O estudo fitoquímico dos extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas da espécie Piper reticulatum, coletada na Floresta Nacional de Carajás, levou ao isolamento de quatro amidas, incluindo diidrowisanidina, descrita previamente nesta espécie, wisanidina, (2E,4E)-N-isobutileicosa-2,4-dienamida, (3E,5E,14E)-N-pirrolidileicosa-3,5,14-trienamida (inédita em função da posição das insaturações da cadeia alquílica), uma lignana (siringaresinol) e uma nitrila (benzoato de cianobenzila), além de terem sido propostas as estruturas de oito amidas contendo longa cadeia alquílica, com base nos dados de cromatografia gasosa e líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os extratos e produtos naturais isolados foram avaliados quanto aos seus potenciais antifúngicos frente aos fitopatógenos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e atividade inibidora da enzima acetilcolinesterase, sendo constatada forte atividade para as amidas em ambos ensaios, além de forte atividade para a nitrila contra C. sphaerospermum. Além disso, os extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas de P. reticulatum foram analisados através de EM (ESI+) e os dados analisados por PCA (análise dos componentes principais) e através de HCA (análise por agrupamento hierárquico) juntamente com a espécie P. amalago, filogeneticamente relacionada com P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum e P. tuberculatum, afim de uma distinção ou classificação de grupos seguindo parâmetros metabólicos. / The phytochemical study of extracts from adult plants and seedlings of the species Piper reticulatum, collected in the Carajás National Forest, afforded the isolation of four amides, including dihydrowisanidine, previously described from this species, wisanidine, (2E,4E)-N-2-isobutyleicosa-2,4-dienamide, (3E,5E,14E)-N-3,5,14-pyrrolidyleicosa-trienamide (novel based on the unsaturations position at the alkyl chain), a lignan (syringaresinol) and a nitrile (cianobenzyl benzoate) and, additionaly eigh amides containing long alkyl chain had their structures proposed based on gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry data. The extracts and the isolated natural products were evaluated for their potential antifungal activity against the phytopathogens Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, being found strong activity for amides for both two tests, and strong activity for nitrile against C. sphaerospermum. In addition, extracts of adult plants and seedlings of P. reticulatum were analyzed by MS (ESI +) and by PCA (principal component analysis) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis) together with the species P. amalago, phylogenetically related to P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum and P. tuberculatum in order to distinguish or classify them according to the metabolic profile.

O estudo fitoquímico dos extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas da espécie Piper reticulatum, coletada na Floresta Nacional de Carajás, levou ao isolamento de quatro amidas, incluindo diidrowisanidina, descrita previamente nesta espécie, wisanidina, (2E,4E)-N-isobutileicosa-2,4-dienamida, (3E,5E,14E)-N-pirrolidileicosa-3,5,14-trienamida (inédita em função da posição das insaturações da cadeia alquílica), uma lignana (siringaresinol) e uma nitrila (benzoato de cianobenzila), além de terem sido propostas as estruturas de oito amidas contendo longa cadeia alquílica, com base nos dados de cromatografia gasosa e líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os extratos e produtos naturais isolados foram avaliados quanto aos seus potenciais antifúngicos frente aos fitopatógenos Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum e atividade inibidora da enzima acetilcolinesterase, sendo constatada forte atividade para as amidas em ambos ensaios, além de forte atividade para a nitrila contra C. sphaerospermum. Além disso, os extratos de plantas adultas e plântulas de P. reticulatum foram analisados através de EM (ESI+) e os dados analisados por PCA (análise dos componentes principais) e através de HCA (análise por agrupamento hierárquico) juntamente com a espécie P. amalago, filogeneticamente relacionada com P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum e P. tuberculatum, afim de uma distinção ou classificação de grupos seguindo parâmetros metabólicos. / The phytochemical study of extracts from adult plants and seedlings of the species Piper reticulatum, collected in the Carajás National Forest, afforded the isolation of four amides, including dihydrowisanidine, previously described from this species, wisanidine, (2E,4E)-N-2-isobutyleicosa-2,4-dienamide, (3E,5E,14E)-N-3,5,14-pyrrolidyleicosa-trienamide (novel based on the unsaturations position at the alkyl chain), a lignan (syringaresinol) and a nitrile (cianobenzyl benzoate) and, additionaly eigh amides containing long alkyl chain had their structures proposed based on gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry data. The extracts and the isolated natural products were evaluated for their potential antifungal activity against the phytopathogens Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, being found strong activity for amides for both two tests, and strong activity for nitrile against C. sphaerospermum. In addition, extracts of adult plants and seedlings of P. reticulatum were analyzed by MS (ESI +) and by PCA (principal component analysis) and HCA (hierarchical cluster analysis) together with the species P. amalago, phylogenetically related to P. reticulatum, P. crassinervium, P. solmsianum, P. fuligineum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. aduncum and P. tuberculatum in order to distinguish or classify them according to the metabolic profile.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4560.pdf: 1880275 bytes, checksum: 259fd9d9b3aeb99130c54c0ee0f5af82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-31 / This study aimed to test a pilot recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and to evaluate in this system the effects of the stocking density on the production of species of surubim pintado , Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, and its hybrid with P. reticulatum regarding the effect of stocking density and water renewal rate on the hybrid production. The study lasted for 84 days. The physical and chemical conditions in the RAS was evaluated by measuring water consumption (223,6 L/kg of fish produced), temperature (25,8±0,7ºC), dissolved oxygen (5,33±0,04 mg/L O2 in the water inlet to culture tanks), pH (6,75±0,25), total alkalinity (40,0±20,6 mg/L CaCO3), carbon dioxide (16,6±6,1 mg/L CO2), total suspended solids (8,0±4,2 mg/L TSS), total ammonia nitrogen (0,18±0,10 mg/L NH3-N), nitrite (0,163±0,090 mg/L NO2-) and nitrate (58,0±9,7 mg/L NO3-). To evaluate the fish performance, two experiments were conducted simultaneously. In experiment 1, densities of 40, 80 and 120 fish.m-3 (approximately 8.5, 17 and 25.5 kg.m-3) for the pure and the hybrid lineages were tested using a 3 x 2 factorial design (three densities and two lineages). In experiment 2, only the hybrid lineage was used, and three stocking densities were tested: 20, 40 and 60 fish.m-3 (approximately 9, 18 and 27 kg.m-3) and two water renewal rates (1 L/kg.min-1 and 0,5 L/kg.min-1), using a 3 x 2 factorial design (three densities and two water renewal rates). Fish were fed with extruded food (40% crude protein) at a rate of 2.5% of the body weight per day. For both experiments, daily specific growth rate (SGR), final weight, biomass gain, final density, food conversion, final weight and dissolved oxygen levels at the tank outlet are discussed. In experiment 1, both lineages showed to be adapted to the RAS, but the hybrid lineage had a better performance than the pure lineage. In experiment 2, the highest water renewal rate resulted in a better performance, and an increase in density improved the final production. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar um sistema piloto de recirculação de água (SRA) e avaliar neste sistema o efeito da densidade de estocagem no cultivo de surubins puros, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, e do seu híbrido (P. reticulatum x P. corruscans) e o efeito da densidade de estocagem e da taxa de renovação de água no cultivo do híbrido. O trabalho teve duração de 84 dias. O SRA foi avaliado através das medições de consumo de água (223,6 L/kg de peixe produzido), temperatura (25,8±0,7ºC), oxigênio dissolvido (5,33±0,04 mg/L de O2 na água de abastecimento dos tanques de cultivo), pH (6,75±0,25), alcalinidade total (40,0±20,6 mg/L CaCO3), gás carbônico (16,6±6,1 mg/L CO2), sólidos suspensos totais (8,0±4,2 mg/L SST), nitrogênio amoniacal total (0,18±0,10 mg/L NH3-N), nitrito (0,163±0,090 mg/L NO2-) e nitrato (58,0±9,7 mg/L NO3-). Para avaliação do desempenho dos peixes, foram realizados dois experimentos simultaneamente. No experimento 1 foram testadas as densidades de 40, 80 e 120 peixes/m3 (aproximadamente 8,5, 17 e 25,5 Kg/m³) para as linhagens pura e híbrida, num delineamento em fatorial 3 × 2 (três densidades e duas linhagens). No experimento 2 foi utilizada somente a linhagem híbrida, tendo sido testadas 3 densidades de estocagem, 20, 40 e 60 peixes/m3 (aproximadamente 9, 18 e 27 Kg/m³) e duas taxas de renovação de água (1 L/kg.min-1 e 0,5 L/kg.min-1), num delineamento em fatorial 3 × 2 (três densidades de estocagem e duas taxas de renovação de água). A alimentação dos peixes nos dois experimentos foi realizada com ração extrusada (40% de proteína bruta) na proporção de 2,5% da biomassa, ministrada diariamente. Para os dois experimentos foram discutidos dados de taxa de crescimento específico diária, peso final, ganho de biomassa, densidade final produzida, conversão alimentar, peso final e níveis de oxigênio dissolvido na saída dos tanques. No experimento 1, foi observado que as duas linhagens se adaptaram ao SRA, porém a linhagem híbrida teve melhor desempenho que a linhagem pura. No experimento 2, a maior taxa de renovação de água proporcionou melhor desempenho e o aumento de densidade, incrementando a produção final.

The field slug Deroceras reticulatum is a major pest in UK agriculture and amidst growing concern and regulatory pressures surrounding chemical molluscicides, innovation is required to advance the current repertoire of slug controls. This study set out to investigate the bacteria associated with D. reticulatum to assess their importance to the slug and potential as a target for biological control. Slug gut bacterial isolates identified using the phenotypical API system (BioMérieux) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were mainly soil-dwelling organisms of the phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes some of which may be important in human or plant disease. A ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) was developed to study microbial communities in the slug gut. Slugs had an average species richness of 12 and comparing the bacterial communities in slugs from different locations yielded a mean similarity of 0.159 (Jaccard index) which was significantly lower than similarity indices of slugs collected within a single location (Mean Jaccard index 0.205, p<0.001, ANOVA). Cloning and sequencing of RISA bands common to slugs and slug eggs, but absent from the surrounding soil and plants identified bacteria for future investigation as potential beneficial symbionts. Bacteria extracted from the slug gut were tested for sensitivity to 16 antibiotics and greatest inhibition of growth was observed for chloramphenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline. These antibiotics administered to slugs by feeding and injection caused a reduction in gut-associated bacteria in plate counts, and in bacterial 16S rDNA quantities estimated by real-time quantitative PCR. Field collected D. reticulatum has a large transient gut bacterial population which is reduced upon starvation to a low background level. No significant detrimental effect of antibiotic treatment on the fitness and survival of the slugs was seen, in some instances control slugs suffered greater mortality than slugs that had been injected with antibiotic. Slugs that died during bioassays had a significantly greater amount of bacterial 16S rDNA in their gut than slugs that were sacrificed as healthy individuals suggesting the presence of a bacterial pathogen. This study has found little evidence that a bacterial symbiont may exist and be important for optimal fitness and survival of D. reticulatum, but insight into slug associated bacteria will be valuable in the direction of future studies in this field.

<p>African medicinal plants are commonly used throughout Africa to treat a variety of ailments including wounds and ulcers, cough and chest complaints, gingivitis, fever and gonorrhoea, indication all related to infection and inflammation. In screening several plant species from an inventory of common medicinal plants from both South and West Africa for diverse medicinal purposes, 6 plants were selected because of their interesting and useful ethnomedicinal values.</p>

<p>African medicinal plants are commonly used throughout Africa to treat a variety of ailments including wounds and ulcers, cough and chest complaints, gingivitis, fever and gonorrhoea, indication all related to infection and inflammation. In screening several plant species from an inventory of common medicinal plants from both South and West Africa for diverse medicinal purposes, 6 plants were selected because of their interesting and useful ethnomedicinal values.</p>

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / African medicinal plants are commonly used throughout Africa to treat a variety of ailments including wounds and ulcers, cough and chest complaints, gingivitis, fever and gonorrhoea, indication all related to infection and inflammation. In screening several plant species from an inventory of common medicinal plants from both South and West Africa for diverse medicinal purposes, 6 plants were selected because of their interesting and useful ethnomedicinal values. / South Africa

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