Fidgeting and otherwise constant movements in individuals can be beneficial in those who suffer from Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or Generalized Anxiety Disorder as well as others. However this constant movement can also be a distraction to others as well as protrude an air of no self confidence. It is the drawbacks from these actions that we wish to address. By developing an intelligent system that can detect these motions and alert the user, it will allow the wearer of the device to self correct. It is in this self control that one may exhibit more confidence or simply reduce the level of irritation experienced by those in the immediate vicinity. We have designed and built a low cost, mobile, lightweight, untethered, wearable prototype device. It will detect these actions and deliver user selectable biofeedback through a light emitting diode, buzzer, vibromotor or an electric shock to allow for self control. / by Scott A. Barnard. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Background: Symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) have been observed. However, it is unclear whether rates of threshold depression and anxiety disorders according to DSM-IV criteria in such patients are also elevated. Methods: 238 RLS patients were assessed with a standardized diagnostic interview (Munich- Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV) validated for subjects aged 18–65 years. Rates of anxiety and depressive disorders were compared between 130 RLS patients within this age range and 2265 community respondents from a nationally representative sample with somatic morbidity of other types. Results: RLS patients revealed an increased risk of having 12-month anxiety and depressive disorders with particularly strong associations with panic disorder (OR=4.7; 95% CI=2.1–10.1), generalized anxiety disorder (OR=3.5; 95% CI= 1.7–7.1), and major depression (OR=2.6; 95% CI=1.5–4.4). In addition, lifetime rates of panic disorder and most depressive disorders as well as comorbid depression and anxiety disorders were considerably increased among RLS patients compared with controls. Conclusions: The results suggest that RLS patients are at increased risk of having specific anxiety and depressive disorders. Causal attributions of patients suggest that a considerable proportion of the excess morbidity for depression and panic disorder might be due to RLS symptomatology.

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Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 5 Publico-165a.pdf: 463473 bytes, checksum: cae240c8ee591f50351d96ca3258bfba (MD5) Publico-165b.pdf: 155628 bytes, checksum: 1115706461101400dcec7e30309c015b (MD5) Publico-165c.pdf: 1838976 bytes, checksum: 98bc6262f927468869ae5e34cde1918a (MD5) Publico-165d.pdf: 1269518 bytes, checksum: f1bbb32c8edea554dfa6517033d47653 (MD5) Publico-165e.pdf: 1520227 bytes, checksum: 275186328f675001df3bba84180ce117 (MD5) / Contexto: A síndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) é uma desordem caracterizada por uma angustiante necessidade de movê-las e, às vezes, mover também outras partes do corpo, geralmente acompanhada de desconforto ou dor. O tratamento desta síndrome com agonistas dopaminérgicos tem sido reconhecido como terapêutica de primeira linha, porque parece eficaz com base em princípios fisiopatológicos; vários grupos farmacológicos compreendem seu tratamento. Objetivos: Avaliar se intervenções farmacológicas são eficazes e seguras para o tratamento da SPI. Método: Revisão Sistemática Cochrane de estudos randomizados ou quasirandomizados sobre agentes farmacológicos utilizados no tratamento da SPI. Foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos para cada fármaco: alívio dos sintomas medido pela escala de gravidade para a síndrome das pernas inquietas (IRLSSG Rating Scale), eventos adversos, parâmetros polissonográficos, melhora subjetiva, qualidade de vida, impressão clínica global, impressão global do paciente, escala de sonolência de Epworth MSLT: Múltiplos Testes de Latência do Sono; PLMI: índice dos Movimentos Periódicos dos Membros. A autora desta tese avaliou os estudos recuperados nas buscas, utilizando critérios que envolviam os métodos randômicos, de cegamento e sigilo de alocação. As divergências foram resolvidas em reunião de consenso. Resultados: As buscas manual e eletrônica encontraram 1.026 estudos. Foram incluídos 94 ensaios clínicos que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão (estudos randomizados ou quasi-randomizados). A análise dos dados considerados em conjunto permitiu concluir que as intervenções farmacológicas foram efetivas para os agonistas dopaminérgicos. Dentre as drogas de segunda linha, apenas a clonidina mostrou-se efetiva. A qualidade dos estudos foi adequada para os ensaios clínicos envolvendo os agonistas dopaminérgicos, parcialmente adequada para levodopa e anticonvulsivantes e pouco adequada para os demais fármacos estudados. Conclusões: Há evidências de que os agonistas dopaminérgicos são eficazes e seguros para o tratamento da SPI a curto prazo, mas não há evidência científica de que os demais fármacos são efetivos nesta doença. / Background: The restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder characterized by a distressing need to move the legs and sometimes other parts of the body. Usually accompanied by a marked sense of discomfort or pain in the leg or other body part affected. The treatment of restless legs syndrome with dopamine agonists has been recognized as the main first-line treatment because it seems to be effective based on pathophysiologic principles. Although, several pharmacological drugs are envolved in the treatment of RLS. Objectives: To assess whether pharmacological interventions are effective and safe for the treatment of RLS. Methods: Systematic Cochrane Review of randomized studies or quasi-randomized on pharmacological agents used to treat RLS. The following outcomes were assessed for each drug: relief of symptoms measured by the restless legs syndrome ranting scale (IRLSSG Rating Scale), adverse events, polysomnographic parameters, subjective improvement, quality of life and clinical global impression, overall impression of the patient , the scale of Epiworth MSLT: Multiple Sleep Latency Test; PLM periodic limb movments and others. The authors evaluated the studies retrieved in searches using criteria involving the method of randomization, blinding and the method of allocation concelment. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results: The electronic and manual search found 1,026 studies. Were included 94 studies that met the clinical criteria for inclusion (randomized studies or quasi-randomized). The analysis of data, taken together, indicated that the pharmacological interventions were effective for dopamine agonists. Among the second-line drugs, only clonidine was shown to be effective. The quality of studies was suitable for clinical trials involving the dopamine agonists, partially adequated to levodopa and anticonvulsants, and unsuited for the other drugs studied. Conclusions: There is evidence that dopamine agonists are effective and safe for the treatment of RLS in the short term, there is no scientific evidence that all drugs are effective in this disease. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

nÃo hà / Este trabalho consiste de dois estudos: o primeiro estudo avalia o papel da morfometria por ressonÃncia magnÃtica (RM) no diagnÃstico diferencial das sÃndromes parkinsonianas; o segundo avalia as alteraÃÃes do sono nessas sÃndromes e suas relaÃÃes com alteraÃÃes estruturais na RM. Nas fases iniciais da doenÃa o diagnÃstico diferencial entre as sÃndromes parkinsonianas pode ser de difÃcil realizaÃÃo. As medidas por RM podem contribuir para o diagnÃstico diferencial entre a doenÃa Parkinson (DP), paralisia supranuclear progressiva (PSP) e atrofia de mÃltiplos sistemas (AMS). O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar o valor diagnÃstico das alteraÃÃes anatÃmicas estruturais identificadas pela RM no diagnÃstico diferencial dessas sÃndromes. Foram estudados 21 casos com DP, 11 casos com atrofia de mÃltiplos sistemas forma cerebelar (AMS-c), 8 casos de atrofia de mÃltiplos sistemas forma parkinsoniana (AMS-p) e 20 com PSP. A Ãrea sagital mediana do mesencÃfalo (Ams), Ãrea sagital mediana da ponte (Apn), largura mÃdia do pedÃnculo cerebelar mÃdio (PCM) e pedÃnculo cerebelar superior (PCS) foram medidas pela RM. ComparaÃÃes mÃltiplas foram realizadas entre a PD, AMS-c, AMS-p e PSP. A morfometria da Apn, PCM e PCS apresentaram diferenÃas entre os casos com diferentes diagnÃsticos. A Ams e a morfometria do PCS foram as medidas mais preditivas para o diagnÃstico de PSP, de tal forma que uma Ãrea do mesencÃfalo < 105 mm2 e a medida do PCS < 3 mm mostraram uma grande probabilidade para este diagnÃstico (sensibilidade de 95,0 e 80,0%, respectivamente). Nos casos de AMS-c, a morfometria da Apn < 315mm2 apresentou boa especificidade e valor preditivo positivo para o diagnÃstico (93,8% e 72,7%, respectivamente). Em conclusÃo, demonstramos que dimensÃes e valores de cortes obtidos a partir de exames de RM podem diferenciar entre PD, PSP e AMS-c, com boa sensibilidade, especificidade e precisÃo. Na segunda etapa desse trabalho, foram avaliados e comparados os distÃrbios do sono em pacientes com DP, AMS e PSP e as possÃveis associaÃÃes com a morfometria por RM do encÃfalo em 16 casos de DP, 13 AMS, 14 PSP e 12 controles. Os distÃrbios do sono foram avaliados pela escala de SonolÃncia de Epworth, Ãndice de Qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), escala de pernas inquietas e questionÃrio de Berlim. A Apn e Ams e largura do PCS e do PCM foram medidas pela RM. A mà qualidade do sono, o risco da sÃndrome da apnÃia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) e sÃndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) foi detectado em todos os grupos. Pacientes com AMS apresentaram maior risco de SAOS e menor nÃmero de casos com SPI. Nos casos de AMS, uma correlaÃÃo entre os escores do IQSP e o estÃgio do Hoehn & Yahr foi observada (p<0,05). Na PSP, a SPI foi freqÃente (57%) e relacionou-se com a menor duraÃÃo e pior eficiÃncia do sono. Na DP, sonolÃncia diurna excessiva relacionou-se com a atrofia do PCM (p=0,01). Em conclusÃo, o alto risco de SAOS foi comum e proeminente nos casos de AMS. SPI foi mais freqÃente na DP e na PSP. Nos casos com PSP, a SPI associou-se com uma reduÃÃo da eficiÃncia e duraÃÃo do sono; e nos pacientes com DP e sonolÃncia excessiva diurna apresentaram maior atrofia do PCM (DP com sonolÃncia excessiva diurna PCM= 16,08Â0,93; DP sem sonolÃncia excessiva diurna PCM =17,82 0,80 p=0,01), sugerindo degeneraÃÃo de estruturas do tronco cerebral nesses pacientes. / We describe two studies, as follows: one concerns the role of cerebral morphometry as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the differential diagnosis of the parkinsonian syndromes; the other is about sleep alterations and the relationship with MRI changes in these syndromes. MRI measures can be useful for differential diagnosis between Parkinson disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of structural anatomic changes identified by MRI in the differential diagnosis of these syndromes. We studied 21 cases with PD, 11 with MSA-c, 8 with MSA-p, 20 with PSP and 12 controls. Midbrain area (Ams), Pons area (Apn), middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) width were measured using MRI. Multiple comparisons were made between PD, MSA-p, MSA-c and PSP and we show that Apn, MCP and SCP width morphometry dimensions have clear cut differences in these syndromes. The Ams and SCP were the most predictive measures of PSP. A Midbrain area below 105 mm2 and SCP less than 3 mm showed a major probability for this diagnosis (sensitivity of 95.0 and 80.0%, respectively). For the group of MSA-c patients, an Apn area below 315mm2 showed good specificity and positive predictive value (93.8% and 72.7%, respectively). In conclusion, we demonstrate that dimensions and cut off values obtained from routine MRI can differentiate between PD, PSP and MSA-c with good sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Despite common reports in PD, in other parkinsonian syndromes, sleep disturbances have been less frequently described. We compare sleep disturbances in patients with PD, MSA and PSP and analyze associations with brain MRI morphometry. This was a cross-sectional study of 16 PD cases, 13 MSA and 14 PSP. Sleep disturbances were evaluated by Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Restless Legs Scale and Berlin questionnaire. Apn, Ams, MCP width, and SCP width were measured using MRI. Poor quality sleep, risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) were detected in all groups. Patients with MSA showed higher risk of OSA and less frequent RLS. In MSA, a correlation between PSQI scores and Hoehn and Yahr stage was observed (p<0.05). In PSP, RLS was frequent (57%) and related with reduced sleep duration and efficiency. In PD, excessive daytime sleepiness was related to atrophy of the MCP (p= 0.01). High risk of OSA was common and prominent in MSA cases. RLS was more frequent in PD and PSP, and in PSP, was associated with reduced sleep efficiency and sleep duration. In conclusion, the morphometric analysis of PD patients with excessive daytime sleepiness showed more atrophy of MCP (PD with excessive daytime sleepiness MCP= 16.08Â0.93; PD without excessive daytime sleepiness MCP=17.82Â0.80 p= 0.01) suggesting widespread degeneration of brainstem sleep structures on the basis of sleep abnormalities in these patients.

Orientador: Andrea Maculano Esteves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T14:39:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frank_MiriamKannebley_M.pdf: 2017505 bytes, checksum: 90d5e835563ce643e9eae9def3b7e5ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A relação entre hipertensão e os distúrbios do movimento relacionados ao sono, como a síndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) vem sendo observada em seres humano, porém as causas e mecanismos que circundam esta comorbidade ainda não estão elucidados. O presente estudo investigou se a diminuição da pressão arterial (PA) induzida pelo exercício físico e/ou um inibidor-enzima conversora de angiotensina pode afetar a atividade locomotora de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), com ênfase no sistema dopaminérgico. Na metodologia foi utilizado ratos da linhagem SHR e Wistar normotensos distribuídos em 4 grupos: controle, exercício físico, enalapril e exercício físico+ enalapril. O exercício físico foi realizado em esteira rolante e o enalapril administrado por gavagem, ambos durante 8 semanas. Durante este período a atividade locomotora e a PA de todos os grupos de ambas as linhagens foram avaliadas através do teste no Campo Aberto e por pletismografia de cauda, respectivamente. Após eutanásia dos animais os receptores dopaminérgicos, o transportador de dopamina, e a tirosina hidroxilase da região do corpo estriado foram avaliados através do Western Blot. O grupo SHR controle apresentou maiores valores na PA, maior atividade locomotora e níveis mais baixos dos receptores D2 e tirosina hidroxilase em comparação com todos os outros grupos ao longo do período experimental. Em geral, o exercício físico e o enalapril atenuaram estas alterações. Este estudo sugere a existência de comorbidade entre hipertensão e os sintomas sugestivos da SPI no modelo animal SHR, que são mediadas por mudanças dopaminérgicas. O exercício físico e o enalapril conferiram proteção tanto para a hipertensão quanto para mudanças comportamentais observadas / Abstract: The relationship between hypertension and sleep-related movement disorders, like restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been hypothesized for humans, but the causes and mechanisms are not elucidated. We investigated whether the alteration of blood pressure (BP) induced by physical exercise and/or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) can affects the locomotor activity on the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), with emphasis on dopaminergic system. We use SHR and normotensive wistar rats distributed into 4 groups for each strain: Control, Physical Exercise, Enalapril and Enalapril+Physical-Exercise. Physical exercise was performed on a treadmill and enalapril was administered by gavage, both for 8 weeks. During this period the locomotor activity were evaluated in an open field test and BP was evaluated by tail plethysmography. Dopaminergic receptors, dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase at the striatum were evaluated at by western blot. The control SHR group showed higher BP, more activity in the open field test and lower levels of D2 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase compared with all other groups throughout the experimental period. In general, physical exercise and enalapril attenuated these alterations. This study suggests the existence of comorbidity between hypertension and sleep-related movement disorders in SHR, which are mediated by dopaminergic changes. Physical exercise and enalapril conferred protection for both hypertension and the observed behavioral changes / Mestrado / Metabolismo e Biologia Molecular / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

INTRODUÇÃO: Os Movimentos Periódicos dos Membros (PLM) são movimentos repetitivos, estereotipados, que ocorrem principalmente nos membros inferiores e associam-se freqüentemente à Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (SPI), na qual os pacientes relatam necessidade de mover os membros, geralmente associada a desconforto que pode ser exacerbado com a inatividade e piora no fim da tarde ou à noite. PLM são relatados em pacientes com lesão medular, indicando um componente medular da desordem. Neste trabalho, PLM e SPI são analisados em pacientes com lesão medular. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo observacional realizado entre novembro de 2007 e novembro de 2008, comparou-se achados polissonográficos, Escala de Sonolência de Epworth, Questionário de Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas, entre 2 grupos de indivíduos com idade de 18 a 40 anos, sem outros distúrbios de sono: Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Lesão Medular (LM). RESULTADOS: LM contou com 9 homens e GC tinha 8 homens e 8 mulheres. Não houve diferença significativa entre as idades de cada grupo: LM com 28 ±7,382 anos e CG com 24,38 ± 4,031 anos. O grupo LM caracterizou-se por 3 lesões cervicais ASIA A, 5 lesões torácicas A e 1 lesão torácica B avaliados através da avaliação American Spinal Cord Injury Association ASIA, com tempo de lesão variando de 1 ano e 1 mês a 5 anos e 2 meses, com mediana de 4, 615 anos; as causas de lesão medular foram acidente de motocicleta (86,44%), mergulho (6,78%) e queda de bicicleta (6,78%). 77,80% de LM apresenta Movimentos Periódicos dos Membros (PLM) em comparação com 31,30% de GC (p=0,04; IC95% = 1,2-51,2). Não houve diferença significativa na gravidade de PLM entre os grupos (p>0,05). Em LM, não houve diferença significativa entre PLM índex NREM e PLM índex REM (p= 0,05). Na avaliação de sonolência, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05); não houve correlação entre PLM e sonolência excessiva diurna (r= 0,02). LM apresentou 100% de frequência de SPI contra 17% de GC (p < 0,0001). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na gravidade da SPI (p>0,05). Em relação ao número de microdespertares, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na comparação de eficiência de sono (p>0,05), porém o subgrupo dos tetraplégicos de LM apresentou 9,97±2,17 minutos de tempo de latência enquanto o GC apresentou 3,65±2,43 minutos (p=0,01). CONCLUSÕES: a SPI e o PLM são mais frequentes em lesados medulares que na população em idade de 18 a 40 anos sem outros distúrbios de sono associados, o que pode sugerir que PLM e SPI estejam relacionados ao Centro Gerador de Padrão Medular. / INTRODUCTION: The Periodic Leg Movements (PLM) are repetitive, stereotyped movements that occur mainly in legs and are frequently associated to Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in which patients refer the need to move the limbs, usually associated to discomfort that might worse with inactivity and worse in the evening or night. PLM are reported in patients with spinal cord injury thus indicating a spinal component in the disorder. In this research PLM were analyzed in spinal cord injury patients. METHODS: In this observation study performed from November 2007 to November 2008, polysomnographic findings, Epworth Sleepiness Scale Score and an adapted form of International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale Score were compared between 2 groups formed by 18 to 40 years old volunteers without any other sleep disturbances: Control Group (CG) and Spinal Cord Injury Group (SCIG). RESULTS: The SCIG was composed by 9 men and the CG was composed by 8 men and 8 women. There was no statistically significant difference in ages of each group: SCIG 28 ±7,382 years and CG 24,38 ± 4,031 years. The SCGI group was characterized by 3 A cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), 5 A thoracic SCI and 1 B thoracic SCI classified according to American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) evaluation, presenting from 1 year and 1 month to 5 years and 2 months of injury time, with median of 4,615 years. The SCI were caused by motorcycle accident (86,44%), shallow water diving (6,78%) and bicycle fall (6,78%). In SCIG 77,80% presented PLM while 31,30% presented PLM in CG (p=0,041; CI95% = 1,2-51,2). There wasn´t significant difference in PLM severity between groups (p>0,05). In SCIG there wasn´t significant difference between PLM index NREM and PLM index REM (p>0,05). There wasn´t correlation between PLM and excessive diurnal somnolence (r=0,02). SCGI presented 100% of RLS comparing to 17% in CG (p < 0,0001). There was no significant difference in RLS severity between groups (p>0,05). There was no significant difference in arousal index between groups (p>0,05).There was no significant difference in sleep efficiency (p>0,05), however the subgroup of tetraplegic patients in SCIG presented 9,97±2,17 minutes while CG presented 3,65±2,43 minutes of sleep onset time (p=0,01). CONCLUSIONS: RLS and SPI are more recurrent in SCI patients than in general population from 18 to 40 years old without any other sleep disturbances. This might suggest that PLM and RLS are related to Spinal Cord Central Pattern Generator.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os Movimentos Periódicos dos Membros (PLM) são movimentos repetitivos, estereotipados, que ocorrem principalmente nos membros inferiores e associam-se freqüentemente à Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (SPI), na qual os pacientes relatam necessidade de mover os membros, geralmente associada a desconforto que pode ser exacerbado com a inatividade e piora no fim da tarde ou à noite. PLM são relatados em pacientes com lesão medular, indicando um componente medular da desordem. Neste trabalho, PLM e SPI são analisados em pacientes com lesão medular. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo observacional realizado entre novembro de 2007 e novembro de 2008, comparou-se achados polissonográficos, Escala de Sonolência de Epworth, Questionário de Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas, entre 2 grupos de indivíduos com idade de 18 a 40 anos, sem outros distúrbios de sono: Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Lesão Medular (LM). RESULTADOS: LM contou com 9 homens e GC tinha 8 homens e 8 mulheres. Não houve diferença significativa entre as idades de cada grupo: LM com 28 ±7,382 anos e CG com 24,38 ± 4,031 anos. O grupo LM caracterizou-se por 3 lesões cervicais ASIA A, 5 lesões torácicas A e 1 lesão torácica B avaliados através da avaliação American Spinal Cord Injury Association ASIA, com tempo de lesão variando de 1 ano e 1 mês a 5 anos e 2 meses, com mediana de 4, 615 anos; as causas de lesão medular foram acidente de motocicleta (86,44%), mergulho (6,78%) e queda de bicicleta (6,78%). 77,80% de LM apresenta Movimentos Periódicos dos Membros (PLM) em comparação com 31,30% de GC (p=0,04; IC95% = 1,2-51,2). Não houve diferença significativa na gravidade de PLM entre os grupos (p>0,05). Em LM, não houve diferença significativa entre PLM índex NREM e PLM índex REM (p= 0,05). Na avaliação de sonolência, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05); não houve correlação entre PLM e sonolência excessiva diurna (r= 0,02). LM apresentou 100% de frequência de SPI contra 17% de GC (p < 0,0001). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na gravidade da SPI (p>0,05). Em relação ao número de microdespertares, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na comparação de eficiência de sono (p>0,05), porém o subgrupo dos tetraplégicos de LM apresentou 9,97±2,17 minutos de tempo de latência enquanto o GC apresentou 3,65±2,43 minutos (p=0,01). CONCLUSÕES: a SPI e o PLM são mais frequentes em lesados medulares que na população em idade de 18 a 40 anos sem outros distúrbios de sono associados, o que pode sugerir que PLM e SPI estejam relacionados ao Centro Gerador de Padrão Medular. / INTRODUCTION: The Periodic Leg Movements (PLM) are repetitive, stereotyped movements that occur mainly in legs and are frequently associated to Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in which patients refer the need to move the limbs, usually associated to discomfort that might worse with inactivity and worse in the evening or night. PLM are reported in patients with spinal cord injury thus indicating a spinal component in the disorder. In this research PLM were analyzed in spinal cord injury patients. METHODS: In this observation study performed from November 2007 to November 2008, polysomnographic findings, Epworth Sleepiness Scale Score and an adapted form of International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale Score were compared between 2 groups formed by 18 to 40 years old volunteers without any other sleep disturbances: Control Group (CG) and Spinal Cord Injury Group (SCIG). RESULTS: The SCIG was composed by 9 men and the CG was composed by 8 men and 8 women. There was no statistically significant difference in ages of each group: SCIG 28 ±7,382 years and CG 24,38 ± 4,031 years. The SCGI group was characterized by 3 A cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), 5 A thoracic SCI and 1 B thoracic SCI classified according to American Spinal Cord Injury Association (ASIA) evaluation, presenting from 1 year and 1 month to 5 years and 2 months of injury time, with median of 4,615 years. The SCI were caused by motorcycle accident (86,44%), shallow water diving (6,78%) and bicycle fall (6,78%). In SCIG 77,80% presented PLM while 31,30% presented PLM in CG (p=0,041; CI95% = 1,2-51,2). There wasn´t significant difference in PLM severity between groups (p>0,05). In SCIG there wasn´t significant difference between PLM index NREM and PLM index REM (p>0,05). There wasn´t correlation between PLM and excessive diurnal somnolence (r=0,02). SCGI presented 100% of RLS comparing to 17% in CG (p < 0,0001). There was no significant difference in RLS severity between groups (p>0,05). There was no significant difference in arousal index between groups (p>0,05).There was no significant difference in sleep efficiency (p>0,05), however the subgroup of tetraplegic patients in SCIG presented 9,97±2,17 minutes while CG presented 3,65±2,43 minutes of sleep onset time (p=0,01). CONCLUSIONS: RLS and SPI are more recurrent in SCI patients than in general population from 18 to 40 years old without any other sleep disturbances. This might suggest that PLM and RLS are related to Spinal Cord Central Pattern Generator.

INTRODUCTION: The association of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders (SRMDs) such as Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements (PLMs) with cerebrovascular disease is underexplored. Emerging evidence links them to vascular disease, for which white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a well-recognized biomarker. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional hospital-based observational study in which high-risk TIA and minor stroke patients were assessed for vascular risk factors, WMHs and polysomnography-determined sleep variables. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were enrolled, of whom 44 completed polysomnography. Twenty-five percent had RLS, which was associated with lower quality of life. Independent of the effect of classical vascular risk factors, PLMs (but not RLS) were associated with WMHs on linear regression analyses (p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: SRMDs are prevalent after minor stroke/TIA. RLS is associated with poor quality of life, while PLMs are associated with WMHs. Whether PLMs are implicated in the pathogenesis of WMHs or whether WMHs exacerbate PLMs remains uncertain.

No description available.

INTRODUCTION: The association of Sleep-Related Movement Disorders (SRMDs) such as Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Periodic Limb Movements (PLMs) with cerebrovascular disease is underexplored. Emerging evidence links them to vascular disease, for which white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are a well-recognized biomarker. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional hospital-based observational study in which high-risk TIA and minor stroke patients were assessed for vascular risk factors, WMHs and polysomnography-determined sleep variables. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were enrolled, of whom 44 completed polysomnography. Twenty-five percent had RLS, which was associated with lower quality of life. Independent of the effect of classical vascular risk factors, PLMs (but not RLS) were associated with WMHs on linear regression analyses (p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: SRMDs are prevalent after minor stroke/TIA. RLS is associated with poor quality of life, while PLMs are associated with WMHs. Whether PLMs are implicated in the pathogenesis of WMHs or whether WMHs exacerbate PLMs remains uncertain.