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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na resposta anti-tumoral e resistência a atra / Molecular mechanisms envolved in the anti-tumoral response and resistance to atRA

Ana Paula Guedes Hasegawa 30 September 2005 (has links)
Os gliomas representam o tipo de tumor primário mais comum do sistema nervoso central. Apesar dos avanços nas técnicas cirúrgicas e de radioterapia e nos protocolos de quimioterapia, não há tratamento eficiente disponível. O ácido retinóico na forma all-trans (atRA) é um agente anti-proliferativo utilizado para o tratamento de alguns tipos de lesões pré-malígnas e tumores, como a leucemia promielocítica. Entretanto, sua utilização no tratamento clínico de tumores sólidos, incluindo os gliomas, é limitada, devido ao rápido desenvolvimento de resistência aos efeitos anti-tumorais do atRA. Para endereçar este problema, foi proposto: a) clonar e analisar a função de cyp26b1 de rato, uma enzima da família dos citocromos P450 envolvida na metabolização de ácido retinóico, previamente descrito em nosso laboratório como potencialmente envolvido na resposta de células de glioma ao tratamento com atRA; b) gerar e caracterizar uma variante da linhagem celular C6 de glioma de rato resistente aos efeitos anti proliferativos de atRA. O cDNA de cyp26b1 de rato, até então desconhecido, foi amplificado, clonado e seqüenciado com sucesso. A seqüência protéica correspondente é conservada e agrupa-se no dendrograma com outras proteínas Cyp26B1, mesmo de organismos distantes como zebrafish, em detrimento de outras proteínas parálogas da família Cyp26. Cyp26b1 é fortemente induzida por atRA em células de glioma de rato e humano, de forma dose-dependente. Embora seja expresso em amostras de cérebros humanos normais e de glioma, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os diferentes graus de matlignidade tumoral, ou em comparação com cérebro normal. A super-expressão de cyp26b1 de rato através de transfecção estável de células de glioma de rato e humano, bem como de células P19 de teratocarcinoma de camundongo, não alterou significativamente as características de crescimento celular, tanto em substrato sólido quanto em substrato semi-sólido. O tratamento prolongado de células C6 de glioma de rato com atRA levou à obtenção de uma população policlonal resistente aos efeitos anti-proliferativos de atRA, a partir da qual uma linhagem celular clonal resistente foi isolada com sucesso. Esta variante clonal, denominada linhagem celular C6R, apresenta inibição de crescimento por atRA diminuída, quando comparada com a linhagem celular C6 parental e com a variante ST1. Além disso, esta variante também mostrou uma tendência, embora não significativa estatisticamente, de gerar tumores maiores quando injetados no subcutâneo de camundongos do tipo nude. A expressão de genes previamente descritos como induzidos pelo tratamento com atRA em células ST1 é fortemente inibida na linhagem celular C6R. Além disso, menor expressão de RARβ, RARγ e CRABP-1 foi também observada em células C6R, enquanto que expressão muito maior de RXRγ e CRABP-2 foi encontrada nas células resistentes a atRA, em comparação com as células C6 parentais. Como conclusões gerais deste trabalho, foi proposto que cyp26b1 parece estar envolvido no metabolismo e detoxificação de atRA e parece não ser efetor da inibição de crescimento induzida por atRA, nem estar relacionado com a resistência de células de glioma ao tratamento com atRA. Por outro lado, o isolamento e caracterização de uma linhagem celular resistente ao tratamento com atRA sugere que a resistência está relacionada à expressão diferencial de receptores de retinóides e de proteínas de ligação ao ácido retinóico. / Gliomas are among the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. Despite the advances in surgical and radiotherapy procedures and chemotherapy protocols, efficient treatment is still not available. Retinoic acid is a anti-proliferative agent used for treatment of a number of pre-malignant lesions and tumors, as promyelocytic leukemia. However, its clinical use in treatment of solid tumors, including gliomas, is impaired by the rapid development of resistance to the anti-tumoral effects of atRA. In order to address this problem, we proposed: a) to clone and analyze the role of rat cyp26b1, a member of cytochrome P450 superfamily envolved in the metabolization of retinoic acid, which has previously been described by our group as being potentially involved in the response of glioma cells to retinoic acid treatment; b) to generate and characterize a variant of rat C6 glioma cell line resistant to anti proliferative effects of atRA. The previously unknown cDNA of rat cyp26b1 was successfully amplified, cloned and sequenced. The protein is conserved and clustered in dendrograms with other cyp26b1 proteins, even from distant organisms as zebrafish, in detriment of other cyp26 paralogs. Cyp26b1 is strongly induced by atRA in rat and human glioma cells, in a dose-dependent fashion. Although expressed in human normal brains and glioma samples, no significant differences were found among different tumor grades nor comparing to normal brain. Stable-transfection and overexpression of rat cyp26b1 in rat and human glioma cell lines, as well as P19 mouse teratocarcinoma cell line, did not significantly modified cell growth properties, either on solid or semi-solid substrates. Prolonged treatment of C6 rat glioma cell line with atRA leads to isolation of an atRA-resistant polyclonal cell population, from which a resistant clonal cell line was successfully isolated. This clonal variant, named C6R cell line, displayed diminished growth inhibition by atRA compared to the parental C6 cell line and the variant ST1 cell line. In addition, this variant also showed a trend, although not quite statistically significant, to generate larger tumors when xenografted s.c. into nude mice. Expression of genes previously described as being induced by atRA-treatment in ST1 cells is strongly impaired in the C6R resistant cell line. In addition, lower expression of RARβ, RAR&#947 and CRABP-1 was also observed in C6R cells, whereas a much higher expression of RXRγ and CRABP-2 was found in the resistant cells when compared to the parental C6 cells. As general conclusions of this work, we found that cyp26b1 is more likely to be involved in primary atRA metabolism and detoxification and does not seem to be an effector of atRA-induced cell growth arrest nor to be related to the resistance of glioma cells to atRA treatment. On the other hand, isolation and characterization of an atRA-resistant cell line suggests that atRA resistance is more likely to be due to differential expression of retinoid receptors and retinoic acid binding proteins.
82

Otimização do sistema de produção in vitro de embriões caprinos utilizando retinóides e fator de crescimento / Optimization of the production system in vitro embryo goats using retinoids and growth factor

CONCEIÇÃO, Juliana Costa da 13 July 2011 (has links)
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-13T14:58:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Costa da Conceicao.pdf: 363191 bytes, checksum: 9e96d043be0eefd3f7d841fad954142b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Costa da Conceicao.pdf: 363191 bytes, checksum: 9e96d043be0eefd3f7d841fad954142b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-13 / The aim of this study, divided into two trials was to evaluate the beneficial effect of retinoids (retinol - RT; retinoic acid - RA) and growth factor (IGF-I) on in vitro production of goat embryos, and to evaluate apoptosis through the activity of enzymes of group II caspases and DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay. In the first experiment, divided into three groups (CG, GRT and GAR), was evaluated apoptosis of goat oocytes and embryos undergo maturation in vitro in culture medium with or without RT and HR. The second experiment was divided into two treatments, the treatment was first investigated the efficiency of both retinoids distributed in oocytes in TCM 199, and the second treatment was investigated the efficacy of RT, RA, or IGF-I of zygotes in KSOM medium using the same means in conjunction with the monolayer of oviduct cells (MCO). A total 4320-cumulus-oocyte complex obtained by aspiration from follicles (2-6 mm in diameter) ovarian animals slaughtered in abattoirs were selected for IVM and incubated in TCM 199 at 39 º C in air with 5% CO2 for 24 hours. Thereafter, the oocytes were processed through mDM and exposed to sperm for 18 hours. Presumptive zygotes were placed in drops of KSOM medium enriched with RT, RA, or IGF-I. At the end of the 10th day of co-culture blastocysts were prepared for the location of characteristic changes of apoptosis using the reagent PhiPhiLux-G1D2 and solutions of 4% paraformaldehyde and Phosphate-Buffered Saline + 1 mg / ml polyvinylpyrrolidone . In the first experiment, the activity of caspase enzymes did not differ (P> 0.05) between oocytes in the CG (7,20±0,91), GRT (6,60±0,68) and the GAR (7,30±0,67) and between the GRT and the GAR. The oocytes and blastocysts positive for TUNEL assay were higher (P <0.05), respectively, in the CG (8,20±0,78; 8,70±1,05) than in GRT (5,60±0,52; 4,80±0,51 ) and the GAR (6,40±0,69; 5,40±0,69), no difference (P> 0.05) between the GRT and the GAR. Zygotes GC had lower (P <0.05) capacity development to the blastocyst stage (5.32 ± 0.81) than those of the GRT (7.94 ± 0.93) and GAR (7.36 ± 1.02), no difference (P> 0.05) between the GRT and the GAR.In the second experiment, the results showed that the groups of oocytes and embryos treated only with retinoids produced fewer blastocysts (P <0.05) than in groups of oocytes and embryos treated with retinoids associated with IGF-I. As to the blastocyst positive for apoptosis, is assessed by the activity of enzymes caspazes or DNA fragmentation, there was no difference (P> 0.05) between groups. It is concluded that the addition of retinoids to oocytes maturation medium reduced apoptosis and cell association of retinoids with IGF-I is beneficial and can be recommended to enhance in vitro production of goat embryos. / O objetivo deste estudo, dividido em dois experimentos, foi avaliar o efeito benéfico dos retinóides (retinol – RT; ácido retinóico – AR) e do fator de crescimento (IGF–I) na produção in vitro de embriões caprinos, bem como avaliar a apoptose através da atividade das enzimas caspases do grupo II e da fragmentação de DNA pelo teste de TUNEL. No primeiro experimento, dividido em três grupos (GC, GRT e GAR), foi avaliado a apoptose de oocitos e embriões caprinos submetidos à maturação in vitro em meio de cultivo contendo ou não RT e AR. O segundo experimento foi dividido em dois tratamentos, sendo no primeiro tratamento foi investigada a eficiência de ambos os retinóides nos oocitos distribuídos em meio TCM 199, e no segundo tratamento foi investigado a eficácia do RT, AR ou IGF-I dos zigotos em meio KSOM utilizando-se os mesmos meios em conjunto com a monocamada de células de oviduto (MCO). Um total 4320 oócitos-cumulus-complexo obtidos por aspiração de folículos (2-6 mm de diâmetro) ovarianos de animais abatidos em matadouro foram selecionados para MIV e incubados em TCM 199 a temperatura de 39º C em ar com 5% de CO2 durante 24 horas. Ao final deste período, os oocitos foram processados em meio mDM e expostos aos espermatozóides por 18 horas. Os presumíveis zigotos foram depositados em gotas do meio KSOM enriquecidos com RT, AR ou IGF-I. Ao final do 10º dia da co-cultura os blastocistos foram preparados para a localização das alterações características da apoptose utilizando-se o reagente PhiPhiLux-G1D2 e as soluções de paraformaldeído a 4% e de Phosphate-Buffered Saline + 1 mg/mL de Polivinilpirrolidona. No primeiro experimento, a atividade das enzimas caspases não diferiu (P > 0,05) entre os oócitos do GC (10,32%), do GRT (8,08%) e do GAR (8,45%), bem como entre a do GRT e do GAR. Os oócitos e blastocistos positivos para o teste de TUNEL foram maiores (P < 0,05), respectivamente, no GC (11,46%; 9,22%) do que no GRT (6,86%; 5,45%) e no GAR (7,41%; 6,12%), não existindo diferença (P > 0,05) entre os do GRT e do GAR. Os zigotos do GC apresentaram menor (P < 0,05) capacidade de desenvolvimento até o estádio de blastocito (5,32 ± 0,81) do que aqueles dos GRT (7,94 ± 0,93) e GAR (7,36 ± 1,02), não existindo diferença (P > 0,05) entre os do GRT e do GAR. Já no segundo experimento, os resultados mostraram que os grupos de oócitos e embriões tratados somente com retinóides produziram menos blastocistos (P < 0,05) do que nos grupos de oócitos e embriões tratados com retinóides associados ao IGF-I. Quanto aos blastocistos positivos para apoptose, seja avaliada pela atividade das enzimas caspazes ou pela fragmentação do DNA, não foi verificada diferença (P > 0,05) entre os grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que a adição de retinóides ao meio de maturação de oocitos diminui a atividade apoptótica celular e a associação dos retinoides com o IGF-I é benéfica e pode ser recomendada para aumentar a produção in vitro de embriões da espécie caprina.
83

Contribution des carences en vitamines A et D dans le processus inflammatoire des maladies alcooliques du foie

Ouziel, Romy 02 October 2015 (has links)
Les maladies alcooliques du foie (MAF) sont responsables de 3,8% de la mortalité mondiale et restent une cause majeure de mortalité par maladies hépatiques, plus importante que l’hépatite C. Malgré le fardeau qu’elles représentent, tant sur le plan de la morbi-mortalité que sur le plan économique, il n’existe que très peu d’options thérapeutiques hormis l’abstinence et la transplantation hépatique. Une meilleure compréhension de la pathophysiologie et des facteurs impliqués dans les MAF permettrait d’identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques afin d’améliorer la prise en charge et le pronostic des patients.Il est largement admis que les patients souffrant de MAF présentent une dérégulation de leur réponse immunitaire. A l’état de base, il existe déjà une hyper-activation de leurs monocytes circulants et une élévation de leurs taux plasmatiques de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, dont le tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Lors d’une stimulation, la réponse inflammatoire des patients avec une MAF est exacerbée, les taux de TNF-α augmentent rapidement. Cet état, dont tous les mécanismes ne sont pas encore élucidés, est associé avec la sévérité et la mortalité de la MAF, ainsi qu’avec la survenue de complications de la cirrhose. Identifier les facteurs qui sous-tendent à cette réponse inflammatoire excessive et délétère aiderait probablement à mieux la réguler. Les patients atteints de MAF présentent de manière très fréquente un état de dénutrition qui est également associé au développement de complications et à la mortalité de la cirrhose. Les études de supplémentation nutritionnelle, dont les résultats sont controversés, se sont portées principalement sur le versant protéino-calorique des carences, alors que les patients souffrant de MAF présentent aussi des déficiences spécifiques en micro-nutriments, notamment en vitamines A et D, dont la signification pathophysiologique n’a jamais été étudiée. En effet, les vitamines A et D possèdent, en plus de leurs effets classiquement décrits, des effets immuno-modulateurs, anti-inflammatoires, anti-TNF-α et anti-fibrosants. Les carences en vitamine A et en vitamine D, ou en leurs métabolites actifs, l’acide all-trans rétinoïque (ATRA) et la 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamine D (1,25(OH)2D), pourraient donc être impliquées dans l’hyper-réponse inflammatoire délétère et dans la fibrose présentes dans les MAF. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l’association entre les taux plasmatiques des vitamines A, D et d’ATRA, et la sévérité et la mortalité des MAF. Nous avons confirmé l’existence de déficiences en ces micro-nutriments chez les patients souffrant de MAF et nous avons montré l’association significative de ces carences avec la sévérité de la maladie, évaluée par les scores de MELD et de Child-Pugh, ainsi qu’avec la mortalité. Ces observations épidémiologiques très intéressantes ne permettent, cependant, pas de déterminer le rôle biologique potentiel des carences en vitamines A et D dans le développement et la progression des lésions hépatiques liées à l’alcool. En effet, le foie étant l’organe principal de stockage de la vitamine A et le lieu de la première hydroxylation de la vitamine D, les carences pourraient aussi bien être la conséquence de l’insuffisance hépatique et donc, un marqueur de sévérité, qu’une cause aux lésions, et donc une cible thérapeutique potentielle. Afin de déterminer l’existence d’un lien causal entre déficience et maladie hépatique, nous avons élaboré des expérimentations in vitro sur des cellules de patients et in vivo chez la souris. Nous montrons que les supplémentations in vitro en ATRA ou en 1,25(OH)2D modifient la réponse inflammatoire exacerbée des lymphomonocytes circulants (PBMC :peripheral blood mononuclear cells) de patients avec MAF. Elles diminuent l’expression et la production de TNF-α et augmentent celle de l’interleukine-10 (IL-10), cytokine anti-inflammatoire, en ce qui concerne l’ATRA. L’action de ce dernier est pré-transcriptionnelle puisqu’il agit sur l’expression de TNF-α, et semble être dépendante de son récepteur à l’acide rétinoïque de type RAR. En effet, l’ATRA agit via sa liaison à deux types de récepteurs, le RAR et le RXR, récepteur rétinoïque X. Nos données montrent que l’utilisation d’un agoniste RAR reproduit les mêmes effets que l’ATRA, à l’inverse de l’utilisation d’un agoniste RXR. In vivo, dans un modèle murin de MAF, nous montrons que la supplémentation orale en 1,25(OH)2D est capable de diminuer l’expression intra-hépatique de TNF-α qui est augmentée par le régime alcoolisé. Nos résultats montrent donc que dans le contexte des lésions hépatiques liées à l’alcool, les supplémentations en métabolites actifs des vitamines A et D, in vitro, sur des cellules de patients, et in vivo, dans le modèle Lieber-DeCarli, ont un effet inhibiteur sur le TNF-α circulant et intra-hépatique. En parallèle à ces données de supplémentation, nous montrons que la carence en vitamine A chez des souris s’accompagne d’une augmentation de l’activation et de la fonction de leurs macrophages péritonéaux, état réversible par l’administration orale d’ATRA. De manière intéressante, nous observons également un état d’hyper-activation des monocytes circulants de patients avec MAF, dont la déficience en vitamine A a été démontrée. Ces données suggèrent que la carence en vitamine A présente chez les patients atteints de MAF pourrait faire partie des mécanismes favorisant cet état d’hyper-réponse inflammatoire.Certaines données montrent que la consommation chronique d’alcool induit une stabilisation de l’ARNm de TNF-α, expliquant en partie l’augmentation de ses taux plasmatiques chez les patients avec MAF. D’autres montrent qu’un traitement par l’ATRA est capable de déstabiliser l’ARNm de TNF-α, accélérant ainsi sa dégradation. Nos résultats montrent que la carence en vitamine A chez la souris s’accompagne d’un allongement du temps de demi-vie de l’ARNm de TNF-α exprimé par les macrophages péritonéaux murins, illustrant sa plus grande stabilité comparée aux souris non carencées en vitamine A. La déficience en vitamine A présente dans les MAF pourrait donc expliquer, du moins en partie, l’augmentation des taux de TNF-α par la stabilisation de son ARNm.Finalement, nous avons étudié l’effet de la 1,25(OH)2D sur le phénotype de cellules stellées humaines, impliquées dans le processus de fibrose hépatique. Le traitement de ces cellules par le métabolite actif de la vitamine D diminue leur activation, modifie l’expression de gènes pro- et anti-fibrosants, mais n’a pas d’action sur l’apoptose.En conclusion, nous montrons pour la première fois l’association entre les déficiences en vitamine A/ATRA et vitamine D, et la sévérité des MAF. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que les carences vitaminiques, présentes chez les patients avec une MAF, pourraient participer à la pathophysiologie de ces maladies en activant les cellules immunitaires, et que leur supplémentation pourrait diminuer l’état pro-inflammatoire et pro-fibrosant délétère de la cirrhose. Les déficiences en vitamines A et D ne seraient pas seulement le reflet de la sévérité de la MAF, mais joueraient bien un rôle dans le développement et la progression des lésions hépatiques. Leur évaluation et leur correction devraient être étudiées comme cible thérapeutique dans la prise en charge des MAF. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
84

Roles of retinoic acid signaling in regulating nervous system development in the cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma lanceolatum) / Rôle de l'acide rétinoïque dans le développement du système nerveux de l'amphioxus cephalochordate (Branchiostoma lanceolatum)

Zieger, Elisabeth 30 March 2016 (has links)
Le système nerveux est responsable de l’interconnexion interne des animaux multicellulaires. Il leur permet en effet d’intégrer les activités physiologiques de leurs différentes composantes en une seule entité fonctionnelle, capable d’interagir avec son environnement. L’évolution et le développement des systèmes nerveux complexes comptent parmi les questions les plus fascinantes de la recherche en biologie. Afin de mettre en place une diversité de types de cellules neurales et de connexions neurales, les animaux métazoaires ne déploient qu’un nombre étonnamment réduit de signaux développementaux. C’est l’intermodulation dynamique de ces signaux qui va pouvoir induire un patron spatial d’identités et de comportements cellulaires distincts. L’acide rétinoïque (AR) est une petite molécule diffusible dérivée de la vitamine A qui contribue à la mise en place des axes du système nerveux central des vertébrés et est un régulateur crucial de la différentiation neuronale. D’autre part, il a été montré que les signaux à l’AR affectaient le phénotype de neurotransmetteurs exhibé par des sous-populations neuronales et jouent des rôles divers dans la morphogenèse du système nerveux périphérique issu des placodes crâniennes et des cellules des crêtes neurales. Néanmoins, bien que le rôle de l’AR dans la régionalisation du système nerveux central ait été étudié de manière extensive, nous en savons beaucoup moins au sujet de l’action de l’AR sur le développement du système nerveux périphérique, sur l’établissement des différentes identités de neurotransmetteurs, ou quant à comment ces fonctions ont évolué. Bien qu’initialement considéré comme spécifique aux vertébrés, un volume croissant de données indique désormais que l’AR serait impliqué dans le développement du système nerveux de divers taxons, tels que les cnidaires, les mollusques gastropodes ainsi que les cordés invertébrés. En particulier, l’amphioxus, céphalocordé dont l’évolution est lente, est connu pour posséder un système de signalisation à l’AR semblable à celui des vertébrés. Le génome de l’amphioxus présente un haut degré de conservation de sa synténie par rapport à celui des vertébrés et exhibe relativement peu de pertes ou de duplications indépendantes de ses gènes développementaux. Par conséquent, l’embryogenèse ainsi que la morphologie de l’amphioxus ressemble par bien des points à celles des vertébrés, ce qui facilite l’identification des traits ancestraux et dérivés et en fait donc un modèle approprié à la recherche comparative. Cette étude vise à fournir une description détaillée de différentes populations neurales au sein du système nerveux périphérique de l’amphioxus et d’explorer les rôles joués par l’AR dans ce processus. À cette fin, des analyses d’expression de gènes et d’immunohistochimie ont été utilisées, en vue d’identifier les différentes sous-populations de progéniteurs et les différents types de cellules neurales. De plus, les niveaux de signaux à l’AR ont été altérés pharmacologiquement à différents stades de développement de l’amphioxus, pour déterminer leurs effets sur la formation des populations neurales identifiées, ainsi que sur les patrons de prolifération et d’apoptose. Les résultats inclus dans ce travail révèlent la présence de différentes populations de cellules neurales chez l’amphioxus et mettent en lumière leur vraisemblable relation phylogénétique avec les structures leur correspondant chez les vertébrés. Par ailleurs, différents rôles contexte-dépendants de la signalisation à l’AR on été documentés, incluant la mise en place de frontières discrètes dans le système nerveux central et l’ectoderme de l’embryon d’amphioxus, et la régulation du développement des progéniteurs neuraux tardifs dans le système nerveux périphérique de manière spécifique à leur type cellulaire. / The nervous system provides internal interconnection to multi-cellular animals. It enables them to integrate the physiological activities of their different components into one functional entity that can successfully interact with its environment. The evolution and development of complex nervous systems is one of the most fascinating questions of biological research. In order to generate a diversity of neural cell types and neural connections, metazoan animals deploy a surprisingly small number of instructive developmental signals, which crosstalk in a dynamic manner to induce a spatial pattern of cell identities and behaviors.Retinoic acid (RA) is a small diffusible signaling molecule derived from vitamin A that contributes to the axial patterning of the vertebrate central nervous system and functions as a crucial regulator of neuronal differentiation. Moreover, RA signals have been shown to affect the neurotransmitter phenotype of specific neuronal subsets and play distinct roles during the morphogenesis of the peripheral nervous system from cranial placodes and neural crest. However, while the role of RA signaling in the regionalization of the central nervous system has been extensively studied, much less is known about its actions in cranial placodes and neural crest derivatives, in the establishment of different neurotransmitter identities, or how these functions might have evolved.Albeit initially believed to be vertebrate-specific, a growing body of evidence now implicates RA signaling in the nervous system development of various distant taxa, such as cnidarians, gastropod mollusks and invertebrate chordates. In particular, the slow evolving cephalochordates, commonly called amphioxus, are known to possess a vertebrate-like RA signaling system. The amphioxus genome has retained a high degree of synteny with vertebrate genomes and exhibits relatively little losses or independent duplications of developmental genes. Accordingly, amphioxus embryogenesis and morphology also display remarkable similarity with vertebrates, which allows the identification of ancestral as well as newly derived traits and makes these animals attractive models for comparative research.This study aims at providing a detailed description of the development of different neural cell populations in the central and peripheral nervous system of amphioxus and explores the roles played by RA signaling during this process. To this end, gene expression analyses and immunohistochemistry were used, in order to identify distinct subsets of neural progenitors and neural cell types. Furthermore, RA signaling levels were manipulated pharmacologically at different stages of amphioxus development, to assess their effects on the formation of identified neural cell populations as well as on proliferation and apoptosis patterns. The results presented in this work reveal the presence of distinct neural cell populations in amphioxus and highlight their likely phylogenetic relationships with corresponding structures in other chordates. In addition, several context-dependent functions of RA signaling were documented, which include the generation of discrete boundaries in the central nervous system and ectoderm of amphioxus embryos as well as the cell type-specific regulation of late neural progenitor development in the peripheral nervous system. The observed roles of RA signaling in the amphioxus neural tube and peripheral nervous system correspond well to those reported for the vertebrate hindbrain and cranial placodes, supporting the current hypothesis of a close evolutionary relationship between these structures and suggesting that the involvement of RA signals in their development is a conserved feature of chordates.
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Approche pharmacologique dans la thérapie cellulaire : rôle de l'acide rétinoïque dans la survie et la différenciation des myoblastes humains / Pharmacological approach in cell therapy : role of retinoic acid in the survival and differentiation of human myoblasts

El Haddad, Marina 18 February 2015 (has links)
Les cellules satellites sont considérées comme de véritables cellules souches du muscle squelettique. Une fois transplantées dans un muscle hôte, les myoblastes, cellules filles des cellules satellites, sont capables de fusionner avec les fibres musculaires existantes, permettant ainsi de modifier de façon permanente le muscle receveur. La greffe des cellules satellites est donc une des thérapies dans la lutte contre les maladies musculaires dégénératives ou myopathies. Malheureusement les premiers essais cliniques sont décevants compte tenu en partie d’une mortalité massive au sein des myoblastes implantés. Plusieurs approches ont été développées pour réduire la mortalité des myoblastes. Notre approche a été de sélectionner et de purifier une population de cellules plus aptes à résister au stress cytotoxique. Les aldéhydes déhydrogenases (ALDH) sont une famille d’enzymes capables de détoxiquer efficacement les résidus aldéhydes générés par les espèces réactives de l’oxygène. Nous avons montré récemment que l’activité ALDH est élevée dans une majorité des myoblastes humains. Cette activité est associée à une augmentation de la survie cellulaire, ex vivo, suite à un stress oxydant induit au peroxyde d’hydrogène (H2O2) et, in vivo, lorsque les myoblastes ALDHhigh sont implantés dans des souris immunodéprimées scid. De plus, nous avons montré que la protéine Aldh1a1 est responsable de la totalité de l’activité ALDH dans les myoblastes humains. La protéine Aldh1a1 fait partie d’un sous groupe des ALDH appelées rétinaldehydes. Ces enzymes catalysent l’oxydation de la vitamine A en acide rétinoïque qui se lie et active les récepteurs nucléaires de l’acide rétinoïque. Dans ce projet, je vais chercher à savoir si l’activité anti-apoptotique de l’ALDH dans les myoblastes humains est dépendante de la synthèse d’acide rétinoïque. Au cours de mon stage M2R dans le laboratoire, j’ai montré que les myoblastes humains exposés à un stress oxydatif perdent leur intégrité cellulaire. Le traitement par l'acide rétinoïque protège les myoblastes humains de ce stress cytotoxique. L'analyse des transcriptomes des myoblastes traités à l’acide rétinoïque a révélé que la glutathione péroxydase 3 et la superoxyde dismutase 2, gènes codant pour des enzymes antioxydantes, sont des gènes cibles potentiels de l’acide rétinoïque. Dans ce projet, objectif 1, je propose d'étendre ces résultats aux myoblastes provenant de patients atteints de dystrophie Facioscapulohumeral (FSHD), une maladie musculaire dégénérative. Puisque l’équipe de Winokur et notre équipe ont démontré la présence d’une susceptibilité au stress oxydant dans ces myoblastes FSHD, nous postulons que la voie de signalisation des rétinoïdes pourrait stabiliser ce stress oxydatif et protègerait les myoblastes FSHD durant le processus de transplantation. Dans l’objectif 2, je vais inactiver l’expression de GPx3 et de SOD-2 en utilisant des shRNA afin de déterminer si GPX3 et SOD-2 sont responsables des effets anti-apoptotiques de l'acide rétinoïque. L’objectif 3 aura pour but de déterminer si l'acide rétinoïque améliore la survie des myoblastes sains et FSHD dans des essais de transplantation chez des souris immunodéficientes. Enfin, dans un projet à plus long terme, objectif 4, je testerais l'hypothèse que le statut en vitamine A (le précurseur de l'acide rétinoïque) est important pour la survie des cellules satellites et leur expansion chez l’adulte. Par conséquent, améliorer la survie des cellules souches musculaires afin d'augmenter la masse musculaire pourrait s'avérer être une stratégie thérapeutique importante pour contrecarrer l’évolution des dystrophies musculaires. / Mouse and human satellite cells have been shown to be functional muscle stem cells. Since myoblasts, the progeny of satellite cells can be transplanted and fuse with endogenous muscle fibers to form hybrid cells, myoblast transplantation represents a potential approach for the treatment of muscle diseases. Although other limitations, such as immune rejection or limited spread into the host tissue are also important, failure of myoblast transfer in the initial clinical trials was at least partly related to poor survival rate of transplanted myoblasts. Several approaches have been developed to reduce early loss of injected myoblasts. The approach in the laboratory was to select and purify a pool of myoblasts characterized by an improved survival response. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) are a family of enzymes that efficiently detoxify aldehydic products generated by reactive oxygen species and might therefore participate in cell survival. Their findings indicate that high ALDH activity is present in a majority of human myoblasts. This activity is correlated ex vivo to resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxic effect and in vivo to improved cell viability when ALDHhigh myoblasts were transplanted into host muscle of immune deficient scid mice. They demonstrated that Aldh1a1 protein contributes to most if not all ALDH activity in human myoblasts. Aldh1a1 catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of vitamin A (retinol) to retinoic acid (RA) which binds and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/Retinoic X receptor (RXR) heterodimers. Since high ALDH activity is correlated to improved cell viability, we will ask whether part of this biological activity is mediated by retinoic acid synthesis. In this project, we propose to determine whether retinoids (vitamin A and retinoic acid) protect human muscle precursor cells from cytotoxic damages and improved cell survival in transplantation assays. During my M2R training, I showed that human myoblasts exposed to an oxidative stress lost their integrity. Treatment with retinoic acid impaired these cytotoxic damages ex vivo. Microarray analysis of retinoic acid treated myoblasts revealed glutathione peroxidase 3 and superoxide dismutase 2, genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, as a potential RA target genes. In this project, aim 1, I propose to extend these results to myoblasts derived from patients with Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD), a muscle degenerative disease. Since the team of Winokur and our team found that FSHD myoblasts were highly susceptible to an induced oxidative stress, we postulate that retinoid signalling pathway may stabilise this oxidative stress and protect FSHD myoblasts during the process of transplantation. In aim2, I will inactivate Gpx-3 and SOD2 using shRNA to determine whether SOD-2 and GPx3 mediate the anti-apoptotic effects of retinoic acid. In the aim 3, I will determine whether retinoic acid improves myoblast survival in transplantation assays in animals. Finally, in a more long-term project, aim 4, I will test the hypothesis that vitamin A status (the precursor of retinoic acid) is important for satellite cell survival and expansion in the offspring. Therefore, manipulating cell survival in order to increase the mass of muscle produced from a pool of muscle precursor cells could be an important therapeutic strategy to counteract the course of muscular dystrophy.
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Evolution du développement chez les Chordés : une histoire d'acide rétinoïque, de gènes hox et de microARNs / Evolution of chordate development : a story of retinoic acid, hox genes and microRNAs

Campo-Paysaa, Florent 07 October 2011 (has links)
Le but de toute étude en biologie évolutive du développement est l’étude des mécanismes développementaux à l’origine des diversifications morphologiques. Dans ce contexte, j’ai décidé de me focaliser sur l’émergence des Vertébrés au cours de l’évolution, par la mise en œuvre d’études comparatives entre différents modèles de Deutérostomiens. Le travail réalisé durant ma thèse est subdivisé en trois projets: (i) j’ai abordé le lien entre l’évolution du cerveau chez les Chordés et les modifications de la signalisation à l’acide rétinoïque (AR) au cours du développement. En particulier, j’ai examiné les rôles de l’AR au cours du développement du cerveau chez la lamproie Lampetra fluviatilis, et j’ai comparé les résultats obtenus chez cette espèce aux mécanismes développementaux agissant chez l’amphioxus, un Chordé invertébré, et chez les modèles gnathostomes classiques. Les données obtenues lors de ces analyses comparatives ont permis une meilleure compréhension de l’évolution de la régionalisation cérébrale chez les Vertébrés. (ii) j’ai étudié l’évolution des séquences régulatrices présentes au sein des clusters de gènes hox, connus pour agir dans la régionalisation du système nerveux des Chordés. L’identification d’éléments non-codants conservés ainsi que d’éléments de réponse à l’AR (RARE) potentiels dans des clusters hox de Chordés, combinée à la caractérisation de RAREs in vivo en cellules murines a permis une vision intégrée de l’évolution du contrôle des gènes hox par l’AR, chez les Chordés. (iii) j’ai analysé l’évolution des microARNs chez les Chordés en comparant les répertoires microARN chez plusieurs espèces de Deutérostomiens. Cette étude a permis d’émettre de nouvelles hypothèses quant à l’émergence des microARNs chez les animaux. Toutes ces analyses ont abordé différents aspects de l’évolution des Chordés avec pour objectif la proposition d’une vision intégrée des mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine de l’émergence des Vertébrés. / The aim of the evolutionary developmental biology is to study the developmental mechanisms at the base of morphological diversification. In this context, I decided to focus my attention on the emergence of vertebrates during evolution by carrying out comparative analyses in several deuterostome models. The work carried out during of my thesis can be subdivided into three major projects: (i) I addressed the link between brain evolution and modifications in retinoic acid (RA) signaling during chordate development. In particular, I investigated the roles of RA signaling in brain development in a jawless vertebrate, the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, and compared the results with developmental mechanisms in the invertebrate chordate amphioxus and classical developmental model systems in jawed vertebrates. Data obtained from these comparative studies provided insights into the evolution of brain patterning in vertebrate evolution. (ii) I investigated the evolution of the regulatory landscape of hox gene clusters that are known to be fundamental for the patterning of the chordate central nervous system. The identification of conserved non-coding elements and putative RA response elements (RAREs) in hox clusters of different chordate species combined with the in vivo characterization of functional RAREs in mouse F9 cells provided an integrated view of the evolution of RA-dependent hox cluster regulation in chordates. (iii) I studied the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in chordate evolution by comparing the miRNA complements of different deuterostome species. This analysis provided novel insights about the general mechanisms of miRNA emergence in animals and highlighted species-specific miRNA complement amplifications in different deuterostome lineages. In sum, these studies have tackled different aspects of chordate evolution from an evo-devo perspective, aiming at an integrated view of the molecular mechanisms underlying vertebrate diversification.
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Um modelo de padronização das camâras cardíacas em Danio rerio. / A model for cardiac chambers patterning in Danio rerio.

Rodrigo Abe Castro Ferreira 14 November 2008 (has links)
O ácido retinóico (AR) é sintetizado a partir de oxidações sucessivas do retinol. A última etapa de oxidação é catalisada pelas enzimas RALDHs. O estabelecimento da polaridade ântero-posterior (AP) do coração é crítico para a demarcação das regiões de efluxo (ventrículos) e de influxo (átrios). Nosso grupo propõe que uma onda caudo-rostral (CR) de RALDH2 seja o mecanismo responsável por esta padronização em vertebrados. Para testar o papel da sinalização pelo AR na padronização AP do peixe zebra, manipulamos sua via com o inibidor das enzimas RALDHs, DEAB, com AR e com um inibidor da enzima CYP26 (IC), que cataboliza o AR. Os tratamentos com DEAB durante o período da onda de RALDH2 produziram átrios reduzidos, enquanto que os tratados com AR e com IC apresentam o domínio atrial expandido. Animais tratados com DEAB e AR em um estágio posterior a onda não mostraram diferença significativa ao controle. Estes dados sugerem uma forte correlação entre o evento da onda e a padronização das câmaras cardíacas, semelhante ao que ocorre nos demais amniotos. / The retinoic acid (RA) is synthetized by successive oxidations of retinol. The last oxidation step is catalyzed by the RALDHs enzymes. The establishment of the anteroposterior (AP) polarity is critical for the demarcation of outflow (ventricle) and inflow (atrium) regions. Our group proposes that a caudorostral (CR) wave of RALDH2 is the mechanism responsible for this patterning in vertebrates. In order to test the role of the RA signaling in zebrafish AP patterning, we manipulated its pathway with a RALDH enzymatic inhibitor, DEAB, with RA and with a CYP26 (IC) enzymatic inhibitor, that catabolises the RA. The DEAB treatments during the manifestation of the RALDH wave produced reduced atriums; meanwhile, the treatments with RA and IC presented an atrium expansion. Animals treated with DEAB and RA during a stage posterior to the wave did not present any significant difference. These data suggest a strong correlation between the wave event and the cardiac chamber patterning, similar to the mechanism observed in others amniotes.
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Mouse Limb Bud Development in Submerged Culture: Quantitative Assessment of the Effects of in Vivo Exposure to Retinoic Acid

Kwasigroch, Thomas E., Skalko, R. G., Church, J. K. 01 January 1984 (has links)
Retinoic acid, suspended in cottonseed oil, was administered via gavage to pregnant mice (ICR strain) on day 11 (E 11) of gestation at doses of either 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg. Fetuses were examined for external malformations on day 17 (E 17). Retinoic acid treatment induced micromelia (with the elimination of several long bones at higher doses) and digital defects (ectrodactyly and syndactyly) in a dose‐dependent manner in fetuses examined on day 17. Hindlimbs were affected more than forelimbs. In another group of experiments, limbs exposed to retinoic acid treatment in utero on E 11 were cultured on E 12 and maintained for 3 days in submerged culture. Cultured limbs were examined qualitatively for digital and long bone defects, and image analysis of the area and form of bone anlagen of cultured limbs was used to quantitatively evaluate the teratogenic potential of retinoic acid. The qualitative evaluation indicated that the retinoic acid‐induced effects obtained in vivo and with pretreated, cultured limbs were essentially the same, except that the severity of regional effects changed as a result of culture. The incidence of ectrodactyly was higher with cultured limbs than with E 17 fetal limbs, but fewer cultured limbs were missing long bones. These results suggest that culturing limbs, after they have been pretreated in utero, modifies their response to a teratogen and demonstrates that the paw skeleton is extremely sensitive to teratogen treatment under these experimental conditions. Therefore, care must be exercised when attempting to compare in vivo and in vitro teratogenic data. This study also clearly demonstrates the power and usefulness of image analysis for quantitative evaluation of both the area and form of a cultured specimen such as the developing limb bud. Quantitative, image analysis of cultured limbs showed a dose‐dependent decrease in area of both fore‐ and hindlimbs. The effect was most severe in hindlimbs. In the forelimb, the paw was affected more than the long bones; as the dose increased, this disparity of effect also increased. With the hindlimb, a greater effect on the paw occurred only at 80 mg/kg. Computing the soft tissue/bone ratio illustrated that retinoic acid had a greater effect on chondrogenic tissue than on soft tissue.
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Production of Congenital Limb Defects With Retinoic Acid: Phenomenological Evidence of Progressive Differentiation During Limb Morphogenesis

Kwasigroch, Thomas E., Kochhar, D. M. 01 November 1980 (has links)
Maternal administration of a single dose of retinoic acid (vitamin A acid, 100 mg/kg) on either the 11 th, 11 1/2, 12th, 12 1/2, 13th or 13 1/2 day of gestation produced phocomelia or partial phocomelia in ICR/DUB fetuses. The results depended upon the time of treatment and two gradients of effect were produced: 1) cranio-caudal gradient, since forelimb defects resulted from treatment between days 11 and 13, while similar hindlimb abnormalities were produced by administration of retinoic acid 12 to 24 hours later: 2) proximo-distal gradient, due to the heterogenous sensitivity among individual bones of the limb. In the forelimb, early treatment (11th day) produced humero-ulnar defects and later treatment (12th day) ulnoradial defects. A similar proximo-distal gradient was observed in the hindlimb. The use of teratological studies as a tool to assist morphogenetic investigation is discussed.
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Retinoic Acid Receptors and Tissue-Transglutaminase Mediate Short-Term Effect of Retinoic Acid on Migration and Invasion of Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells

Joshi, S., Guleria, R., Pan, J., DiPette, D., Singh, U. S. 12 January 2006 (has links)
Long-term treatment with all trans-retinoic acid (RA) induces neuronal differentiation and apoptosis. However, the effect of short-term RA treatment on cell proliferation, migration and invasion of neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y and IMR-32) remains unclear. RA induces expression of tissue-transglutaminase (TGase) and promotes migration and invasion after 24 h of treatment in SH-SY5Y cells, but not in IMR-32 cells. RA receptor (RAR) agonist (4-(E-2-[5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl]-1-propenyl) benzoic acid) and RAR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist (9-cis-RA) promote expression of TGase, migration and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells, while RXR agonist has no significant effect. RAR antagonist blocks RA effect on migration and invasion, indicating that RAR receptors are required. Retinoid receptors are expressed and activated by RA in both cell lines. However, only transient activation of RAR is observed in IMR-32 cells. These findings suggest that different responses observed in SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells could be due to differential activation of retinoid receptors. Overexpression of TGase has no effect on migration or invasion, while overexpression of antisense TGase blocks RA-induced migration and invasion, indicating that other molecules along with TGase mediate RA effects. In addition to the long-term effects of RA that are coupled with cell differentiation, short-term effects involve migration and invasion of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

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