resident Assistants (RAs) from a gendered perspective taking into account their leadership position and identity development. The significance of this particular topic is underrepresented in literature. Heterosexual male RAs have not been subjects for most masculinity studies and little research actually has considered the identities of heterosexual men as gendered individuals. Therefore, heterosexual males in a compassionate leadership position may suffer from being ignored and dismissed as not having developmental situations imposed upon them directly by this position. The results of this study include an understanding of how heterosexual male RAs identify their masculinities and the pressures they feel from societal gender norms. Implications include suggestions for how to advocate for male RAs and improve training to promote greater success for heterosexual men. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community. / Department of Educational Studies

This study explores the implementation of Restorative Practices (Costello, Wachtel, & Wachtel, 2009) in a residential life program at a small public university. Narrative inquiry is used to explore the perspectives of eleven resident advisors (RAs) who have been trained in Restorative Practices (RP) and are using them in their residential communities. Participants were interviewed three times over the course of one academic year. The study illuminates the RAs' perspectives, growth and experiences with RP over that year. The findings demonstrate that RP may not only provide a structure for RAs to succeed within their challenging position, but may also encourage growth in a RAs' leadership capacity and abilities. This research also addresses how RAs conceptualize their position and role, including how they negotiate their dual, and sometime conflicting, roles of serving simultaneously as an authority figure and peer within the residence hall community, and how RAs benefit from and are challenged by implementing RP in their hall. In addition to examining the RA role specifically, the study also addresses how RP can serve as a theoretical framework for preparing RAs for their work in residence halls and for supporting them throughout the year. Further, the research suggests that RP, as a framework for the RAs' work in the residence halls, can potentially transform the residential experience for both the residents and the RA. The result may be the creation of the kind of community experience that the research has shown contributes to the retention of students. Finally, this study concludes with identifying some of the issues that are important for Residential Life departments in a process of successfully implementing RP in college residential settings.

Purpose: The purpose was to assess and understand operating room (OR) utilization and efficiency in a pediatric dental residency program. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using chart extraction from 778 patients completed by both pediatric dentistry faculty (n=7) and residents (n=17) in an ambulatory care setting over a 32 month period (between July 2010 and March 2013). Patterns in OR usage time were determined by documenting various timing metrics (start and stop times for anesthesia, start and stop times for the dental procedure, times for throat pack in and out), noting patient information (age and ASA patient classification status), and creating variables by grouping data by clinical provider type and dental procedure. OR usage time was analyzed using multiple regression to estimate the per-tooth or per-mouth time for each type of procedure. Results: The median procedure time was 75 minutes (range= 1 to 517 minutes). Multiple regression indicated that for the average patient, a faculty member took 63.8 minutes (95% CI = 60.8 to 66.7 minutes) and a resident took 81.9 minutes (95% CI = 78.7 to 85.0 minutes, P<.0001).These results demonstrate that the appropriate scheduling of operating room should be based on the proficiency level of provider as well as the complexity of the dental procedure. Conclusion: This study concludes that pediatric dental operating room planning and scheduling in teaching hospitals should take into account real constraints such as residents’ level of training and skill.

The purposeof my thesis is to analyzeaspectsconnectedwith liberalisationof legal restrictionsbasedon domesticlegal regulationsconcerningacquisitionof domesticreal estateby foreignexchangenon-residents.The reasonfor my researchis that nobodyever hasanalyzedthistopic alsofrom historicalperspective. The thesisis composedof four chapters,eachof them dealingwith different aspectsof acquisitionof domesticreal estateby foreign exchangenon-residentsand relatedissues. ChapterOne is focusedon legal regulationsrestrictingforeign exchangenon-residentsin acquisitionsof domesticrealestatethatexistedbefore1898.The chapteris subdividedinto six parts. Part One describeslegal restrictionsexisting under Decision of Permanent Committee No. 28711938Coll. and explainsrelated issues.Part Two deals with legal restrictionsexistingunderGovernmentalDecreeNo. 155/1939Coll. and explainsrelated issues.Part threedealswith legal restrictionsexistingunder Act No. 9311946Coll' and explainsrelatedissues.Part Four is focusedon legal restrictionsexistingunder Act No. 107/1953and explainsrelatedissues.PartFive describeslegal restrictionsexistingunder Act No. l42lIgl0 Coll. andexplainsrelatedissues.PartSix is focusedon legalrestrictions existingunderAct No. 16211989andexplainsrelatedissues' ChapterTwo examineslegal restrictionsexistingin...

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the progress and development connected to the acquisition of domestic real estate by foreign exchange non-residents, especially the changes in legal regulations which deal with this issue, and to document this liberalisation with examples from court procedures. This thesis comprises seven chapters; the first two chapters are designated for the introduction, where the goals of this thesis are defined, and for a short historical excursion which introduces the issue from a historical context. The core of this thesis is chapters three, four and five. Chapter three describes and evaluates the development of this issue in the period between November 1989 and the adoption of the last Foreign Exchange Act. The most attention is paid to the dynamic development of the regulations in the Foreign Exchange Act and on the context of other matters which had a large impact on its provisions. The purpose was to order the single chapters and subchapters so that they constitute a logical unit on the one hand, but on the other hand each subchapter deals with its own topic and part of the issue. Logical milestones are events like the Accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union and the expiration of transitive periods. Factually the single subchapters deal with special...

Introdução: A catarata é a principal causa de cegueira reversível no mundo e seu tratamento é exclusivamente cirúrgico, cujas técnicas mais difundidas são a extração extracapsular do cristalino (EECC) e a facoemulsificação (FACO). Objetivo: Avaliar custos e desfechos clínicos na cirurgia ambulatorial de catarata por FACO e EECC quando realizadas por médicos residentes do terceiro ano (R3). Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados os custos desses procedimentos, que incluíram: valores pagos aos profissionais, taxas hospitalares, materiais, medicamentos e equipamentos, e analisados os prontuários de pacientes operados por R3, utilizando as técnicas de FACO (n=576) e EECC (n=274), para obtenção de dados referentes à avaliação da acuidade visual (AV) pré-operatória e pós-operatória durante seis meses após a cirurgia, taxa de complicações intraoperatórias e ao número de consultas pós-operatórias. Resultados: O custo médio foi maior na FACO (USD 416) do que na EECC (USD 284), utilizando-se a conversão de moeda do dia 30 de dezembro de 2011. A AV média pré-operatória foi pior na EECC (1,73±0,62 logMAR) do que na FACO (0,74±0,54; p<0,01). O melhor resultado da AV média pós-operatória foi encontrado na FACO (0.21±0.36 logMAR) e na ECCE (0,63±0,63; p<0.01). No grupo FACO, 85% dos casos atingiram AV<=0,30 logMAR, já na EECC esse índice ocorreu em 45% deles (p<0.01). A taxa de complicações intraoperatórias foi menor na FACO (7,6%) do que na EECC (21%; p<0,01). A média de consultas pós-operatórias foi menor na FACO (4,5±2,4) versus EECC (5,6±2,3; p<0,01). Conclusão: Apesar de o custo médio da cirurgia ambulatorial de catarata atingir valor 46% maior na FACO, o uso desta técnica no ensino de R3 mostrou índice de complicações três vezes inferior, menor número de consultas pós-operatórias e melhores resultados para a AV pós-operatória do que os observados nas cirurgias por EECC. / Introduction: Cataract is the leading cause of reversible blindness in the world and cataract surgery is the main performed procedure to its treatment; the most widespread techiniques being the extracapsular extraction of lens (ECCE) and phacoemulsification (PHACO). Objectives: To assess costs and outcomes of cataract surgery by PHACO and by ECCE performed by residents in ophthalmology. Material and Methods: The estimated costs of the procedures include wages, and hospital costs (fees, medicines, medical supplies and equipments). Medical records of patients operated by third-year residents (R3) using PHACO (n=576) and ECCE (n=274) were included in order to collect data on the assessment of visual acuity (VA) before and 6 months after surgery, along with rates of intraoperative complications and total number of postoperative visits. Results: Mean total costs were significantly higher for PHACO (USD 416) than for ECCE (USD 284) (currency exchange for December 30, 2011). The average preoperative VA (logMAR) was worse for eyes submitted to ECCE, 1.73 ± 0.62, than for eyes submitted to PHACO, 0.74 ± 0.54 (p<0.01). Mean postoperative VA was better for PHACO, 0.21 ± 0.36 logMAR than for ECCE, 0.63 ± 0.63 (p<0.01). VA of 0.30 logMAR or better was achieved in 85% of cases for PHACO and in 45% for ECCE (p<0.01). The rate of intraoperative complications was significantly higher for EECC (21%) than for PHACO (7.6%) (p<0.01), and the mean number of postoperative visits was higher for ECCE (5.6 ± 2.3) than for PHACO (4.5 ± 2.4) (p<0.01). Conclusion: Although the average cost of cataract surgery performed by R3 is 46% higher in PHACO when compared with ECCE, the use PHACO by senior residents in ophtalmology showed complication rates three times lower, fewer postoperative visits and, most importantly, better postoperative VA than observed for ECCE.

Introdução: A catarata é a principal causa de cegueira reversível no mundo e seu tratamento é exclusivamente cirúrgico, cujas técnicas mais difundidas são a extração extracapsular do cristalino (EECC) e a facoemulsificação (FACO). Objetivo: Avaliar custos e desfechos clínicos na cirurgia ambulatorial de catarata por FACO e EECC quando realizadas por médicos residentes do terceiro ano (R3). Material e Métodos: Foram avaliados os custos desses procedimentos, que incluíram: valores pagos aos profissionais, taxas hospitalares, materiais, medicamentos e equipamentos, e analisados os prontuários de pacientes operados por R3, utilizando as técnicas de FACO (n=576) e EECC (n=274), para obtenção de dados referentes à avaliação da acuidade visual (AV) pré-operatória e pós-operatória durante seis meses após a cirurgia, taxa de complicações intraoperatórias e ao número de consultas pós-operatórias. Resultados: O custo médio foi maior na FACO (USD 416) do que na EECC (USD 284), utilizando-se a conversão de moeda do dia 30 de dezembro de 2011. A AV média pré-operatória foi pior na EECC (1,73±0,62 logMAR) do que na FACO (0,74±0,54; p<0,01). O melhor resultado da AV média pós-operatória foi encontrado na FACO (0.21±0.36 logMAR) e na ECCE (0,63±0,63; p<0.01). No grupo FACO, 85% dos casos atingiram AV<=0,30 logMAR, já na EECC esse índice ocorreu em 45% deles (p<0.01). A taxa de complicações intraoperatórias foi menor na FACO (7,6%) do que na EECC (21%; p<0,01). A média de consultas pós-operatórias foi menor na FACO (4,5±2,4) versus EECC (5,6±2,3; p<0,01). Conclusão: Apesar de o custo médio da cirurgia ambulatorial de catarata atingir valor 46% maior na FACO, o uso desta técnica no ensino de R3 mostrou índice de complicações três vezes inferior, menor número de consultas pós-operatórias e melhores resultados para a AV pós-operatória do que os observados nas cirurgias por EECC. / Introduction: Cataract is the leading cause of reversible blindness in the world and cataract surgery is the main performed procedure to its treatment; the most widespread techiniques being the extracapsular extraction of lens (ECCE) and phacoemulsification (PHACO). Objectives: To assess costs and outcomes of cataract surgery by PHACO and by ECCE performed by residents in ophthalmology. Material and Methods: The estimated costs of the procedures include wages, and hospital costs (fees, medicines, medical supplies and equipments). Medical records of patients operated by third-year residents (R3) using PHACO (n=576) and ECCE (n=274) were included in order to collect data on the assessment of visual acuity (VA) before and 6 months after surgery, along with rates of intraoperative complications and total number of postoperative visits. Results: Mean total costs were significantly higher for PHACO (USD 416) than for ECCE (USD 284) (currency exchange for December 30, 2011). The average preoperative VA (logMAR) was worse for eyes submitted to ECCE, 1.73 ± 0.62, than for eyes submitted to PHACO, 0.74 ± 0.54 (p<0.01). Mean postoperative VA was better for PHACO, 0.21 ± 0.36 logMAR than for ECCE, 0.63 ± 0.63 (p<0.01). VA of 0.30 logMAR or better was achieved in 85% of cases for PHACO and in 45% for ECCE (p<0.01). The rate of intraoperative complications was significantly higher for EECC (21%) than for PHACO (7.6%) (p<0.01), and the mean number of postoperative visits was higher for ECCE (5.6 ± 2.3) than for PHACO (4.5 ± 2.4) (p<0.01). Conclusion: Although the average cost of cataract surgery performed by R3 is 46% higher in PHACO when compared with ECCE, the use PHACO by senior residents in ophtalmology showed complication rates three times lower, fewer postoperative visits and, most importantly, better postoperative VA than observed for ECCE.