Both interventionist and anti-interventionist scholars have advanced the view that the 2011 Libyan conflict probes the need to establish an international organisation to settle disputes between nations with a view to maintaining international peace and security. Ironically, 67 years after the founding of the United Nations, post-colonial African states remain deeply troubled and affected by conflicts that are often exacerbated by United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolutions. The 2011 Libyan conflict was not a war for democracy; rather, it represented and demonstrated clearly the asymmetrical relations between Africa and Europe. This study therefore, is anchored on the thesis that the Western Countries—especially Britain and France—within the UNSC ignore the values that are embodied in the Treaty of Westphalia which established state sovereignty. Some Permanent five (P5) members of the UN were typically insensitive to Libya’s sovereignty and to the creed of democracy and this inevitably undermined the national security of the state in favour of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ clause. The outsourcing of the UNSC’s mission, among other things, in Libya to ensure ‘international peace and security’ to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was a critical reason for the loss of human lives and values in the 2011 Libyan pogrom. The introduction of a no-fly zone over Libya and the use of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) contained in UNSC Resolution 1973 clearly stoked the conflict in Libya in order to further the political and pecuniary interests of some of the P5 members. The involvement of NATO and the attendant bombing campaign in Libya served to undermine the militarily weak continent of Africa in its effort to broker peace under the umbrella of the African Union (AU). In order to secure these political and economic interests, the NATO jet bombers declared war against a sovereign UN member state and openly participated in the eventual overthrow and death of the Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi. In essence, this study underscores that the use of Responsibility to Protect in Libya was orchestrated at the highest level of international politics to justify external interference and ultimately, to secure regime change in Libya. The net effect of the outcome of the 2011 Libyan conflict is the post-war imperial control of Libya’s natural resources facilitated by the National Transition Committee established by these imperial forces. The extent of the damage caused by the UN-backed NATO intervention in Libya is also the result of the collective failure of the African Union to assert itself in the Libyan situation. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

The federal fiscal year runs from October 1 to September 30, and many federal agencies rely on annual appropriations to fund activities and programs. Nonetheless, the federal government often enters a new fiscal year without a fully approved budget, which actuates the requirement for a temporary means of funding government operations. Congress and the president provide provisional resources by way of continuing resolutions which enable the operation of government programs until regular appropriations are enacted. However, continuing resolutions are restrictive by design and may have unintended effects on government spending behavior beyond the timeframe to which the resolutions apply. This study explores the relationship between the uncertainty generated by the implementation of continuing appropriations and the modification of expenditure behavior in federal agencies. After a summary of the federal budget process and a survey of the literature related to continuing resolutions, a model of agency spending is presented. The associated theory explores suppositions related to ex ante and ex post reactions of agency officials to: (1) a one-time occurrence of continuing resolutions, and (2) an environment of regularly occurring continuing resolutions. Afterward, event study methods are applied to a subset of federal monthly obligation data to reveal patterns of spending which are suggestive of: (1) a saving-dissaving approach to compensate for the restrictive nature of continuing resolutions, and (2) the presence of signaling mechanisms between higher echelons of the federal government and subordinate agencies. A second quantitative chapter builds on the idea that federal agencies engage in expense shifting in anticipation of the enactment of continuing resolutions. An agenda setting framework is used to demonstrate how agencies monitor particular sources of the federal budget process to gain insight to the likelihood of continuing appropriations being enacted. Findings show that decision-makers may be able to determine the relevancy of particular budgetary signals within the congressional budgetary scheme.

This article shows the results of the Public Procurement Administrative Court’s performance from 2012 to 2014, mainly referred to opportunity and predictability on resolutions issuing process, supporting on statistics the evolution of the caseload as well as the time record of closing the procedures related to matters of Administrative Court’s jurisdiction which had a direct effect on the public procurement contracts’ efficiency.Additionally, we go through some Plenary Chamber Rulings, witch jointly with uniform interpretation criteria are the best mechanism to ensure equality in law application and thus institutional framework of Public Procurement Administrative Court. / En el presente artículo, se muestran los resultados de la gestión del Tribunal de Contrataciones del Estado en los años 2012 a 2014, referidos, principalmente, a la oportunidad y predictibilidad en la emisión de resoluciones.Apoyada de algunos datos estadísticos, se muestra la evolución de la carga procesal del Tribunal de Contrataciones y los tiempos de atención de los procedimientos de competencia del Tribunal y que inciden, directamente, en la eficiencia de la compra pública. Asimismo, se revisan algunos de los Acuerdos de Sala Plena emitidos, que junto a criterios de interpretación uniforme, son el mejor mecanismo para garantizar la igualdad en la aplicaciónde la ley y por tanto, la institucionalidad del Tribunal de Contrataciones del Estado.

This paper is an overview of the developments and generalizations of Tate Cohomology. The number of such generalizations is high and the literature on many of them is vast. Hence, we do not pretend to give a complete account of all the branches that have developed from the original ideas of Tate. This is rather an overview of how the ideas developed. / Este artículo es una revisión del desarrollo y generalizaciones de la cohomología de Tate. El número de tales generalizaciones es alto y la literatura en torno a muchas de ellas es vasta. Por consiguiente, no pretendemos dar un recuento completo de las ramas que se desprenden de las ideas originales de Tate; esto más bien representa un bosquejo de cómo estas ideas se han ido desarrollando.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T19:13:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Noelli Ferreira dos Santos.pdf: 2061209 bytes, checksum: 8827389bee8b0c0f33ade5c09f933d88 (MD5) Noelli Ferreira dos Santos.pdf.txt: 205792 bytes, checksum: 05012482555d570e54fe34acaf454aeb (MD5) Noelli Ferreira dos Santos.pdf.jpg: 3584 bytes, checksum: 311b6319e8ccee48204c264ddae098c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to analyze the contributions of the Methodology Problem Resolutions coupled with Winplot application to build the concept of function by high school students. The participants were students of the 1st year of High School of the Escola Estadual Padre Rômulo Zanchi in the city of Santa Maria. The research was a qualitative, grounded in cultural-historical theory of Vygotsky and Methodology Problem Resolutions. The instruments used involved two questionnaires, observations of activities, a daily classroom, as well as the documentary record of the students in the use of application Winplot. The questionnaires showed that the students use the computer for leisure and expressed interest in using it for learning math. As for your previous knowledge, the students have difficulties on content function. After the activities are applied, the results analysis, it was found that students were able to analyze the numerical data, understand the variations of the quantities involved, algebraic and graphical form relationships more accurately, and can interpret and observe changes performed on each chart and other information and properties, allowing the appropriation of the concept of function and could be a basis for the understanding of other mathematical functions. However there were some difficulties faced by students, especially with regard to reading and interpreting graphs. The most significant is that students engaged with the technological resources and motivated with more diverse classes, where students exchange information and learning. The computerized environment and methodology required participation and discussion by changing the traditional setting of the classroom. So the teacher had to be open to pedagogic as well as technological innovations, thus providing a more dynamic and innovative learning. / No presente trabalho, teve-se como objetivo analisar as contribuições da Metodologia de Resoluções de Problemas aliada ao aplicativo Winplot para a construção do conceito de função por alunos do Ensino Médio. Os sujeitos participantes foram estudantes do 1° ano do Ensino Médio da Escola Estadual Padre Rômulo Zanchi na cidade de Santa Maria. A pesquisa foi de cunho qualitativo, fundamentada na teoria histórico-cultural de Vygotsky e na Metodologia de Resolução de Problemas. Os instrumentos utilizados envolveram dois questionários, observações das atividades desenvolvidas, além de um diário de aula, bem como o registro documental dos alunos no uso do aplicativo Winplot. Com base nos questionários, verificou-se que os alunos utilizam o computador para o lazer e demonstrarm interesse em utilizá-lo para a aprendizagem de matemática. Quanto aos seus conhecimentos prévios, os alunos apresentaram dificuldades sobre o conteúdo de função. Após as atividades serem aplicadas, e os resultados analisados, constatou-se que os alunos tiveram a possibilidade de avaliar os dados numéricos, compreender as variações das grandezas envolvidas, estabelecer relações algébricas e gráficas com mais precisão, além de poder interpretar e observar as alterações realizadas em cada gráfico entre outras informações e propriedades, o que possibilitou a apropriação do conceito de função e pôde servir de base para a compreensão das demais funções matemáticas que serão estudadas ao longo do ensino médio. Entretanto, observaram-se algumas dificuldades enfrentadas pelos alunos, principalmente no que se refere à leitura e a interpretação de gráficos. Um dos resultados mais significativo desse trabalho diz respeito ao envolvimento dos alunos com os recursos tecnológicos e a motivação demonstrada nas aulas mais diversificadas, nas quais tiveram a oportunidade de socializar informações e aprendizados. O ambiente informatizado e a metodologia adotada exigiram participação e discussões mudando o cenário tradicional de sala de aula. Por isso, o professor precisou estar aberto às inovações tanto pedagógicas como tecnológicas, de modo a proporcionar assim um processo de ensino mais dinâmico e inovador.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-13T20:31:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaPaulaMagalhaesDeAbreu.pdf: 4441540 bytes, checksum: 73597ad59fef01abba8102fb6433fdd7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T20:31:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaPaulaMagalhaesDeAbreu.pdf: 4441540 bytes, checksum: 73597ad59fef01abba8102fb6433fdd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-21 / The present research had as its to investigate the contributions of the methodology of Problems Resolution and the use of concrete material in the teaching and learning process of the four mathematical operations with whole numbers, with students of the seventh year of elementary school. The objectives were: to analyze how the pupils solved problems related to the four operations; the manner how they used the concrete material in the resolution of problems; to identify how the students related the situation-problem in the classroom to their daily life and, finally, to verify if the work in group facilitated the Resolution of the Problems, which involved the four mathematical operations with whole numbers. The methodological approach used was the qualitative type, being used in the steps of resolution of problems (Polya, 1978). The information collected was based on a class diary and on the recording of pupils in the material hand out in each class. The individuals were the pupils in the seventh year of elementary school from Aracy Barreto Sachis. Analyzing the collected data, from observations of the teacher and student achievements, it was possible to infer that the teaching of the four mathematical operations gained a new insight for the students when they used the concrete material following the Resolutions of Problems methodology. It can be concluded that the application of the didactic sequence, with the help of the concrete material and the work in pairs, favored the students’ learning, process because it produced an interactive atmosphere for discussion and argument the possible to overcome the difficulties arisen in the understanding of the concepts of mathematical operations with whole numbers. / A presente pesquisa teve como propósito investigar as contribuições da metodologia de Resolução de Problemas e do uso do material concreto para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem das quatro operações matemáticas com os números inteiros, com estudantes do sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental. Os objetivos foram: analisar como os alunos resolveram problemas relativos às quatro operações; conhecer o modo como eles usaram o material concreto para a resolução de problemas; identificar como os estudantes relacionaram as situações-problema da sala de aula com o seu cotidiano e, por último, verificar se o trabalho em grupo facilitou a Resolução de Problemas, envolvendo as quatro operações matemáticas com números inteiros. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi de cunho qualitativo, sendo utilizado os passos da Resolução de Problemas (Polya, 1978). As informações coletadas foram baseadas no diário de aula e no registro dos alunos no material entregue em cada aula. Os sujeitos foram os alunos do sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental da Escola Municipal Aracy Barreto Sachis. Analisando os dados obtidos, a partir das observações da professora e das realizações dos alunos, foi possível inferir que o ensino das quatro operações matemáticas ganhou um novo significado para os alunos ao utilizar o material concreto seguindo a metodologia de Resolução de Problemas. Pode-se concluir que a aplicação da seqüência didática, com o auxílio do material concreto e do trabalho em duplas, favoreceu a aprendizagem dos alunos, pois gerou um ambiente interativo de discussão e argumentação que possibilitou superar as dificuldades apresentadas na compreensão dos conceitos das operações matemáticas com os números inteiros.

Este trabalho tem por objeto examinar a atuação administrativa consensual, com enfoque na solução de conflitos sobre prestações materiais de saúde na esfera administrativa. A Constituição Federal de 1988 reconhece expressamente a saúde como direito fundamental de todos e determina ser dever do Estado garanti-lo, mediante políticas sociais e econômicas que visem à promoção, proteção e recuperação da saúde. Para alcançar os fins estatuídos pelo constituinte, diversas políticas públicas têm sido elaboradas e executadas. Porém, tendo em vista que grande parte da população não tem acesso às ações e serviços de saúde, o trabalho se propõe a indicar possíveis alternativas para enfrentar esta problemática brasileira. Para construir uma concepção dogmática adequada à compreensão do direito à saúde e de suas repercussões jurídicas, a dissertação analisa a teoria dos direitos fundamentais, explicitando as variadas funções que o direito à saúde pode exercer conforme o caso concreto. A função positiva do direito à saúde é destacada neste estudo, sobretudo, sua importância no Estado Social na promoção da igualdade material. Na sequência, o trabalho se dedica ao estudo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), com base na estrutura delineada pela Constituição para conduzir a elaboração e a execução de políticas sanitárias. Em seguida, o tema da participação popular na Administração Pública é examinado como vetor do caráter Democrático do Estado, analisando seus pressupostos, instrumentos e, ainda, suas formas de expressão no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Por fim, o texto explora o modelo de Administração consensual no Brasil, especialmente no tocante à atividade de dirimir controvérsias na via administrativa, buscando identificar se, e em quais casos, esta atuação configura um autêntico módulo convencional. Feito o recorte temático proposto como linha de pesquisa, o trabalho examina instrumentos pró-consensuais institucionalizados para a solução de conflitos em matéria de saúde na via administrativa, apontando caminhos voltados à realização do direito fundamental à saúde e aos objetivos do Estado previstos na Constituição Federal. / This essay intends to examine the consensual administrative action, approaching to the conflict resolution regarding to medical supplies as well as healthcare services in the administrative process. The Federal Constitution of 1988 expressly recognizes health as a fundamental right and States guarantee duty, through social and economic policies, which has the propose of health promotion, protection and recovery. In order to realize the constitutional aims, a lot of public policies have been developed and implemented. However, considering that great amount of the population does not have access to healthcare actions and services, the study has the purpose of identifying possible alternatives to deal with this Brazilian issue. In order to develop an appropriate dogmatic understanding related to right to health and its legal repercussions, this essay analyzes the fundamental rights theory, explaining the various right to health functions that could be used according to the case. The right to healths positive function is highlighted in this essay, mainly, its importance to the Social State regarding to substantive equality promotion. Afterwards, this essay studies the Brazilian healthcare system (so-called Sistema Único de Saúde, or simply SUS), based on the structure outlined by the Constitution related to development and performance of public health policies. Then, the public participation theme in Public Administration is analyzed as a Democratic State conductor, going through its assumptions, instruments, and also its way of expression in the Brazilian healthcare system (SUS). Finally, the study explores the Brazilian consensual administrative model, especially in relation to conflict resolution activity in the administrative process, with the view to identify if, and in which cases, this action consist on a genuine conventional mechanism. In the conclusion, the analyze focuses on institutional mechanisms in favor of conflicts resolution by consensus regarding to heath in the administrative process, pointing out possible ways which conduces to right of heath effectiveness and achievements related to the objectives stated in the Federal Constitution.

Orientador: Marcos Benevenuto Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prata_DanielaMoura_D.pdf: 839425 bytes, checksum: 24b3dac76766d8c843d040b951a4376a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho relacionamos algumas classes de fibrados vetoriais...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: In this work we relate some classes of vector bundles on...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Matematica / Doutor em Matemática

Les méthodes de microscopie de super-résolution (SRM) telles que la microscopie PALM (photoactivated localization microscopy), STORM (stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy), BALM (binding-activated localization microscopy) et le DNA-PAINT, représentent un nouvel ensemble de techniques de microscopie optique qui permettent de surpasser la limite de diffraction ( > 200 nm dans le spectre visible). Ces méthodes sont basées sur la localisation de la fluorescence de molécules uniques, et peuvent atteindre des résolutions de l'ordre du nanomètres (~20 nm latéralement et 50 nm axialement). Les techniques SRM ont un large spectre d'applications dans les domaines de la biologie et de la biophysique, rendant possible l'accès à l'information tant dynamique que structurale de structures connues ou non, in vivo et in vitro. Beaucoup d'efforts ont été fournis durant la dernière décennie afin d'élargir le potentiel de ces méthodes en développant des méthodes de localisation à la fois plus précise et plus rapide, d'améliorer la photophysique des fluorophores, de développer des algorithmes pour obtenir une information quantitative et augmenter la précision de localisation, etc. Cependant, très peu de méthodes ont été développées pour examiner l'hétérogénéité des images et extraire les informations statistiquement pertinent à partir de plusieurs milliers d'images individuelles super-résolues. Dans mon travail de thèse, je me suis spécifiquement attaquée à ces limitations en: (1) construisant des objets de dimensions nanométriques et de structures bien définies, avec la possibilité d'être adaptés aux besoins. Ces objets sont basés sur les origamis d'ADN. (2) développant des approches de marquage afin d'acquérir des images homogènes de ces objets. (3) implémentant des outils statistiques dans le but d'améliorer l'analyse et la validation d'images. Ces outils se basent sur des méthodes de reconstruction de molécules uniques communément appliquées aux reconstructions d'images de microscopie électronique. J'ai spécifiquement appliqué ces développements à la reconstruction de formes 3D de deux origamis d'ADN modèles (en une et trois dimensions). Je montre comment ces méthodes permettent la dissection de l'hétérogénéité de l'échantillon, et la combinaison d'images similaires afin d'améliorer le rapport signal sur bruit. La combinaison de différentes classes moyennes ont permis la reconstruction des formes tridimensionnelles des origamis d'ADN. Particulièrement, car cette méthode utilise la projection 2D de différentes vues d'une même structure, elle permet la récupération de résolutions isotropes en trois dimensions. Des fonctions spécifiques ont été adaptées à partir de méthodologies existantes afin de quantifier la fiabilité des reconstructions et de leur résolution. A l'avenir, ces développements seront utiles pour la reconstruction 3D de tous types d'objets biologiques pouvant être observés à haute résolution par des méthodologies dérivées de PALM, STORM ou PAINT. / Super resolution microscopy (SRM) methods such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), binding-activated localization microscopy (BALM) and DNA-PAINT represent a new collection of light microscopy techniques that allow to overpass the diffraction limit barrier ( > 200 nm in the visible spectrum). These methods are based on the localization of bursts of fluorescence from single fluorophores, and can reach nanometer resolutions (~20 nm in lateral and 50 nm in axial direction, respectively). SRM techniques have a broad spectrum of applications in the field of biology and biophysics, allowing access to structural and dynamical information of known and unknown biological structures in vivo and in vitro. Many efforts have been made over the last decade to increase the potential of these methods by developing more precise and faster localization techniques, to improve fluorophore photophysics, to develop algorithms to obtain quantitative information and increase localization precision, etc. However, very few methods have been developed to dissect image heterogeneity and to extract statistically relevant information from thousands of individual super-resolved images. In my thesis, I specifically tackled these limitations by: (1) constructing objects with nanometer dimensions and well-defined structures with the possibility of be tailored to any need. These objects are based on DNA origami. (2) developing labeling approaches to homogeneously image these objects. These approaches are based on adaptations of BALM and DNA-PAINT microscopies. (3) implemented statistical tools to improve image analysis and validation. These tools are based on single-particle reconstruction methods commonly applied to image reconstruction in electron microscopy.I specifically applied these developments to reconstruct the 3D shape of two model DNA origami (in one and three dimensions). I show how this method permits the dissection of sample heterogeneity, and the combination of similar images in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The combination of different average classes permitted the reconstruction of the three dimensional shape of DNA origami. Notably, because this method uses the 2D projections of different views of the same structure, it permits the recovery of isotropic resolutions in three dimensions. Specific functions were adapted from previous methodologies to quantify the reliability of the reconstructions and their resolution.In future, these developments will be helpful for the 3D reconstruction of any biological object that can be imaged at super resolution by PALM, STORM or PAINT-derived methodologies.

Tropical geometry is an area of mathematics that interfaces algebraic geometry and combinatorics. The main object of study in tropical geometry is the tropical variety, which is the combinatorial counterpart of a classical variety. A classical variety is converted into a tropical variety by a process called tropicalization, thus reducing the problems of algebraic geometry to problems of combinatorics. This new tropical variety encodes several useful information about the original variety, for example an algebraic variety and its tropical counterpart have the same dimension. In this thesis, we look at the some of the computational aspects of tropical algebraic geometry. We study a generalization of Grobner basis theory of modules which unlike the standard Grobner basis also takes the valuation of coefficients into account. This was rst introduced in (Maclagan & Sturmfels, 2009) in the settings of polynomial rings and its computational aspects were first studied in (Chan & Maclagan, 2013) for the polynomial ring case. The motivation for this comes from tropical geometry as it can be used to compute tropicalization of varieties. We further generalize this to the case of modules. But apart from that it has many other computational advantages. For example, in the standard case the size of the initial submodule generally grows with the increase in degree of the generators. But in this case, we give an example of a family of submodules where the size of the initial submodule remains constant. We also develop an algorithm for computation of Grobner basis of submodules of modules over Z=p`Z[x1; : : : ; xn] that works for any weight vector. We also look at some of the important applications of this new theory. We show how this can be useful in efficiently solving the submodule membership problem. We also study the computation of Hilbert polynomials, syzygies and free resolutions.