Background: Drugs are one of the cornerstones in the management of many diseases. In general, drugs are used for diagnosis, prevention, mitigation of symptoms, and, sometimes, to cure disease. However, drug treatment in elderly people, especially those with dementia and cognitive impairments, may involve significant risk of adverse drug events.  The aim of this thesis was to identify the extent of potentially inappropriate drug treatment among people with dementia and cognitive impairment and to assess the occurrence and character of drug-related problems that lead to acute hospital admissions. Another aim was to assess the potential impact of a comprehensive medication review conducted by clinical pharmacists as part of a health care team on quality of patients’ drug therapy and drug-related hospital readmission rates. Method: Long-term use of antipsychotic/psychotropic drugs and associated factors were investigated among 344 and 278 people respectively with dementia living in specialized care units. Trends in the prescribing of potentially inappropriate drugs between 2007 and 2013, comprising 2772 and 1902 people, living in nursing homes in the county of Västerbotten, were assessed using six national quality indicators. Data on drug use, function in the activities of daily living, cognitive function and behavioral and psychological symptoms were collected using the Multi-Dimensional Dementia Assessment Scale. Further, an investigation of a separate corresponding population from 2012 was done, where potentially inappropriate drug use was measured before and after a total of 895 medication reviews. Finally, a randomized, controlled trial was carried out among people 65 years or older with dementia or cognitive impairment in internal medicine and orthopedic wards at two hospitals in northern Sweden. The proportion of hospital admissions that were drug-related were estimated, and also whether comprehensive medication reviews conducted by clinical pharmacists as part of a health care team could affect the risk of drug-related hospital readmissions. Results: Antipsychotic and other psychotropic drugs were frequently prescribed to people with dementia living in specialized care units for prolonged periods. Associations were found between behavioral and psychological symptoms and different psychotropic drugs. The extent of potentially inappropriate drug use declined between 2007 and 2013. In the separate corresponding population from 2012, the frequency of potentially inappropriate drug use was significantly reduced among people who underwent medication reviews. Hospitalizations due to drug-related problems among old people with dementia or cognitive impairment were prevalent. We found that inclusion of a clinical pharmacist in the health care team significantly reduced the risk of drug-related 30-day and 180-day readmissions. However, in a subset of patients with concomitant heart failure no effect was seen. Conclusion: Among patients with dementia or cognitive impairment long-term treatment with antipsychotic and other psychotropic drugs is common. The results indicate that these drugs are prescribed to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms among cognitively impaired individuals, despite limited evidence of their efficacy and the high risk of adverse effects. Drug-related problems, such as adverse drug reactions, constituted a major cause of hospital admissions. By reducing potentially inappropriate drug use and optimizing overall drug therapy, inclusion of clinical pharmacists in a health care team might improve the quality of patient care and reduce the risk of hospital readmissions among people with dementia.

This thesis investigates customer-to-customer roles and impacts in the context of service encounters. This topic is studied from two angles: customer interactions during group service encounters and customer perceptions post service encounters. The first angle is a focus on group service encounters that addresses the lack of research on customer-to-customer interactions that occur in customer-to-customer interaction-intensive contexts. These are contexts where the interactions between customers are not peripheral to the service, where there can be an expectation to interact with the other customers, and are common in tourism and hospitality, recreation, and education. The second angle is a focus on service outcomes after the service encounter, including satisfaction, intention to recommend, and online word-of-mouth. Paper 1 explores how firms view and manage customer-to-customer interactions during group service encounters. It finds that the differences in attitude and conduct of firms create four possible stances toward customer-to-customer interaction. Paper 2 delves deeper into how customer-to-customer interactions impact the design and delivery of group service encounters, develops a typology of customer cohort climates (CCCs), and identifies how each CCC can be created through four elements of group service encounters. Paper 3  investigates how positive and negative customer-to-customer interactions impact service outcomes and finds that customer-to-customer interaction is a dissatisfier. Paper 4 examines how customers produce online hotel reviews and finds that content analysis of online reviews yields similar findings to more traditional quantitative research methods. This thesis advances research on the impact of customers on each other and provides evidence that other customers can and should be managed to achieve desired service outcomes. It further proposes how these interactions can be managed to further enhance service firm offerings. / <p>QC 20160516</p>

This dissertation examines the tension inherent in the relationship between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as Member States Parties of the GATT/WTO and the GATT/WTO regime. It focuses specifically on the tension triggered off by the requirements of Article I – the Most-Favoured-Nation principle (MFN) and Article III – the National Treatment principle (NT) GATT 1994. It shows that while the non-discrimination principles are meant to promote trade liberalisation and economic growth, they produce the opposite effect in developing and least developed countries like ECOWAS and aggravate the tension between those countries and the WTO. It argues that the MFN is used to deny market access to the developing countries by exposing them to stiff but unequal competitive conditions and the NT to deny national governments the policy space to protect and promote national industries, employment and economic growth. It challenges the general assumption that the MFN and the NT are good and in the interest of all the WTO Members and rather identifies them as lynch-pins of economic development in the ECOWAS region. It also shows, contrary to the assumption of non-participation, how the ECOWAS High Contracting Parties are adapting their trading systems and harmonising their laws to the key provisions of Articles I and III of the GATT. It shows that the principles of non-discrimination are the outcome of the standard-setting procedures legally formulated as the SPS and TBT Agreements which favour the developed countries and how the Dispute Settlement Body has rejected the ‘aims-and-effect’ approach, taken a literal approach, overly emphasising trade liberalisation to the neglect of market access and economic development. This dissertation concludes that it is pre-mature for ECOWAS to assume Articles I and III obligations and recommends using the provisions of Article XXIV to build up effective influence through regional organisations and incrementally uniting to transform the GATT.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma investigação das diferenças de orientações culturais entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos a partir da análise de um corpus de resenhas de viajantes e aplicar esses resultados em uma proposta de tradução funcionalista na área do turismo. Cultura, neste trabalho, é entendida como sistema compartilhado para a interpretação da realidade e organização da experiência (Katan, 2004: 26), noção relacionada às orientações culturais ou tendências que as culturas desenvolvem para determinados padrões de percepção da realidade. Adotamos o referencial teórico de três áreas: Estudos Interculturais para a eleição do modelo de orientações culturais que norteia a análise (Hall, 1977; Hofstede, 2001; Trompenaars e Hampden-Turner, 2012; Walker et al. 2003); Linguística de Corpus e sua perspectiva da linguagem como sistema probabilístico (Sinclair, 1991); Teoria Funcionalista da Tradução (Vermeer, 1989) e seu enfoque na função comunicativa do texto final como o fio condutor das estratégias tradutórias. O corpus de estudo é composto por resenhas de hotéis extraídas do site TripAdvisor, escritas em inglês por americanos e em português por brasileiros. Foram compiladas 15 mil resenhas, totalizando 2.160.333 palavras, divididas em dois subcorpora em cada idioma: resenhas de americanos sobre hotéis nos EUA e sobre hotéis no Brasil; resenhas de brasileiros sobre hotéis nos EUA e sobre hotéis no Brasil. Esse corpus foi explorado com o auxílio do software WordSmith Tools 7 (Scott, 2016). No total, foram apresentadas nove análises, com base nas palavras-chave das cinco categorias semânticas estabelecidas: VALOR/JULGAMENTO Brazilian (standards) e star; ATENDIMENTO staff e complain; ESTADIA experience e disappointing; ESTRUTURA FÍSICA room e lobby; COMODIDADES breakfast. A cultura americana foi caracterizada pelas orientações à comunicação low context, ao individualismo, ao pensamento indutivolinear e ao universalismo. Dentre outras características, observou-se uma alta expectativa de que a estrutura física e os serviços prestados pelo hotel sejam consistentes e compatíveis com o padrão da rede e categoria de estrelas. A cultura brasileira demonstrou tendência às orientações à comunicação high context, ao coletivismo, ao pensamento dedutivo-sistêmico e ao particularismo. Como consequência, as resenhas dos brasileiros demonstram ser mais pautadas em descrições gerais e impressões pessoais do que em critérios concretos e objetivos. Esses e outros achados embasaram a proposta de tradução funcionalista (português > inglês) de um site de hotel, demonstrando que o conhecimento sobre as orientações culturais, quando aplicado à tradução no âmbito do turismo, permite que se produza um texto final alinhado à sua função informativa e persuasiva. / The aim of this research is to carry out a cross-cultural corpus-based analysis of Brazilian and American travelers reviews, interpreting results within the theoretical frame of cultural orientations. We then apply the findings to a functionalist translation of a tourism text. Culture is defined as a \"shared system for interpreting reality and organizing experience\" (Katan, 2004: 26), which is closely related to the concept of cultural orientations or tendencies that cultures develop towards certain patterns of perception. This research draws on the principles of three major areas: Intercultural Studies for selecting the cultural orientations model that underpins the analysis (Hall, 1977; Hofstede, 2001; Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012; Walker et al., 2003); Corpus Linguistics and its perspective of language as a probabilistic system (Sinclair, 1991); and the Skopos Theory of Translation (Vermeer, 1989) that sees the communicative function of the target text as the guiding principle behind translation strategies. The study corpus is comprised of TripAdvisor hotel reviews written in English by American travelers and in Portuguese by Brazilian travelers. A total of 15,000 reviews and 2,160,333 words were compiled, divided into two subcorpora in each language: American reviews of hotels in the USA and hotels in Brazil; Brazilian reviews of hotels in the USA and hotels in Brazil. This corpus was explored with the aid of WordSmith Tools 7 (Scott, 2016). A total of nine analyses were presented, based on keywords from five semantic categories: VALUE/JUDGMENT - \'Brazilian (standards)\' and \'star\'; SERVICE - \'staff\' and \'complain\'; STAY - \'experience\' and \'disappointing\'; PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES - \'room\' and \'lobby\'; AMENITIES - \'breakfast\'. Americans displayed a low-context orientation to communication, linear-inductive orientation to thinking as well as individualism and universalistic orientations. As a consequence, Americans showed high expectation for consistency and compatibility among hotel physical attributes, services provided and hotel chain or star rating. Brazilians exhibited cultural orientations towards high-context communication, deductive-systemic thinking, particularism and collectivism. Among other characteristics, Brazilian reviews proved to be mostly based on general descriptions and personal impressions rather than concrete and objective criteria. These and other findings created the basis for our functionalist approach to a translation (Portuguese > English) of a hotel website, thus showing that an understanding of cultural orientations plays a role in tourism translation, helping ensure the target tourism text reaches its informative and persuasive functions.

O aumento dos investimentos em processos educativos formais para profissionais trouxe consigo a necessidade de avaliar o efeito dessas atividades, seja sobre o trabalhador treinado, seja sobre a organização. Os instrumentos mais utilizados para avaliação aparentemente não estão atingindo os objetivos, e pouco contribuem para retroalimentar atividades educativas. Na área da saúde são realizados muitos treinamentos, no entanto, nem sempre são avaliados. Sendo assim, surgiu a necessidade de compreender mais sobre o tema e, assim, iniciar a construção de uma metodologia de avaliação capaz de mostrar as informações indispensáveis para retroalimentação dos programas e, por conseguinte, melhorar a prática assistencial que é a finalidade precípua das ações educativas na área da saúde. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivos analisar a produção científica publicada sobre avaliação de processos educativos formais de profissionais da área da saúde e analisar as características dos instrumentos encontrados na revisão de literatura. Para isso, utilizamos a revisão integrativa, método pelo qual pesquisas primárias são analisadas para elaboração de uma síntese do conhecimento produzido sobre o tema investigado. Foram revisadas as bases de dados da BVS, Pubmed e Cochrane, no período de Janeiro de 2000 a Julho de 2010; a amostra final foi de 19 artigos científicos. Os resultados evidenciaram que não é utilizada uma metodologia validada e sistematizada para avaliar processos educativos formais, que o foco da avaliação é principalmente o aprendizado do participante, com pouca atenção ao processo de ensino e ao comportamento no cargo, sendo assim, ampliar os níveis de avaliação é essencial. Não basta olhar para a satisfação do treinando e a aquisição de conhecimento; também é importante conhecer o quanto esse novo conhecimento é aplicado no trabalho e o que isso impacta na instituição contratante e no usuário do sistema de saúde. A utilização dos resultados de avaliação apenas para captar se o treinando adquiriu algum conhecimento ou se ficou satisfeito com a ação também é um uso restrito das ferramentas de avaliação de processos educativos formais para profissionais. A ausência de avaliações pode reduzir o valor do treinamento que precisariam de alterações. / The increased investment in formal education processes for professionals has brought the need to assess the effect of these activities, the employee is trained, is about the organization. The most widely used instruments for assessing apparently are not reaching the goals, and contribute little to give feedback to educational activities. In the health area are conducted many training sessions, however, are not always evaluated. Thus, the need to understand more about the subject and thus initiate the building of an evaluation methodology capable of displaying the necessary information for feedback from the programs and therefore improve the care that is the primary aim of stock education in health. Thus, this study aims to examine the published scientific literature on evaluation of educational processes formal healthcare professionals and analyze the characteristics of the instruments found in the literature review. For this, we use an integrative review, a method by which primary research are analyzed for developing a synthesis of knowledge produced about a topic. We reviewed the databases of the VHL, Pubmed and Cochrane, in the period January 2000 to July 2010, the final sample of 19 scientific articles. The results showed that there is a validated methodology used to assess systematic and formal educational processes, the focus of the evaluation is primarily the learning of the participant, with little attention to teaching and behavior in office, thus, increase the levels of evaluation is essential. Do not just look for the satisfaction of training and knowledge acquisition, is also important to know how this new knowledge is applied at work and that this impacts on the contracting institution and the user of the health system. The use of evaluation results to capture only if the trainee has acquired some knowledge or if she was satisfied with the action is also limited use of evaluation tools for formal educational processes for professionals. The lack of assessment can reduce the amount of training they needed changes.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma investigação das diferenças de orientações culturais entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos a partir da análise de um corpus de resenhas de viajantes e aplicar esses resultados em uma proposta de tradução funcionalista na área do turismo. Cultura, neste trabalho, é entendida como sistema compartilhado para a interpretação da realidade e organização da experiência (Katan, 2004: 26), noção relacionada às orientações culturais ou tendências que as culturas desenvolvem para determinados padrões de percepção da realidade. Adotamos o referencial teórico de três áreas: Estudos Interculturais para a eleição do modelo de orientações culturais que norteia a análise (Hall, 1977; Hofstede, 2001; Trompenaars e Hampden-Turner, 2012; Walker et al. 2003); Linguística de Corpus e sua perspectiva da linguagem como sistema probabilístico (Sinclair, 1991); Teoria Funcionalista da Tradução (Vermeer, 1989) e seu enfoque na função comunicativa do texto final como o fio condutor das estratégias tradutórias. O corpus de estudo é composto por resenhas de hotéis extraídas do site TripAdvisor, escritas em inglês por americanos e em português por brasileiros. Foram compiladas 15 mil resenhas, totalizando 2.160.333 palavras, divididas em dois subcorpora em cada idioma: resenhas de americanos sobre hotéis nos EUA e sobre hotéis no Brasil; resenhas de brasileiros sobre hotéis nos EUA e sobre hotéis no Brasil. Esse corpus foi explorado com o auxílio do software WordSmith Tools 7 (Scott, 2016). No total, foram apresentadas nove análises, com base nas palavras-chave das cinco categorias semânticas estabelecidas: VALOR/JULGAMENTO Brazilian (standards) e star; ATENDIMENTO staff e complain; ESTADIA experience e disappointing; ESTRUTURA FÍSICA room e lobby; COMODIDADES breakfast. A cultura americana foi caracterizada pelas orientações à comunicação low context, ao individualismo, ao pensamento indutivolinear e ao universalismo. Dentre outras características, observou-se uma alta expectativa de que a estrutura física e os serviços prestados pelo hotel sejam consistentes e compatíveis com o padrão da rede e categoria de estrelas. A cultura brasileira demonstrou tendência às orientações à comunicação high context, ao coletivismo, ao pensamento dedutivo-sistêmico e ao particularismo. Como consequência, as resenhas dos brasileiros demonstram ser mais pautadas em descrições gerais e impressões pessoais do que em critérios concretos e objetivos. Esses e outros achados embasaram a proposta de tradução funcionalista (português > inglês) de um site de hotel, demonstrando que o conhecimento sobre as orientações culturais, quando aplicado à tradução no âmbito do turismo, permite que se produza um texto final alinhado à sua função informativa e persuasiva. / The aim of this research is to carry out a cross-cultural corpus-based analysis of Brazilian and American travelers reviews, interpreting results within the theoretical frame of cultural orientations. We then apply the findings to a functionalist translation of a tourism text. Culture is defined as a \"shared system for interpreting reality and organizing experience\" (Katan, 2004: 26), which is closely related to the concept of cultural orientations or tendencies that cultures develop towards certain patterns of perception. This research draws on the principles of three major areas: Intercultural Studies for selecting the cultural orientations model that underpins the analysis (Hall, 1977; Hofstede, 2001; Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012; Walker et al., 2003); Corpus Linguistics and its perspective of language as a probabilistic system (Sinclair, 1991); and the Skopos Theory of Translation (Vermeer, 1989) that sees the communicative function of the target text as the guiding principle behind translation strategies. The study corpus is comprised of TripAdvisor hotel reviews written in English by American travelers and in Portuguese by Brazilian travelers. A total of 15,000 reviews and 2,160,333 words were compiled, divided into two subcorpora in each language: American reviews of hotels in the USA and hotels in Brazil; Brazilian reviews of hotels in the USA and hotels in Brazil. This corpus was explored with the aid of WordSmith Tools 7 (Scott, 2016). A total of nine analyses were presented, based on keywords from five semantic categories: VALUE/JUDGMENT - \'Brazilian (standards)\' and \'star\'; SERVICE - \'staff\' and \'complain\'; STAY - \'experience\' and \'disappointing\'; PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES - \'room\' and \'lobby\'; AMENITIES - \'breakfast\'. Americans displayed a low-context orientation to communication, linear-inductive orientation to thinking as well as individualism and universalistic orientations. As a consequence, Americans showed high expectation for consistency and compatibility among hotel physical attributes, services provided and hotel chain or star rating. Brazilians exhibited cultural orientations towards high-context communication, deductive-systemic thinking, particularism and collectivism. Among other characteristics, Brazilian reviews proved to be mostly based on general descriptions and personal impressions rather than concrete and objective criteria. These and other findings created the basis for our functionalist approach to a translation (Portuguese > English) of a hotel website, thus showing that an understanding of cultural orientations plays a role in tourism translation, helping ensure the target tourism text reaches its informative and persuasive functions.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-09T12:33:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alessandro de Mesquita Gonçalves.pdf: 1744202 bytes, checksum: d03e177ad946747f62145e4211ba92b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T12:33:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alessandro de Mesquita Gonçalves.pdf: 1744202 bytes, checksum: d03e177ad946747f62145e4211ba92b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The purpose of this thesis is to identify the structural features of the reviews elaborated by the teams of the Bravo!, Rolling Stone Brazil and Cult magazines in order to broaden the theories about the subject. The three are among the main publications aimed at covering the Brazilian cultural segment. At first, the genre took the marks of the academic segment to mass media, but acquired its own nuances over the years. There are 52 texts published by the magazines as a corpus. They presented diversified compositions, thematic contents and styles. Each publication was followed through 13 editions, which corresponds to the period of one year and one month. Concepts of authors who have worked on academic and journalistic reviews have served as the starting point for this survey. On the communication side, we consulted Coelho (2007), Marques de Melo (2003) and Piza (2013), among others. On the scientific side, we consulted Severino (2000), Maia (2007), Abreu-Tardelli, Lousada and Machado (2009), Medeiros (2009) and Didio (2013). The material was examined base on Bakhtin (2000). His theories about discourse genres were the main category of analysis used in this research, whose methodology is interpretative based on quantitative information for qualitative evaluations of the material and the results obtained. The main result is the observation that journalistic review, unlike what occurs in the university field, breaks with pre- established structures, although it is possible to say that its global order is roughly divided into introduction, development and conclusion. But the chain of ideas will depend much more on the knowledge about the focused object, on the professional experience and on the textual abilities of the reviewer than on the editorial rule. The exception occurs with one of two models used by Bravo! magazine that divided the text with explicit topics. The division presented variations according to the thematic content. In general, the compositional format brought this model closer to what is seen in the academic world, especially in the appreciation of books / O objetivo desta tese é identificar os traços estruturais das resenhas elaboradas pelas equipes das revistas Bravo!, Rolling Stone Brasil e Cult a fim de ampliar as teorias acerca do assunto. As três estão entre as principais publicações voltadas à cobertura do segmento cultural do País. Em um primeiro momento, o gênero carregou as marcas do segmento acadêmico para os veículos de comunicação, mas adquiriu matizes próprios através dos tempos. Como corpus, foram selecionados 52 textos difundidos pelas revistas. Eles apresentaram composições, conteúdos temáticos e estilos diversificados. Cada publicação foi acompanhada ao longo de 13 edições, número que corresponde ao período de um ano e um mês. Conceitos de autores que se debruçaram sobre as resenhas jornalística e acadêmica funcionaram como ponto de partida para este levantamento. Da comunicação, foram consultados Coelho (2007), Marques de Melo (2003) e Piza (2013), entre outros; do gênero científico, Severino (2000), Maia (2007), Abreu-Tardelli, Lousada e Machado (2009), Medeiros (2009) e Didio (2013). O material foi examinado à luz de Bakhtin (2000). As teorias dele em torno dos gêneros do discurso foram a categoria de análise condutora desta pesquisa, cuja metodologia é interpretativista com base em dados quantitativos para avaliações qualitativas do material e dos resultados obtidos. O principal deles é a constatação de que a resenha jornalística, diferentemente do que ocorre no campo universitário, rompe com estruturas pré-estabelecidas, embora seja possível afirmar que a sua ordem global seja dividida, grosso modo, em introdução, desenvolvimento e conclusão. O encadeamento de ideias, no entanto, vai depender muito mais do conhecimento acerca do objeto retratado, da experiência profissional e das habilidades textuais do resenhista do que propriamente de cânones editoriais. A exceção ocorre com um dos dois modelos utilizados pela revista Bravo! que fatiava o texto, de forma didática, com tópicos explícitos. A divisão apresentava variações de acordo com o conteúdo temático. De maneira geral, o formato composicional aproximava mais esse modelo daquilo que é visto no mundo acadêmico, sobretudo na apreciação de livros

趙曉彤. / "2013年8月". / "2013 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-178). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zhao Xiaotong.

The purpose of this study is to examine beer reviews to see what descriptors are identified and used to describe beers. Also, the domains APPEARANCE, AROMA, FLAVOUR, MOUTHFEEL and OVERALL IMPRESSION are analysed. The theoretical framework stems from the genre of wine reviews, with additional backbone from beer sensory analysis and established beer terminology. Through analysis of 27 beer reviews in three leading beer magazines, the study shows that most typically object descriptors and property descriptors relating to the raw materials are used. In terms of domains, APPEARANCE and MOUTHFEEL have few descriptors, whilst AROMA and FLAVOUR have a higher number of descriptors and more categories. The domain with more process related and human-like descriptions, as well as more elaborate expressions to entice the consumer, is OVERALL IMPRESSION.

La thèse sur papiers analyse les impacts des faux avis en ligne sur les relations sur le marché. Une séquence structurée des études qualitatives et quantitatives explore les perceptions des consommateurs et leur comportement relativement aux faux avis et étudie les solutions possibles pour détecter la communication trompeuse. La recherche confirme l'importance du phénomène des faux avis en ligne pour le marché et la nécessité de mesures opportunes anti-tromperie; des solutions pratiques et un agenda de recherche sont suggérés. / The paper-based thesis analyses the impacts of fake online reviews on marketplace relationships. A structured sequence of qualitative and quantitative studies explores customer perceptions and behavior with regard to fake reviews and investigates possible solutions to detect deceptive communication. The research supports the importance of the phenomenon of fake online reviews for the market and the necessity of timely anti-deception measures; both practical solutions and research agenda are suggested.