Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / Introduction: Equestrian sport as a competitive sport first began in 1868 at the Royal Dublin Horse Show 1. Injuries, especially minor injuries, are seldom reported, and there are no regulatory requirements anywhere that compel formal injury notification of this sport 2. Objectives: The objectives were to describe a profile of horse riding injuries, to determine the association between the type of equestrian activity and location and mechanism of injury, the association between use and type of equipment and location of injury and to determine anthropometric and history variables associated with location of horse riding injuries. As well as determining if non riding related injuries were associated with riding related injuries in the same sites. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the following information was gathered in order to build up an injury profile: Anthropometric values (age, height, weight, gender, ethnicity, dominant hand and medical aid) of competitive horse riders in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, The participants horse riding history, Their record of any past or current injuries, Factors associated with previous and current injuries were also investigated, Equipment and facilities used Methods: This study was a quantitative descriptive design, which was questionnaire based and was administered by the researcher at various competitions in KwaZulu Natal or sent via email to those not present at the competitions. The study was limited to adult members of the KwaZulu Natal Horse Society that competed in on the Olympic disciplines of dressage, show jumping and eventing. iv Results: There were 176 respondents to the study. The average age was 36.3 years. The vast majority of participants were White (99.4%) females (81%). The overall prevalence of injury was 90.3%. Muscle strains were the most common type of injury. The head was the most commonly injured site (46.4%), the lower back was the site most likely to be injured many times. Forceful falls were ranked as the most severe type of injury mechanism. Most injuries occurred whilst jumping (63.8%). Use of protective equipment was associated with injury prevention and protection. Muscle strains due to riding were significantly less common in those who presently did regular exercise. Having no medical problems was associated with not having any riding injuries. There was no significant association between riding and non riding related injuries.

Topic: Equestrian tourism in extracurricular education (Case study in elementary school of Dolní Hbity) Goal of the work: Explore technical and financial options for implementation of equestrian tourism in elementary school of Dolni Hbity in term of special interest. Get to know the interest of parents and students about the equestrian tourism and its related financial options. Method: In research we chose 61 parents, whose kids are attending elementary school of Dolni Hbity, district Pribram. Data related to integration of equestrian tourism in elementary school of Dolni Hbity in term of special interest we got our information from survey by closed and opened answers. Results: From parents and students side is shown interest about special event equestrian tourism in elementary school Dolni Hbity. There is a realistic option for creation equestrian tourism special event on chosen school. It is still not solved how to offer the equestrian tourism special event even to a social weaker families. Key words: free time, interest education, school age, nature, horseback riding, tourism, horse

Title: Influence of horse breed and type of terrain on activation of the abdominal muscles in hippotherapy. Purposes: The aim of the study is to find out if horse breed and type of terrain approaches muscle activation in the position of unassisted sitting Methods: The study is of intraindividual character and incudes theoretical and practical part. The activation of abdominal muscles was measured by using surface electromyography and kinematic analysis. Results: There was differance between muscle activation with a different type of terrain. Horse breed does not influence a muscle activation but the individual biomechanic of each horse. Key words: hippotherapy, hipporehabilitation, horse breed, activation of abdominal muscles, unassisted seat, therapeutic horseback riding, electromyography

Title: Influence of horse breed and type of terrain on activation of the abdominal muscles in hippotherapy. Purposes: The aim of the study is to find out if horse breed and type of terrain approaches muscle activation in the position of unassisted sitting Methods: The study is of intraindividual character and incudes theoretical and practical part. The activation of abdominal muscles was measured by using surface electromyography and kinematic analysis. Results: There was differance between muscle activation with a different type of terrain. Horse breed does not influence a muscle activation but the individual biomechanic of each horse. Key words: hippotherapy, hipporehabilitation, horse breed, activation of abdominal muscles, unassisted seat, therapeutic horseback riding, electromyography

Partindo-se do pressuposto de que o foco da presente tese, o livro ilustrado de conto de fadas, consiste em um objeto artístico multissemiótico estruturado a partir de três sistemas de linguagem, a saber, a palavra, a imagem e o design, procura-se, aqui, compreender como esses três sistemas se articulam entre si com vistas à geração de sentidos. Por esse motivo, parte-se da semiótica peirciana como fundamentação teórica para perquirir essa questão, com o auxílio de semióticas específicas voltadas à análise da imagem. Assim, procura-se investigar as propriedades semióticas e fenomenológicas dos principais tipos de signos encontrados no seio dessas obras. Entre os objetivos específicos, encontram-se a investigação dos termos da conjugação livro ilustrado/conto de fadas, a construção verbovisual das personagens e ambientes nas obras principais do corpus (Grimm-Janssen e Grimm-Pacovská) e a comparação entre essas obras e as chamadas ilustrações de tradição, integrantes de livros com ilustrações de contos de fadas. Para realizar a leitura das textualidades presentes no corpus principal e expandido, procura-se verificar como cada semiose funciona, de acordo com o eixo ao qual pertence, e como se integra aos signos dos demais códigos, proporcionando uma direção de sentido geral. Parte-se do princípio de que cada interpretação de signos, principalmente aqueles mais ambíguos e com formas mais obscurecidas, consiste em um interpretante dinâmico que ruma em direção a um interpretante final ideal, porém, na realidade, inatingível. A análise das obras nos leva a concluir que as propostas contemporâneas, ao gerarem potencialmente maior estranhamento e suscitarem questionamentos e dúvidas junto ao leitor-visualizador, representam um desafio perceptivo/sensorial e intelectual maior que aquele representado pela ilustração/arte de tradição, gerando potencialmente maior carga de sensação, pensamento e choque. / Based on the assumption that the focus of the present thesis, the fairy-tale picturebook, consists of a multisemiotic artistic object structured upon three language systems, namely word, image and design, the goal of this work is to understand how these three systems articulate with each other by generating meanings. For this reason, the work is based on Peircean semiotics as a theoretical basis to investigate this question, with the help of specific semiotics aimed at image analysis. Thus, it is sought to investigate the semiotic and phenomenological properties of the main types of signs found within these works. Among the specific objectives are the investigation of the terms of the relationship picturebook / fairy tale, the verbal construction of the characters and environments in the main works of the corpus (Grimm-Janssen and Grimm- Pacovská) and the comparison between these works and the so-called traditional illustrations, parts of illustrated fairy tale books. In order to read and understand the textualities present in the main and expanded corpus, we try to verify how each semiosis works, according to the axis to which it belongs, and how it integrates with the signs of the other codes, providing a general direction of meaning. It is assumed that each interpretation of signs, especially those of more ambiguous and more obscured forms, consists of a dynamic interpretant that heads towards an ideal final interpretant that is, in reality, unattainable. The analysis of the works leads us to conclude that contemporary proposals, by generating potentially greater strangeness and raising questions and doubts for the reader-viewer, represent a perceptual / sensorial and intellectual challenge greater than that represented by traditional illustration / art, potentially generating a greater burden of sensation, thought and shock.

Para a elaboração desta dissertação tomamos como corpus a versão de Roald Dahl do conto Chapeuzinho Vermelho e o lobo e as traduções para a língua portuguesa publicadas no Brasil e em Portugal. Fazemos referência à versão de Os três porquinhos, do mesmo autor, porque a personagem Chapeuzinho Vermelho foi incluída na história; também nos referimos aos contos tradicionais de Perrault e dos Irmãos Grimm sempre que a menção se faz relevante. Este trabalho foi norteado por dois objetivos: o primeiro refere-se à análise dos elementos extra e intratextuais dos textos fonte em língua inglesa e de chegada em língua portuguesa nas edições brasileira e portuguesa; o segundo, diretamente associado ao primeiro, refere-se a como cada um dos textos verbais relaciona-se com as ilustrações de Quentin Blake elaboradas para a edição inglesa, mantidas com pequenas variações nas edições brasileira e portuguesa. Para o desenvolvimento de nossa análise utilizamos as questões propostas por Christiane Nord como fio condutor, expandimos a análise textual valendo-nos da identificação das modalidades da tradução segundo a revisão de Francis Aubert, bem como a conceituação das relações hipertextuais segundo a perspectiva de Gérard Genette, tomadas como instrumento para o estudo comparativo entre o texto em língua inglesa e as traduções para o português. Em seguida, analisamos as relações construídas entre textos verbais em inglês e português e as ilustrações de Quentin Blake conforme, principalmente, o ponto de vista de Sophie Van der Linden. Por fim, observamos aspectos mais abrangentes relacionados à releitura do conto tradicional realizada por Dahl, levando em conta como o texto dahliano relaciona-se com as versões de Perrault e de Grimm e implicações morais dos textos segundo o ponto de vista de André Jolles. A partir das análises, constatamos que a construção do efeito cômico do texto dahliano é pautado por precisa seleção lexical e concisão sintática, bem como pela relação entre textos verbal e visual. Observamos, ainda, que a inversão de papéis entre Chapeuzinho e o lobo, assim como a caracterização da personagem não como criança, mas como jovem adulta, possibilitam não só o final inesperado do conto, como também a relativização de valores. Concluímos que, assim como os contos tradicionais estão inseridos em uma tradição cultural que possibilita a compreensão do mundo, a obra dahliana está inserida em um espectro de releituras dos contos que estimula a criatividade e a leitura crítica do mundo. / The main object of this dissertation is Roald Dahls Little Red Riding Hood and the wolf and the translations into Portuguese published in Brazil and in Portugal. We also refer to The Three Little Pigs, another work by Dahl, because he has included Little Red in the story; besides, we refer to the traditional tales by Perrault and the Brothers Grimm whenever it is relevant. In our work we aim to analyse extra and intratextual elements of the source text in English and both target texts in Portuguese the Brazilian and the Portuguese ones; we also focus on how each text relates to the illustrations by Quentin Blake. We used Christiane Nords questions as a guideline to our analysis; to expand our work, we study the translation modalities according to Francis Auberts view and hipertextual concepts according to Gérard Genettes point of view comparing the text in English and the translations into Portuguese. The next step consists in studying how the illustrations by Quentin Blake relate to Dahls text and the translated texts having in mind, mainly, Sophie Van der Lindens view about the relation of verbal and visual texts. Finally, we also observe broader aspects of Dahls text relating his version of the tale with Perraults and Grimms considering André Jolless studies. Based on the analysis, we realised that the humorous effect present in Dahls text was elaborated with precise use of lexis, concise syntax and the articulation between verbal and visual texts. As a result, we could understand that the role swapping between Little Red and the wolf as well as portraying the character as a young woman rather than a child allowed both the unexpected ending and questioning moral values. A conclusion we reached is that as fairy tales are part of a wider cultural tradition, Dahls text is part of a myriad of re-interpreted tales which stimulate creativity and critical thinking.

Para a elaboração desta dissertação tomamos como corpus a versão de Roald Dahl do conto Chapeuzinho Vermelho e o lobo e as traduções para a língua portuguesa publicadas no Brasil e em Portugal. Fazemos referência à versão de Os três porquinhos, do mesmo autor, porque a personagem Chapeuzinho Vermelho foi incluída na história; também nos referimos aos contos tradicionais de Perrault e dos Irmãos Grimm sempre que a menção se faz relevante. Este trabalho foi norteado por dois objetivos: o primeiro refere-se à análise dos elementos extra e intratextuais dos textos fonte em língua inglesa e de chegada em língua portuguesa nas edições brasileira e portuguesa; o segundo, diretamente associado ao primeiro, refere-se a como cada um dos textos verbais relaciona-se com as ilustrações de Quentin Blake elaboradas para a edição inglesa, mantidas com pequenas variações nas edições brasileira e portuguesa. Para o desenvolvimento de nossa análise utilizamos as questões propostas por Christiane Nord como fio condutor, expandimos a análise textual valendo-nos da identificação das modalidades da tradução segundo a revisão de Francis Aubert, bem como a conceituação das relações hipertextuais segundo a perspectiva de Gérard Genette, tomadas como instrumento para o estudo comparativo entre o texto em língua inglesa e as traduções para o português. Em seguida, analisamos as relações construídas entre textos verbais em inglês e português e as ilustrações de Quentin Blake conforme, principalmente, o ponto de vista de Sophie Van der Linden. Por fim, observamos aspectos mais abrangentes relacionados à releitura do conto tradicional realizada por Dahl, levando em conta como o texto dahliano relaciona-se com as versões de Perrault e de Grimm e implicações morais dos textos segundo o ponto de vista de André Jolles. A partir das análises, constatamos que a construção do efeito cômico do texto dahliano é pautado por precisa seleção lexical e concisão sintática, bem como pela relação entre textos verbal e visual. Observamos, ainda, que a inversão de papéis entre Chapeuzinho e o lobo, assim como a caracterização da personagem não como criança, mas como jovem adulta, possibilitam não só o final inesperado do conto, como também a relativização de valores. Concluímos que, assim como os contos tradicionais estão inseridos em uma tradição cultural que possibilita a compreensão do mundo, a obra dahliana está inserida em um espectro de releituras dos contos que estimula a criatividade e a leitura crítica do mundo. / The main object of this dissertation is Roald Dahls Little Red Riding Hood and the wolf and the translations into Portuguese published in Brazil and in Portugal. We also refer to The Three Little Pigs, another work by Dahl, because he has included Little Red in the story; besides, we refer to the traditional tales by Perrault and the Brothers Grimm whenever it is relevant. In our work we aim to analyse extra and intratextual elements of the source text in English and both target texts in Portuguese the Brazilian and the Portuguese ones; we also focus on how each text relates to the illustrations by Quentin Blake. We used Christiane Nords questions as a guideline to our analysis; to expand our work, we study the translation modalities according to Francis Auberts view and hipertextual concepts according to Gérard Genettes point of view comparing the text in English and the translations into Portuguese. The next step consists in studying how the illustrations by Quentin Blake relate to Dahls text and the translated texts having in mind, mainly, Sophie Van der Lindens view about the relation of verbal and visual texts. Finally, we also observe broader aspects of Dahls text relating his version of the tale with Perraults and Grimms considering André Jolless studies. Based on the analysis, we realised that the humorous effect present in Dahls text was elaborated with precise use of lexis, concise syntax and the articulation between verbal and visual texts. As a result, we could understand that the role swapping between Little Red and the wolf as well as portraying the character as a young woman rather than a child allowed both the unexpected ending and questioning moral values. A conclusion we reached is that as fairy tales are part of a wider cultural tradition, Dahls text is part of a myriad of re-interpreted tales which stimulate creativity and critical thinking.

A simple integrated assessment framework that gives rules for the optimal carbon price, transition to the carbon-free era and stranded carbon assets is presented, which highlights the ethical, economic, geophysical and political drivers of optimal climate policy. For the ethics we discuss the role of intergenerational inequality aversion and the discount rate, where we show the importance of lower discount rates for appraisal of longer run benefit and of policy makers using lower discount rates than private agents. The economics depends on the costs and rates of technical progress in production of fossil fuel, its substitute renewable energies and sequestration. The geophysics depends on the permanent and transient components of atmospheric carbon and the relatively fast temperature response, and we allow for positive feedbacks. The politics stems from international free-rider problems in absence of a global climate deal. We show how results change if different assumptions are made about each of the drivers of climate policy. Our main objective is to offer an easy back-on-the-envelope analysis, which can be used for teaching and communication with policy makers. / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

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A simple integrated assessment framework that gives rules for the optimal carbon price, transition to the carbon-free era and stranded carbon assets is presented, which highlights the ethical, economic, geophysical and political drivers of optimal climate policy. For the ethics we discuss the role of intergenerational inequality aversion and the discount rate, where we show the importance of lower discount rates for appraisal of longer run benefit and of policy makers using lower discount rates than private agents. The economics depends on the costs and rates of technical progress in production of fossil fuel, its substitute renewable energies and sequestration. The geophysics depends on the permanent and transient components of atmospheric carbon and the relatively fast temperature response, and we allow for positive feedbacks. The politics stems from international free-rider problems in absence of a global climate deal. We show how results change if different assumptions are made about each of the drivers of climate policy. Our main objective is to offer an easy back-on-the-envelope analysis, which can be used for teaching and communication with policy makers.