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Diagn?stico dos g?neros Ehrlichia e Babesia em c?es dom?sticos e caracteriza??o de Anaplasma platys na Regi?o Metropolitana do Rio de JaneiroLisb?a, Raquel Silva 14 April 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-04-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq. / Dogs can be infected with various hemoparasites, and the occurrence of co-infections between
Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Hepatozoon canis species is very
common, since they have the same tick vector. The objectives of this study were to delineate a
multiplex PCR technique for the simultaneous diagnostic of microorganisms of Babesia and
Ehrlichia genera in canine blood samples, and to realize the partial characterization of
fragments of the 16S rRNA gene of the family Anaplasmataceae agents and, of 18S rRNA
gene of Babesia detected in some samples PCR-positive, comparing the sequences obtained
with sequences of other strains previously deposited in GenBank. Total DNA of 119 blood
samples was extracted, of these, 40 were selected by showing cytoplasmatic inclusions in
leukocytes and/or platelets suggesting infection by agents of Anaplasmataceae family (1E to
40E), 37 by showing piroplasms (1B to 37B), and two by presenting structures of both agents
(M1 and M2), and finally, 40 samples with negative parasitological diagnostic and
hematological exam without alterations. All these samples were tested by PCR to confirm the
absence or presence of these hemoparasites, and them utilized in the multiplex PCR
delineation. In multiplex PCR reactions the primers A17/EC3 were used to amplify an
approximately 600bp region of the 16S rRNA gene of Ehrlichia species and the primers
PIRO-A1/PIRO-B were used to amplify an approximately 450bp region of the 18S rRNA
gene of Babesia species. Validation of multiplex PCR was performed by real time multiplex
PCR. The multiplex PCR was able to simultaneously detect both agents in a DNA sample of a
dog naturally co-infected and all the single infections by Babesia, but does not detected all the
Ehrlichia infections. The real-time multiplex PCR was more sensitive in detect both single
and also co-infections, as well as positive DNA mixtures for the two agents. The sequencing
results confirmed the isolates identity, and that the primers PIRO-A1/PIRO-B also amplified
the DNA of Hepatozoon canis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that E. canis, A. platys, B.
canis and H. canis species found in this study showed close similarities with sequences
previously deposited in GenBank, forming monophyletic groups. / Os c?es podem se infectar com diversos hemoparasitos, sendo muito comum a ocorr?ncia de
coinfec??es entre as esp?cies Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Anaplasma platys e Hepatozoon
canis, visto que possuem o mesmo carrapato vetor. Este estudo teve como objetivos delinear
uma t?cnica de PCR multiplex para diagnosticar simultaneamente microrganismos dos
g?neros Ehrlichia e Babesia em amostras de sangue de c?es e realizar a caracteriza??o parcial
de fragmentos do gene 16S rRNA de agentes da fam?lia Anaplasmataceae e do gene 18S
rRNA de Babesia detectados em algumas amostras positivas pela PCR, comparando as
sequ?ncias obtidas com as sequ?ncias de outras cepas depositadas previamente no GenBank.
O DNA total de 119 amostras de sangue foi extra?do. Destas, 40 foram selecionadas por
apresentar inclus?es citoplasm?ticas em leuc?citos e/ou plaquetas sugestivas de infec??o por
agentes da fam?lia Anaplasmataceae (1E a 40E), 37 por apresentar formas parasit?rias de
piroplasm?deos (1B a 37B), duas por apresentar estruturas de ambos os agentes (M1 e M2) e,
finalmente, 40 amostras com diagn?stico parasitol?gico negativo e exame hematol?gico sem
altera??es. Todas estas amostras foram testadas por PCR, para a confirma??o da aus?ncia ou
presen?a destes hemoparasitos, e depois utilizadas no delineamento da PCR multiplex. Nas
rea??es de PCR multiplex utilizou-se os oligonucleot?deos iniciadores A17/EC3 que
amplificam um produto de aproximadamente 600pb de uma por??o do gene 16S rRNA de
esp?cies de Ehrlichia e os oligonucleot?deos iniciadores PIRO-A1/PIRO-B que amplificam
um produto de aproximadamente 450pb de uma por??o do gene 18Sr RNA de esp?cies de
Babesia. A valida??o da PCR multiplex foi realizada por PCR multiplex em tempo-real. A
PCR multiplex foi capaz de detectar simultaneamente os dois agentes em uma amostra de
DNA de um c?o naturalmente coinfectado e todas as infec??es individuais por Babesia, mas
n?o detectou todas as infec??es por Ehrlichia. A PCR multiplex em tempo real foi mais
sens?vel em detectar tanto infec??es ?nicas quanto coinfec??es, al?m de misturas de DNA
positivo para os dois agentes. Os resultados dos sequenciamentos confirmaram a identidade
dos isolados, e que os oligonucleot?deos PIRO-A1/PIRO-B amplificaram tamb?m, o DNA de
Hepatozoon canis. As an?lises filogen?ticas indicaram que as esp?cies de E. canis, A. platys,
B. canis e H. canis encontradas neste estudo possuem similaridades pr?ximas com sequ?ncias
previamente depositadas no GenBank, formando grupos monofil?ticos.
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Caracteriza??o gen?tica de arroz (Oryza Sativa L.) atrav?s de marcadores moleculares RAPD e efici?ncia na aquisi??o de N. / Genetic Characterization of Rice (Oryza sativa l.) Using the RAPD Molecular Markers and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency.Baptista, Jane de Ara?jo 27 March 2002 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2002-03-27 / We have studied the influence of using 6 different coefficients of similarity when
grouping 16 varieties of rice analyzed by the RAPD technique. DNA samples of these
varieties were amplified using 20 primers, only 15 (75%) of which produced amplified
fragments, compresing 90 of these were polimorphic fragments. The analysis of the
band, profile produced a ?fingerprint?. For the calculation of the similarity index several
coefficients were tested: Nei & Li, Jaccard, Ochiai, Russel & Rao, Simple Matching and
Rogers & Tanimoto. Comparison among them was carried out through the evaluation of
the dendrograms generated by the UPGMA algorithm and by the correlations between
the genetic pitches. The coefficients of Nei & Li, Jaccard, and Ochiai discriminated the
varieties in three main groups according to their genetic similarities. Our results show
that the coefficients of Nei & Li, Jaccard and Ochiai adjusted better the groups with
hight genetic similarities. While the coefficients Simple Matching and Rogers &
Tanimoto were not as efficient, banding together varieties that are genetically different.
In experiments, with the objective to studies the effect of levels (20 or 60 mg N/L) e
forms of N (NH4
+ and NO3
-) under the kinetics parameters, proton extrusion, the
activity of the N-assimilation enzymes and the N-partition in the plant, were conducted
in greenhouse, using 5 upland rice varieties (Lageado, IAC 47, Dobradinho, Agulha e
Bico Ganga), in nutrient solution. It was observed an ample variation of the kinetics
parameters and biochemists, and a distinguishing behavior among varieties in the
uptake and use of N. The varieties Agulha and IAC-47 had presented the best
combination of KM, Vm?x, GS/GOGAT in conditions of hight avaibility of N- NO3
-,
and Bico Ganga, in conditions of low avaibility of N- NO3
- in nutrient solution. In
another experiment, with the objective to study the assimilation and remobiliza??o of N
in season nitrate conditions, used varieties Sagrim?o, Goiano, Zebu, Agulha, IAC 1278,
IR08, Comum Branco, IAC 47 e Ligeiro had been cultivated in nutritional solution. The
N-assimilation enzymes were estudied in the leaf blades and root of 62 and 69 days old
rice plants, under 20 and 200 mg mgN-NO3
-/L. Under higher nitrate supply had increase
the activity of the NR, GS and GOGAT in rice plants. The GS activities had been low in
roots, in comparison with the activities observed in leaf. The GOGAT activity was
bigger in roots, in both the treatments. The GDH-A activity occurred mainly in tessues
foliar. The GDH-D activity occurred in leaf as in roots. The GDH-D activity not
occurred in tissues foliar. The activity of the enzymes of N-assimilation was higher in
tissues foliar. These results seem indicate the leaves as the main site of NH4
+-N
assimilation in rice plants under higher NO3
--supply. / Neste trabalho avaliaram-se as altera??es provocadas por 6 diferentes coeficientes de
similaridade no agrupamento de 16 variedades de arroz analisadas pela t?cnica de
RAPD. Amostras de DNA das variedades foram amplificadas com 20 iniciadores, sendo
15 (75%) produziram fragmentos amplificados, resultando em 90 fragmentos
polim?rficos. A an?lise dos resultados se constituiu na descri??o do padr?o de bandas.
Para o c?lculo do coeficiente de similaridade foram testados os coeficientes Nei & Li,
Jaccard, Ochiai, Russel & Rao, Simple Matching e Rogers & Tanimoto, sendo as
compara??es entre eles realizadas pela avalia??o dos dendrogramas gerados pelo
algoritmo UPGMA e pelas correla??es entre as dist?ncias gen?ticas. Os resultados
obtidos indicam que os melhores coeficientes para determina??o da similaridade foram
os de Nei & Li, de Jaccard e de Ochiai que foram capazes de agrupar as variedades com
alta similaridade, enquanto os coeficientes Simple Matching e de Rogers & Tanimoto
foram ligeiramente inferiores colocando variedades distantes no mesmo grupo. Em
experimentos objetivando analisar o efeito de n?veis (20 e 60 mg N/L) e formas de N
(NH4
+ e NO3
-) sob os par?metros cin?ticos de absor??o, a extrus?o de pr?tons, a
atividade das enzimas de assimila??o de N, e a parti??o de N na planta, usou-se 5
variedades de arroz-de-sequeiro (Lageado, IAC 47, Dobradinho, Agulha e Bico Ganga),
cultivadas em solu??o nutritiva. Houve um comportamento diferencial entre as
variedades quanta ? capacidade de absor??o e uso de N. As variedades Agulha e IAC 47
apresentaram a melhor combina??o de KM, Vm?x, GS/GOGAT em condi??es de alta
disponibilidade de N-NO3
-, e a variedade Bico Ganga, sob condi??es de baixa
disponibilidade de N. Noutro experimento, objetivando estudar a assimila??o e
remobiliza??o de N em condi??es sazonais de N, utilizou-se as variedades Sagrim?o,
Goiano, Zebu, Agulha, IAC 1278, IR 08, Comum Branco, IAC 25 e Ligeiro, com 62 e
69 dias de idade, cultivadas em solu??o nutritiva, com 20 e 200 mg N-NO3
-/L. O
aumento no suprimento de N aumentou a atividade da NR, da GS e GOGAT. A
atividade de NR ocorreu em ra?zes e na parte a?rea. A atividade da GS foi baixa em
ra?zes. A atividade da GOGAT foi maior nas ra?zes, em ambos os tratamentos. A
atividade de GDH-A ocorreu principalmente em tecidos foliares. A atividade de GDHD
ocorreu tanto em folhas como em ra?zes. A atividade das enzimas de assimila??o de
N foi superior nas folhas, indicando serem estas os principais s?tios de incorpora??o de
am?nio em amino?cidos, quando plantas de arroz s?o submetidas a altos n?veis de NO3
-.
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Sistema de informa??o de gest?o t?cnica e custo aliada ? rastreabilidade em pecu?ria de corteOliveira, Carlos Augusto de 15 December 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-12-15 / The purposes of this survey are related to the development and application of information
sustem (IS) on production costs management on livestock farming emphasizing pastures costs
based on the simplicity of operational procedures. The pattern considered pastures as feeding
intake promoting the measurement of their costs. The correction factor for adjusting animal
units (UA) from a herd, estimating UA size up to flock physical validity was carried out by
this study. The survey was accomplished on a farm located in S?o Mateus, Esp?rito Santo
state, Brazil, presenting 271 hectares of total area and 220 hectares of pastures area, for 26
months collecting data from births and animal herd inclusion and exclusion dates, initial and
final animal weights, prophylactic handlings as well as the origin and destination of trading
animals. During observation period, 645 bovine animals, being 400 ones traded on this period
of time, presenting 172 kg mean weight at the inclusion period and 521.1 kg mean weight at
the exclusion one were reported. Information as: labour expenses, electrical power, mineral
supplement, energetic-proteic supplement, veterinary drugs, etc., were described, as well. For
obtaining of the production cost, 80% over salaries over social payments, as 0.5% as well as
improvements for estimating depreciation costs were monthly performed. Land value was not
used for this cost model. Information system granted zootechnical performances monitoring
and expenses by the latter 12 months (from 13th month) independent from the civil year,
monthly presenting animal activity income. Bovine animals acquisition, pastures and labour
represented 93.5% from total costs. Mean animal income on the last 12 months of
examination was 27.3%. It might be concluded that information system has been an
appropriate method for livestock farming management based on production costs and
zootechnical performances, as well as costs excel application on beef cattle raising, specially
in regard to grazing, enabling the demonstration of production cost and its relationship with
difficult measurements components by livestock farmers. Procedures related to herd
traceability by information system were also performed. This study also demonstrated for
brazilian public theasury, the possibility of 90% of discounts over crude income from beef
cattle sale as motivation to the beef farmers included into SISBOV. / Os objetivos do trabalho est?o relacionados ao desenvolvimento e aplica??o de Sistema de
Informa??es (SI) na gest?o dos custos de produ??o em pecu?ria de corte com ?nfase no custo
das pastagens, baseado na simplifica??o de procedimentos operacionais. A modelagem
desenvolvida considerou as pastagens como um insumo alimentar, facilitando a mensura??o
de seus custos. O trabalho possibilitou a cria??o de fator de corre??o para ajuste das unidades
animal (UA) de um rebanho, aproximando o dimensionamento de UAs com a realidade f?sica
do rebanho estudado. A propriedade de observa??o se localiza em S?o Mateus, ES,
apresentando 271 ha de ?rea total e 220 ha de ?rea de pastagens. Foram 26 meses de
observa??es, com coleta de dados relativos ? datas de nascimentos e de entrada no sistema,
pesagens de entrada e sa?da dos animais, procedimentos profil?ticos, assim como o
conhecimento da origem e destino dos animais comercializados. Durante o per?odo de
observa??o estiveram sob controle 645 bovinos, dos quais, 400 bovinos foram
comercializados, com peso m?dio de entrada de 172 kg e sa?da de 512,1 kg. Tamb?m foram
feitas coletas de informa??es sobre utiliza??o e pre?os locais de: m?o de obra, energia, sal
mineral, proteinado, medicamentos, etc. Para fins de obten??o de custo de produ??o foi
aplicado o percentual de 80% sobre os valores pagos aos sal?rios, como pagamento das leis
sociais e aplicado percentual de 0,5%, em rotina mensal, sobre os valores imobilizados em
benfeitorias, para forma??o dos custos de deprecia??o. O valor da terra n?o foi utilizado para
fins de forma??o deste custo. O SI permitiu a observa??o das performances zoot?cnicas e
forma??o das despesas dos ?ltimos 12 meses (a partir do 13? m?s) independente do ano civil,
apresentando a rentabilidade anual da atividade em rotina mensal. A soma dos itens aquisi??o
de bovinos, pastagens e m?o de obra representaram 93,5% dos custos totais da atividade. A
rentabilidade anual m?dia alcan?ada nos 12 ?ltimos meses de observa??o foi de 27,3%. De
forma conclusiva, foi poss?vel o uso do SI como ferramenta para tomada de decis?es voltadas
? gest?o da atividade de pecu?ria de corte com base no custo de produ??o e as performances
zoot?cnicas, assim como o estabelecimento da planilha de custos em pecu?ria de corte, com
aten??o especial ao insumo pastejo, possibilitando a demonstra??o da composi??o do custo de
produ??o e sua rela??o com os itens de dif?ceis mensura??es por parte dos produtores. O SI
tamb?m realizou os procedimentos relativos ? rastreabilidade do rebanho em an?lise. A
forma??o do custo tamb?m teve como objetivo a demonstra??o junto ao fisco brasileiro, da
possibilidade de cria??o de rebate de custos na faixa de 90% sobre a receita bruta apurada da
venda de bovinos de corte, para ser utilizado como forma de incentivo a produtores inscritos
no SISBOV.
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Insumos e indicadores Biol?gicos em Agrossistemas com BananeirasQuintero, Emmeris Ivan Quintero 29 March 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Studies were performed in the experimental area of Embrapa Agrobiologia, region - RJ, in order to evaluate the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with a variety of banana ?Grand nine ", and the potential antagonist in AMF biocontrol nematodes. We also tested biological indicators and products as alternatives to monitoring and restoration of ecosystems with bananas. The first study evaluated the microbial activity in soil samples from two management systems with bananas in the municipality of Casimiro de Abreu, RJ. In the second study, was evaluated the AGAS organic product for the control of nematodes in banana. In the third, was evaluated the potential antagonist in AMF biocontrol nematode Radophulus similis and their contribution in the development of banana plants in the greenhouse. In the fourth study was estimated the effect of using two management systems with bananas in the community of soil fauna in Casimiro de Abreu, RJ. The indices of diversity, richness and density of macrofauna groups was calculate in each system. The results indicated no significant differences between management systems in relation to carbon and nitrogen levels of microbial biomass and soil organic carbon ratio vs. carbon microbial biomass in each season, while the variables soil basal respiration and metabolic quotient indicated that the organic farming system was greater efficiency of microbial biomass and the use of substrate by soil microorganisms than the system with conventional tillage. The organic product AGAS showed significant difference in population of the nematode Meloidogyne spp. and Radophulus similis both in samples of roots after 60 days of treated. In the field was control to phytoparasitic R. similis with the AGAS treatment showing a decrease in soil at 120 days. In the laboratory tests were performed with R. similis and the results demonstrated that the effects of exposure of nematodes to organic product showed a high percentage of control, especially in higher dosages with a 100% with respect to the nematicide effect in Radophulus. Regarding the development of plants in treatments with species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculated in banana no significant difference. The foliar phosphorus analyzed varied significantly in the treatment with the fungus Scutellospora calospora, and foliar calcium and magnesium for the treatments with fungi: S. calospora, Entrhopospora colombiana and S. calospora + Glomus clarum. AMF reduced the population of the nematode R. similis in roots of banana plants in a greenhouse, and S. calospora and G. clarum were the most efficient. In soil macrofauna results indicated a reduction in the banana organic system, with lower density and lower richness of taxonomic groups when compared with the conventional system. The group of decomposers and predators showed better soil quality in organic farming system especially in the summer due to its greater diversity and density at this season of year. / Os trabalhos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar a associa??o de fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares (FMAs) com a variedade de banana ?Grand nine?, e o potencial antagonista dos FMAs no biocontrole dos nemat?ides. Tamb?m foram testados indicadores e insumos biol?gicos como alternativas para recupera??o e monitoramento de ecossistemas pertubados com bananeiras. O primeiro estudo avaliou a atividade microbiana do solo em amostras de dois sistemas de manejo com bananeiras no municipio de Casimiro de Abreu, RJ. No segundo estudo avaliou-se o insumo org?nico com ?cido glut?mico e saponinas (AGAS) para o controle de nemat?ides em bananeiras na Pesagro, Serop?dica, RJ. O terceiro avaliou o potencial antagonista dos FMAs no biocontrole do nemat?ide Radophulus similis e seu aporte no desenvolvimento de plantas de bananeira em casa de vegeta??o da Embrapa Agrobiologia. No quarto estudo se estimou o efeito do uso de dois sistemas de manejo com bananeiras na comunidade da macrofauna ed?fica em Casimiro de Abreu, RJ. Foram calculados os ?ndices de biodiversidade, riqueza e densidade dos grupos de macrofauna em cada sistema. Os resultados indicaram que n?o houve diferen?a significativa entre sistemas de manejo com rela??o a valores de carbono e nitrog?nio da biomassa microbiana, e rela??o carbono org?nico vs carbono da biomassa microbiana nas ?pocas de ver?o e inverno, enquanto que as vari?veis respira??o basal do solo e quociente metab?lico indicaram que no sistema com cultivo org?nico houve uma maior efici?ncia da biomassa microbiana e do uso do substrato pelos microorganismos do solo do que o sistema com cultivo convencional. O produto org?nico AGAS proporcionou uma redu??o nos ?ndices populacionais de Meloidogyne spp nas doses de 1,51 e 2,02 ml.cm?? e de Radophulus similis na dose de 2,02 ml.cm?? ambos nas amostras de ra?zes ap?s 60 dias das plantas serem tratadas. No campo houve redu??o da popul??o de R. similis no solo aos 120 dias ap?s o tratamento com AGAS nas doses de 0,5 e 1,0 ml.cm??. No laborat?rio, quando diferentes estadios de R. similis foram expostos ao produto AGAS nas doses 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 ml.m?? observou-se uma alta taxa de mortalidade chegando a 100% nas doses mais altas demonstrando efeito nematicida ?in vitro?. Com rela??o ao desenvolvimento das plantas, nos tratamentos com esp?cies de fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares inoculadas em plantas de bananeiras n?o houve diferen?a significativa. Por?m o teor de f?sforo foliar analisado aumentou significativamente no tratamento com o fungo Scutellospora calospora, e nos teores foliares de c?lcio e magn?sio para os tratamentos com os fungos: S. calospora, Entrhopospora colombiana e S. calospora+Glomus clarum. Os FMAs reduziram a popula??o do nemat?ide R. similis nas ra?zes das plantas de bananeira em casa de vegeta??o, sendo que S. calospora e G. clarum foram as mais eficientes. Na macrofauna do solo os resultados indicaram uma redu??o no sistema org?nico com bananeira, apresentando menor densidade e menor riqueza de grupos taxon?micos quando comparado com o sistema convencional. Os grupos decompositores e predadores apresentaram no ver?o a maior diversidade e densidade indicando uma melhor qualidade do solo no sistema com cultivo org?nico.
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Irriga??o sob d?ficit h?drico controlado para a cultura do tomateiro, na regi?o de Serop?dica-RJMONTE, Jos? Antonio 28 February 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The irrigation regime for ?in natura? tomato cultivation was studied at the experimental area
of the Horticulture sector of the Crop Science Department of the Universidade Federal Rural
do Rio de Janeiro, located at Serop?dica-RJ. The first experiment was realized to evaluate the
effect of the water lamina (40, 60, 80, 100 e 120% of ETc) on biomass and foliar area
accumulation, to obtain growth parameters for a growth analysis and production of the
culture, for Debora plus hybrid, a long life type. In the second essay, the influence of the
irrigation schedules (TR0 every day; TR1 every two days; TR2 every three days; and TR3
every four days) was investigated, by the growth analysis and production of the same hybrid.
In the third experiment, the growth and production was studied for three genotypes (Debora
plus hybrid, a long life type; Carmem hybrid; and the variety Santa Clara), all for in natura
use, all under the same irrigation regime. The results obtained in the first experiment
demonstrated that the maximal biomass accumulation occurs between 70 and 80 days after
transplanting, for all treatments. The quantity of water applied above 80% of ETc resulted in
higher vegetative growth and general production, but with the same commercial production as
for the others treatments. Above 80% of th Etc, there was an augmentation of defective fruits,
with a higher input for the culture, using more water and energy, without an augmentation of
commercial fruits of tomato. In the second essay, there was no difference among the irrigation
schedules and, therefore, the longer schedule of every four days had the same fruit quality as
the others schedules. The third experiment showed differences for the growth pattern and
water and nutrient requirements of the genotypes. The quantity of water used by the Carmem
hybrid was lower than for Debora hybrid, which indicated the necessity of detailed studies
with different irrigation strategies for each genotype of tomato. Therefore, for an optimization
of inputs use for the ?regulated deficit irrigation?, the irrigation management needs to be
adequate to the different requirement, during the cycle, of each genotype / Estudou-se o manejo de irriga??o na cultura do tomateiro para mesa, na ?rea experimental
pertencente ao Setor de Horticultura, do Departamento de Fitotecnia na Universidade Federal
Rural do Rio de Janeiro, localizada no Munic?pio de Serop?dica-RJ, em tr?s experimentos de
campo com o objetivo de foi estudar o desenvolvimento da cultura do tomateiro em rela??o ?
capacidade de produ??o de fitomassa e a de frutos, em diferentes formas de aplica??o de ?gua
atrav?s da irriga??o. Buscando maior efici?ncia no uso da de ?gua de irriga??o, com produ??o
de tomate de qualidade vi?vel economicamente para o produtor e sustent?vel para o meio
ambiente. O primeiro experimento foi realizado para avaliar a influ?ncia da l?mina de
irriga??o 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120% da evapotranspira??o (ETc) da cultura na do tomateiro na
acumula??o de fitomassa e ?rea foliar, e obten??o de ?ndices fisiol?gicos, para uma an?lise de
crescimento da cultura e produ??o de frutos, do tomateiro h?brido D?bora plus, tipo longa
vida. O segundo experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a influ?ncia do turno de rega (TR1
turno de rega di?rio; TR2 turno de rega de dois dias; TR3 turno de rega de tr?s dias; e TR4
turno de rega de quaro dias) no crescimento e na produ??o de frutos, do mesmo tomateiro. E,
no terceiro experimento, avaliou-se tamb?m o crescimento e a produ??o de frutos de tr?s
gen?tipos (os h?bridos, longa vida, D?bora Plus e o Carmem e a variedade Santa Clara), todos
para mesa, sob o mesmo regime de irriga??o. Com base nos resultados obtidos, no primeiro
experimento, foi poss?vel constatar que o m?ximo de ac?mulo de fitomassa ocorreu entre 70 e
80 dias ap?s o transplante, em todos os tratamentos. O aumento na quantidade de ?gua
aplicada acima de 80 % da ETc resultou em maior crescimento vegetativo do tomateiro e
incremento na produ??o total de frutos, por?m, com a mesma produ??o comercial de frutos
das l?minas menores. Nas irriga??es acima de 80% da ETc, houve um aumento na produ??o
de frutos defeituosos de tomate, tornando a cultura mais onerosa, com maior gasto de energia
e ?gua, sem aumentar a produ??o comercial de frutos do tomateiro. No segundo experimento,
observou-se que n?o houve diferen?a entre os tratamentos, e por isso o turno de rega mais
longo, de tr?s dias, produz a mesma qualidade de frutos de tomate dos turnos de regas mais
freq?entes, mas com maior potencial de economia de ?gua e energia. O terceiro experimento
mostrou que existem grandes diferen?as quanto ao padr?o de crescimento e ?s exig?ncias,
tanto h?drica quanto nutricional, dos diferentes gen?tipos de tomateiros. A quantidade de ?gua
exigida pelo h?brido Carmem ? inferior a quantidade de ?gua exigida pelo h?brido D?bora,
indicando a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados com estrat?gias de irriga??o nos
diferentes gen?tipos de tomateiro. Portanto, para haver uma otimiza??o dos recursos aplicados
o manejo da irriga??o, usando a ?irriga??o sob d?ficit controlado?, essa dever? atender as
diferentes exig?ncias, ao longo do ciclo, de cada gen?tipo.
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Avalia??o da capacidade protetora da piperina adicionada ? ra??o contra os efeitos t?xicos da aflatoxina B1 em frangos de corteCardoso, Ver?nica da Silva 28 April 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Piperine interference (amide extracted from black pepper) added to the diet of broiler chickens experimentally intoxicated by aflatoxin B1 (mycotoxin of great importance in the poultry sector) and it?s chemoprotective capacity were the main goal of this work. The experiment was divided into two assays: (i) The first assay was carried out to determine the effects of different concentrations of piperine (0, 60, 120, 180 ppm) and it?s possible toxicity in broiler chickens diets. Ninety six male chicks (Cobb), seven days old were used, being randomly allocated into four experimental groups (n=24) during 35 consecutive days. The following parameters were evaluated: biochemical, hematological, histopathological (proventriculus, gizzard, liver, kidney), histomorphometric (small intestine) and zootecnic. The concentration of 60 ppm of piperine in the diet was safe for broilers, showing better performance of broilers on period from 36 to 42 days old. The concentration of 180 ppm caused leukopenia and concentrations of 120 and 180 ppm was observed decrease in the number of heterophils and monocytes. Hepatotoxicity was observed by elevated AST enzyme activity, histopathological changes and decreased absorption surface in the segments (jejunum and ileum) of small intestine were observed for both 120 and 180 ppm concentrations. (ii) In the second assay, 60 broilers with nine days old divided into four groups: control, piperine (60 ppm added to diet), aflatoxin B1 (0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1.Kg-1 of body weight, orally) and piperine associated aflatoxin B1, were evaluated by effect chemoprotector of piperine against toxics effects of aflatoxin B1 being evaluated for zootecnic, biochemical, histopathological and histomorphometric parameters, toxic heterophils in peripheral blood and genotoxic by comet assay and micronucleus were also determined. No changes in the performance parameters were observed after this experiment. Broiler chickens intoxicated with AFB1 (0.5 mg of aflatoxin B1.kg-1 of body weight ) showed: decreased body weight gain and increased feed conversion; reduced carcass and cuts yields; liver toxicity, with increased relative weight of the liver and heart, macroscopic variations of hepatic parenchyma and increase of liver enzymes activity; kidney enzymes increase without evidence of renal tissue damage macroscopic or microscopic; leukopenia with significant reduction of lymphocytes and heterophils; reduction in absorptive surface due to the reduction of the length and width of the villi of all studied segments of small intestine; presence of toxic heterophils. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 described above were significantly reduced or absent in the group of broiler intoxicated with aflatoxin B1 and fed with with piperine. No significant difference between piperine associated aflatoxin B1 in control and piperine groups were observed. The addition of 60 ppm of piperine in the diet of broiler chickens was safe, promoting beneficial effect both in zootecnic parameters and in poultry health, preventing toxic effects of aflatoxin B1in broiler chickens. / A interfer?ncia da piperina (amida extra?da da pimenta do reino) adicionada ? ra??o de frangos de corte intoxicados experimentalmente por aflatoxina B1 (micotoxina de grande relev?ncia no setor av?cola) e sua capacidade quimioprotetora foram o principal objetivo deste trabalho. O experimento foi dividido em dois ensaios: (i) O primeiro ensaio foi realizado para determinar os efeitos de diferentes concentra??es de piperina (0, 60, 120 e 180 ppm) foram avaliados e sua poss?vel toxicidade. Noventa e seis pintos (Cobb), com 7 dias de idade foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=24), por 35 dias consecutivos. Os par?metros avaliados foram: hematol?gicos, bioqu?micos, histopatol?gicos (proventr?culo, moela, f?gado e rim), histomorfom?trico (intestino delgado) e par?metros zoot?cnicos. A concentra??o de 60 ppm de piperina adicionada ? ra??o foi segura para frangos de corte, tendo ainda resultado em melhor desempenho dos frangos na fase final (36-42 dias de idade). A concentra??o de 180 ppm promoveu leucopenia e nas concentra??es de 120 e 180 ppm foi observada diminui??o do n?mero de heter?filos e mon?citos; hepatotoxicidade, com eleva??o da enzima AST e altera??es histopatol?gicas em ambas as concentra??es; diminui??o da superf?cie de absor??o nos segmentos (jejuno e ?leo) do intestino delgado, por?m, sem altera??o dos par?metros zoot?cnicos. (ii) Para o segundo ensaio com a concentra??o de 60ppm de piperina: 60 frangos com 9 dias de idade, foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=15): grupo controle, grupo aflatoxina B1 (0,5 mg aflatoxina B1.kg-1 de peso vivo por via oral), grupo piperina (60 ppm adicionada ? ra??o) e grupo piperina associada a aflatoxina B1, determinando-se a capacidade quimioprotetora da piperina sendo avaliados os par?metros zoot?cnicos, hematol?gicos, bioqu?micos, histopatol?gicos, histomorfom?tricos, os efeitos genot?xicos da aflatoxina B1 pelo teste do cometa e do micron?cleo, presen?a de heter?filos t?xicos no sangue perif?rico. Os frangos intoxicados com aflatoxina B1 (0,5 mg de aflatoxina B1.Kg-1 de peso vivo) apresentaram: diminui??o do ganho m?dio de peso e piora da convers?o alimentar; diminui??o do rendimento de carca?a e cortes; hepatotoxicidade, com aumento de peso relativo do f?gado e cora??o, varia??es macrosc?picas do par?nquima hep?tico e eleva??o das enzimas hep?ticas; aumento das enzimas renais, sem evid?ncia de les?es macrosc?picas e microsc?picas no tecido renal; leucopenia, com diminui??o significativa de linf?citos e heter?filos; diminui??o da superf?cie de absor??o em fun??o da redu??o do comprimento e largura das vilosidades de todos os segmentos estudados do intestino delgado; presen?a de heter?filos t?xicos. Os efeitos citot?xicos e genot?xicos da aflatoxina B1 foram significativamente reduzidos ou ausentes no grupo piperina associada a aflatoxina B1, sem diferen?a significativa entre o grupo controle e piperina. A ra??o de frangos de corte com 60 ppm de piperina foi segura, promovendo efeito ben?fico tanto nos par?metros zoot?cnicos avaliados, como na sanidade av?cola, por impedir os efeitos t?xicos da aflatoxina B1 em frangos de corte.
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Testes de vigor para avalia??o da qualidade de sementes de girassol / Vigor tests to evaluate the quality of sunflower seedsSILVA, Ludmila Fonseca da 25 February 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Two experiments were installed. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the physiological quality of sunflower seeds after hydration by the methods of humid atmosphere and soak substrate combined to 10 and 20?C to increase the water content of seeds for 15, 20 and 25%. For this, the initial physiological quality and after the moistening of the seeds was determined by germination tests and vigor. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the precocity of the primary root emission of sunflower seeds as a vigor test. For this, four seed lots were tested for germination and vigor, among them, the primary root emission aiming percentage of emission and precocity index. From the results it was concluded that the method of soak substrate at 10?C to increase the water content at 15 and 20% was positive for moistening the seeds of high quality, although it has seen little reduction in seedling vigor. The test root emission after 48 hours was effective in classifying different levels of vigor lots of sunflower seeds / Foram instalados dois experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiol?gica das sementes de girassol ap?s a hidrata??o pelos m?todos da atmosfera ?mida e substrato ?mido combinados a 10 e 20?C para elevar o teor de ?gua das sementes para 15, 20 e 25%. Para isto, a qualidade fisiol?gica inicial e ap?s o umedecimento das sementes foi determinada pelos testes de germina??o e de vigor. O segundo experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a precocidade da emiss?o de raiz prim?ria de sementes de girassol como teste de vigor. Para isto, quatro lotes de sementes foram submetidos a testes de germina??o e vigor, entre eles, o de emiss?o de raiz prim?ria, visando a porcentagem de emiss?o e o ?ndice de precocidade. Pelos resultados foi poss?vel concluir que o m?todo do substrato ?mido a 10?C visando aumentar o teor de ?gua a 15 e 20% foi favor?vel para o umedecimento das sementes de elevada qualidade, embora tenha sido observado pequena redu??o do vigor das pl?ntulas. O teste de emiss?o de raiz prim?ria ap?s 48 horas foi eficiente na classifica??o de distintos n?veis de vigor dos lotes de sementes de girassol.
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Efeito de formula??es oleosas de fungos entomopatog?nicos no controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus / Effect of oil-based formulations of entomopathogenic fungi to control Rhipicephalus microplus ticksCamargo, Mariana Guedes 18 August 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The formulations of entomopathogenic fungi to control ticks has been widely studied. The present study evaluated the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana oily formulations on different Rhipicephalus microplus stages. The efficacy of conidial aqueous suspensions was compared to the efficacy of conidia formulated in 10, 15 or 20% mineral oil. Twelve groups were studied: one control aqueous, three control groups oil-based at 10%, 15% or 20%, two fungal aqueous suspensions of M. anisopliae s.l. or B. bassiana and M. anisopliae s.l. or B. bassiana oil-based formulations at 10%, 15% or 20%. To prepare aqueous suspensions and oily formulations, fungal isolates were cultivated on grains rice in polypropylene bags. The conidial suspensions and formulations had concentration of 108 conidia/mL. Bioassays were repeated twice. After treatment, the biological parameters of engorged females were evaluated; the following parameters were evaluated in the bioassays with eggs: period of incubation, period of hatch and hatching percentage; in bioassays with larva mortality was evaluated. Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations were more effective than aqueous suspensions to R. microplus eggs, larvae and engorged females. Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused significant effects in all biological parameters of engorged females while B. bassiana oil-based formulations modified significantly the nutritional index only. Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana formulated in mineral oil caused a control percentage up to 93.69% and 21.67%, respectively, while M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana aqueous suspension caused a control percentage of 18.70% and 1.72%, respectively. Eggs treated with M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations had reduced percentage of hatch up to 102.5 and 3.65 times, respectively. In the bioassay with larvae, M. anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused approximately 100% mortality five days after treatment, while larva treated with B. bassiana oil-based formulations reached 100% mortality only at day 20 after treatment. Larva from oil-based control groups had mortality at day 15 after treatment, indicating possible toxic effect off the oil for this R. microplus stage. The results showed that M. anisopliae s.l., Ma 959 isolate, was more virulent to R. microplus engorged females, eggs and larvae than B. bassiana, Bb 986 isolate. The fungal mineral oily formulations tested were more effective than the aqueous suspension. Oil-based formulations at 10%, 15% or 20% enhances the activity of M. anisopliae s.l., Ma 959, and B. bassiana, Bb 986, to R. microplus tick and can be used as an adjuvant for oily formulations / A utiliza??o de formula??es de fungos entomopatog?nicos no controle de carrapatos tem sido amplamente estudada. O presente estudo avaliou a efic?cia de formula??es do isolado Ma 959 de Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) e Bb 986 de Beauveria bassiana contendo 10%, 15% e 20% de ?leo mineral sobre ovos, larvas e f?meas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus microplus, al?m de comparar a efici?ncia entre formula??es oleosas e suspens?es aquosas dos mesmos isolados f?ngicos sobre as fases do desenvolvimento do carrapato R. microplus. Foram formados doze grupos: controle aquoso e controles com 10%, 15% ou 20% de ?leo mineral, suspens?o aquosa de M. anisopliae s.l. ou B. bassiana e formula??es de M. anisopliae s.l. ou B. bassiana contendo 10%, 15% ou 20% de ?leo mineral. Para o preparo das suspens?es aquosas e formula??es oleosas, os isolados f?ngicos foram cultivados em gr?os de arroz acondicionado em sacos de polipropileno. As suspens?es e formula??es conidiais utilizadas possu?am concentra??o de 108 con?dios/mL. Os bioensaios foram repetidos duas vezes. Os par?metros biol?gicos das f?meas ingurgitadas foram avaliados; em rela??o aos ovos foram avaliados os per?odos de incuba??o e eclos?o e o percentual de eclos?o, e para larvas foi avaliado o percentual de mortalidade. As formula??es oleosas de M. anisopliae s.l. e de B. bassiana foram mais eficazes sobre ovos, larvas e f?meas ingurgitadas de R. microplus do que as suspens?es aquosas. O isolado de M. anisopliae s.l. formulado em ?leo mineral causou altera??es significativas em todos os par?metros de f?meas ingurgitadas, entretanto, as formula??es oleosas do isolado de B. bassiana alteraram significativamente somente o ?ndice nutricional. Os isolados f?ngicos de M. anisopliae s.l. e B. bassiana formulados em ?leo mineral apresentaram percentual de controle de at? 93,69% e 21.67%, respectivamente, enquanto que o percentual de controle das suspens?es aquosas de M. anisopliae s.l. e B. bassiana foi de 18,70% e 1,72%, respectivamente. No tratamento de ovos, as formula??es oleosas de M. anisopliae s.l. e B. bassiana causaram redu??o no percentual de eclos?o de at? 102,5 e 3,64 vezes, respectivamente. No bioensaio com larvas, as formula??es oleosas de M. anisopliae s.l. causaram um percentual de mortalidade pr?ximo a 100% no quinto dia ap?s o tratamento, enquanto que as formula??es de B. bassiana atingiram este percentual somente no 20? dia ap?s o tratamento. Os grupos controle contendo ?leo mineral causaram mortalidade de larvas a partir do 15? dia ap?s o tratamento, indicando um poss?vel efeito t?xico do ?leo sobre este est?gio de R. microplus. Os resultados demonstram que o isolado Ma 959 de M. anisopliae s.l. foi mais virulento para f?meas ingurgitadas, ovos e larvas de R. microplus do que o isolado Bb 986 de B. bassiana. As formula??es oleosas dos fungos testados foram mais eficazes do que as suspens?es aquosas. O ?leo mineral utilizado nas concentra??es de 10%, 15% e 20% potencializa a a??o dos isolados Ma 959 de M. anisopliae s.l. e Bb 986 de B. bassiana contra o carrapato R. microplus, podendo ser utilizado como adjuvante em formula??es oleosas.
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Tratados internacionais e disputas locais: a conven??o- quadro para o controle do tabaco e as disputas entre os atores de cadeia produtiva no Brasil / Local international treaties and disputes: a framework convention for tobacco control and the disputes between the supply chain actors in Brazil. 2011.Mengel, Alex Alexandre 25 March 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-03-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Since 2003, with the approval of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) at the 56th World Health
Assembly, the discussions on tobacco control in Brazil has been intesified up to 2005, when the country ratified the
treaty. Upon the ratification, the federal government created diversification program called Diversification of areas
cultivated with tobacco National Program. Thus, this study aims to examine how goals and strategies aimed at early
FCTC tobacco farming are being translated to Brazil; how these goals influence the strategies of the actors of the
productive chain of the tobacco who act nationally; and how disputes between these actors influence this translation.
Moreover, we also analyze the one hand, how the operation of this program of diversification is influencing disputes
for space between the actors involved in tobacco productive chain and, on the other hand, how these actors influence
the operation of such a program . To make this analysis possible, we used the concept of translation developed by
Hassenteufel (2005) and the notion of policy networks by Hassenteufel (1995) and Romano (2009). Our main source
of research was the semi-structured interviews with leaders of organizations representing the farmers and industry
organized nationally, who work in tobacco production chain, with the National Coordination of the Diversification of
areas cultivated with tobacco National Program and the Direction of the Executive Secretariat of the National
Committee for the Implementation of the FCTC. We also examined documents relating to the ratification of the
treaty in question, published by the National Congress, and news from the Ministry of Agrarian Development dealing
with the tobacco farming. Thus, it was possible to divide the players that integrate the supply chain of tobacco on
two networks, one of which network we called pro-integration of tobacco production and other network antiproductive
integration. We observe that these networks, organized in favor of their historical interests, had great
influence in how the FCTC has been ratified by Brazil. Futhermore, we note that the FCTC has changed the
relationship among actors in the supply chain, leading to the strengthening of anti-network integration. We further
note that the actors in such networks are close to different sectors of government and that this approach influences
the priority of these sectors before the FCTC goals related to tobacco farming / A partir de 2003, com a aprova??o da Conven??o Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco (CQCT) na 56? Assembl?ia
Mundial da Sa?de, as discuss?es sobre o controle do tabaco no Brasil se intensificaram at? a ratifica??o do tratado
pelo pa?s, no ano de 2005. Por ocasi?o da ratifica??o, o governo federal criou um programa de diversifica??o
denominado Programa Nacional de Diversifica??o de ?reas Cultivadas com Tabaco. Diante disso, este trabalho visa
analisar como os objetivos e estrat?gias iniciais da CQCT voltados para a fumicultura est?o sendo traduzidos para o
Brasil; como tais objetivos influenciam as estrat?gias dos atores da cadeia produtiva do tabaco que atuam
nacionalmente; e como as disputas entre estes atores influenciam essa tradu??o. Ademais, buscamos ainda analisar,
por um lado, de que maneira a operacionaliza??o do referido programa de diversifica??o est? influenciando as
disputas por espa?o entre os atores envolvidos na cadeia produtiva do tabaco e, por outro lado, como estes atores
influenciam a operacionaliza??o de tal programa. Para que tal an?lise fosse poss?vel utilizamos o conceito de
tradu??o desenvolvido por Hassenteufel (2005) e a no??o de redes de pol?tica apresentada por Hassenteufel (1995) e
Romano (2009). Nossa principal fonte de pesquisa foi a realiza??o de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os dirigentes
das entidades de representa??o dos agricultores e da ind?stria, organizadas nacionalmente, que atuam na cadeia
produtiva do tabaco, com a Coordena??o Nacional do Programa Nacional de Diversifica??o de ?reas Cultivadas
com Tabaco e com a Dire??o da Secretaria Executiva da Comiss?o Nacional para a Implementa??o da CQCT.
Examinamos ainda, documentos relativos ? ratifica??o do tratado internacional em quest?o, publicados pelo
Congresso Nacional, e not?cias do Minist?rio do Desenvolvimento Agr?rio que tratavam da fumicultura. Deste modo,
foi poss?vel dividir os atores que integram a cadeia produtiva do tabaco em duas redes, sendo que uma delas
denominamos de rede pr?-integra??o produtiva da cultura do tabaco e a outra de rede anti-integra??o produtiva.
Observamos que estas redes, organizando-se em prol de seus interesses hist?ricos, tiveram grande influ?ncia na
maneira com que a CQCT foi ratificada pelo Brasil. Al?m disso, constatamos que a CQCT modificou as rela??es
entre os atores da cadeia produtiva, propiciando o fortalecimento da rede anti-integra??o. Observamos ainda, que os
atores de tais redes aproximam-se de diferentes setores do governo e que tal aproxima??o influencia a prioridade
destes setores para com os objetivos da CQCT relativos ? fumicultura.
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Determina??o da incerteza expandida associada ? an?lise de a??cares redutores pelo m?todo de Lane-Eynon / Determination of the expanded uncertainty associated with the analysis of reducing sugars by the Lane-Eynon methodVicente, Juarez 07 May 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-07 / From the scientific viewpoint, the word ?uncertainty? expresses doubt about an analytic
result. The implementation of the concept of uncertainty of measurement is a crucial step that
the Brazilian laboratories must take in the process for obtaining the certification of the ability
to perform essays in accordance with the Brazilian technical norm ABNT NBR ISO/IEC
17025. Regardless the technical area of application, the determination of the uncertainty of
measurement associated with the result of an analysis is extremely important, especially in the
food industry. The expanded uncertainty is related with the degree of reliability of an
analytical result, and by means of this information it is possible to evaluate if the result of an
analysis is consistent, i.e., if the uncertainty associated to the measurement remains inside an
acceptable range. When the percentage of uncertainty exceeds a threshold, it is necessary to
find the process variables that more intensely contribute to increasing the uncertainty and, in
the sequence, to take corrective actions in order to minimize the impact caused for those
variables over the uncertainty of measurement. The aim of this study was to detect the
uncertainty of measurement associated with the analysis of total reducing sugars (TRS) by the
Lane-Eynon method. The equipments used were analytical and semi analytical balances,
burettes with 10mL and 25mL, and the food matrix studied was wild honey. To perform the
calculations of the standard uncertainty, u, information about the uncertainty of the laboratory
materials used in the analysis ? obtained from the certificate of calibration. The combined
uncertainty, uc, was obtained by deriving the influence factors and considering, if necessary,
the effective degree of freedom, ?eff, as stated in the Welch-Satterthwaite equation. The
expanded uncertainty, U, was obtained by multiplying uc by the appropriate coverage factor, k
= 2 (at level of confidence of 95,45%). The results showed that the expanded uncertainty
obtained for the analysis of TRS was less than 2,0% when the analytical balance was used.
The process variable having the greatest impact was the volume (close to 80,0%), followed by
the title (close to 20,0%). The analysis of the expanded uncertainty obtained for the analysis
of TRS when the semi analytical balance, and 10mL as well as 25mL burettes were used
provided reliable results. However, care must be taken in such a combination of equipments,
especially when using the 25mL burettes, since the percentage of uncertainty was great than
3,5%, too close to the limit established by the Codex Alimentarius, 4,0%. It was observed
that, in this case, the variable having the greatest impact on the uncertainty was the title, with
79,82% (10mL burettes), and 87,10% (25mL burettes). / Do ponto de vista t?cnico-cient?fico, a palavra ?incerteza? expressa a d?vida em rela??o a um
resultado anal?tico. A aplica??o do conceito de incerteza de medi??o ? fundamental para os
laborat?rios brasileiros que almejam obter o reconhecimento da capacidade de realiza??o de
ensaios em conformidade com a norma ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025. Independentemente da
?rea de atua??o, ? de extrema import?ncia o estudo e o conhecimento da incerteza de medi??o
associada a um resultado de an?lise, em particular quando aplicado ? ind?stria de alimentos.
A incerteza expandida informa o grau de confiabilidade de um resultado anal?tico e, atrav?s
dela, ? poss?vel avaliar, a um n?vel de abrang?ncia estabelecido, se o resultado de uma an?lise
transmite credibilidade, ou seja, se o valor da incerteza est? em uma faixa de concentra??o
aceit?vel ou n?o. Quando o percentual de incerteza ultrapassa o limite aceit?vel, ? necess?rio
conhecer quais as vari?veis do m?todo que mais contribuem para a incerteza e executar as
medidas corretivas a fim de minimizar este impacto e, consequentemente, reduzir a incerteza
total. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi determinar a incerteza expandida associada ? an?lise
titulom?trica de a??cares redutores totais (ART) pelo m?todo de Lane-Eynon, tendo como
matriz uma amostra de mel, utilizando balan?a anal?tica e semi anal?tica e buretas de 10mL e
25mL. Para o c?lculo da incerteza padr?o (u), utilizaram-se os dados obtidos nos certificados
de calibra??o de equipamentos e vidrarias empregados na an?lise. A incerteza combinada ( )
foi obtida derivando os fatores de influ?ncia e considerando, quando necess?rio, o grau de
liberdade efetivo (?eff), dado pela Equa??o de Welch-Satterthwaite. Obteve-se a incerteza
expandida (U) multiplicando-se por 2 (dois) o valor de para um n?vel de confian?a de
95,45%. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a incerteza expandida de ART utilizando
balan?a anal?tica n?o foi significativa (<2%) e que a vari?vel que mais influenciou foi o
volume de amostra gasto (~80%), seguido do T?tulo (~20%). A an?lise da incerteza expandida
de ART obtida com balan?a semi anal?tica e buretas de 10mL e 25mL gerou resultados
confi?veis. No entanto, deve haver cautela neste caso, especialmente ao se utilizar bureta de
25mL, visto que o valor percentual de incerteza superou 3,5%. Observa-se que a vari?vel que
mais contribui para a incerteza foi o T?tulo com 79,82% (bureta de 10mL) e 87,10% (bureta
de 25mL).
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