This study is focused on the use of visible light in photoinitiated cationic polymerization. Photoinitiated polymerization of oxiranes, vinyl ethers, and other vinyl monomers was achieved. In doing so, (2-(2,3 dihydrobenzo [b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]-[1,4]dioxin-7-yl)-5-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-8-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-7yl) quinoxaline) (DBQEd) and poly(2,3,5,8-tetra(thiophen-2-yl)quinoxaline) (TTQ), two dibenzo[a,c]phenazine derivatives / 10,13-bis(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)dibenzo[a,c] phenazine (PHED) and 10,13-bis(4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)dibenzo[a,c]phenazine (PHEHT) were utilized as the photosensitizers for diaryliodonium salt photoinitiators. Novel dyes based on the dibenzo[a,c]phenazine and quinoxaline skeleton were shown to be efficient in carrying out the cationic photopolymerizations of a wide variety of epoxide, oxetane, and vinyl monomers at room temperature upon irradiation with long-wavelength UV and visible light. The polymerizations were initiated at room temperature in the presence of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (Ph2I+PF-6) and monitored by optical pyrometry (OP). The photopolymerization of an epoxide monomer via solar irradiation was also demonstrated.

This thesis describes original research aimed at the development of highly efficient polymer functionalization strategies by introducing orthogonal chemistry within polymeric systems. The primary hypothesis of this thesis is that the use of click chemistries or noncovalent interactions can provide new and easy pathways towards the synthesis of highly functionalized polymers thereby addressing the shortcomings of traditional covalent functionalization approaches. To verify the hypothesis, the work presented in the following chapters of this thesis further explores previous methods of either covalent or noncovalent polymer functionalization described in Chapter 1. Chapters 2 and 3 present advanced methods of covalent polymer functionalization based on high-yielding and orthogonal click reactions: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, hydrazone formation, and maleimide-thiol coupling. All three click reactions employed can be orthogonal to one another and conversions can be quantitative, leading to the easy and rapid synthesis of highly functionalized polymers without interference among functional handles along the polymer backbones. The next two chapters focus on the noncovalent functionalization strategies for creating supramolecular block copolymers via the main-chain self-assembly of telechelic polymers. Novel synthetic methods to prepare telechelic polymers bearing terminal recognition motifs were developed through a combination of ROMP using functionalized ruthenium initiators and functionalized chain-terminators, and the resulting polymers were self-assembled to form supramolecular block copolymers. Chapter 4 demonstrates the formation of supramolecular multiblock copolymers via self-assembly of symmetrical telechelic polymers using metal coordination, while Chapter 5 demonstrates that supramolecular ABC triblock copolymers can be prepared by the self-assembly of a heterotelechelic polymer as the central block with two other complementary monotelechelic polymers using two orthogonal hydrogen bonding interactions. Chapter 6 presents a unique application of noncovalent functionalization approaches. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a controlled polymerization method based on noncovalent templation. The initial attempts at the metal coordination-based template polymerization are presented in this chapter. Finally, Chapter 7 summarizes the findings in each chapter and presents the potential extensions of the orthogonal functionalization strategies developed in this thesis.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising bio-compostable and biodegradable thermoplastic made from renewable sources. PLA, is typically obtained by polymerising lactide monomer. The technique mainly used for ring opening polymerization (ROP) of Lactide is based on metallic/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn, and Al) or other organic catalysts in suitable solvent. However, the PLA synthesized using such catalysts may contain trace elements of the catalyst, which may be toxic. In this work, reactive extrusion experiments using stannous octoate Sn(Oct)2 and tri-phenyl phosphine (PPh)3 were considered to perform ROP of lactide monomer using ultrasound as an alternative energy (AE) source for activating and/or boosting the polymerization. Mathematical model of ROP of lactide, was developed to estimate the impact of reaction kinetics and AE source on the polymerization process. Ludovic® software, a commercial code was used. It was adopted for the simulation of continuous reactive extrusion of PLA. Results from experiments and simulations were compared to validate the simulation methodology. Results indicate that the application of AE source in reaction process boost the PLA formation rate. Result obtained through Ludovic simulation and experiments were validated. It was shown that there is a case for reducing the residence time distribution (RTD) in Ludovic due to the ‘liquid’ monomer flow in the extruder. This change in the parameters resulted in validation of the simulation. However, it was concluded that the assumption would have to be established by doing further validations. The simulation model includes the details of kinetics of reactions involved with in the process and helps to upscale the reaction output. This work also estimates the usefulness and drawbacks of using different catalysts as well as effect of alternative energies and future aspects for PLA production.

Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T01:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuedaMartinez_GuillermoAndres_M.pdf: 4483284 bytes, checksum: 01caeae720e6b42068cb4cc55f6897d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de materiais para a aplicação em engenharia tecidual vem sendo um dos grandes desafios na pesquisa de biomateriais. Polímeros não tóxicos e biocompatíveis ao corpo humano são estudados para viabilizar sua aplicação em técnicas avançadas de biofabricação, como a prototipagem rápida. Estas técnicas utilizam biomateriais, permitindo manipular e depositar nestes, células vivas em um processo de construção por camadas de matrizes ou -scaffoldsII, possibilitando seu posterior uso como dispositivos médicos. Dentre os biomateriais que podem ser utilizados na prototipagem rápida para uso biomédico, encontra-se o poli (ácido láctico) ou PLA, o qual é sintetizado a partir do ácido láctico que pode ser obtido por fermentação de açúcares extraídos de fontes renováveis, tais como cana-de-açúcar e milho. O PLA é um polímero biocompatível usado em várias aplicações biomédicas, devido à sua degradabilidade em contato com fluidos corpóreos e capacidade de ser absorvido pelo corpo humano. Trata-se de um polímero muito versátil que pode ser produzido com ampla gama de propriedades. Devido a estas características, encontrar os valores ótimos de todas as variáveis para atingir propriedades específicas do produto, torna-se inviável experimentalmente, visto que há elevado custo e grande tempo requerido pelos experimentos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma planta de processamento virtual para estudar e simular o processo de síntese do PLA a partir de fontes renováveis usando o simulador comercial ASPEN PLUS®. Através das simulações foram identificadas as relações das propriedades do polímero com as condições operacionais (temperatura, pressão, entre outras) e de projeto (volume reacional), visando obter um produto final com alta massa molar e pureza / Abstract: The development of successful materials for use in tissue engineering has been one of the major challenges in biomaterials research. Biocompatible polymers as well as advanced biomanufacturing techniques, such as rapid prototyping, have been extensively studied. These techniques use biomaterials that allow the manipulation and deposition of living cells in a layer-by-layer building process to create- scaffoldsII for further use as medical devices. Poly (lactic acid) or PLA, which is synthesized from lactic acid obtained by fermentation of sugars derived from renewable sources such as sugar cane and corn, is one of the most common biomaterials employed in rapid prototyping. PLA is a biocompatible polymer used in several biomedical applications due to its high biodegradability in contact with body fluids and its ability to be absorbed by the human body. Furthermore, it is a very versatile polymer that can be produced with a wide range of properties. Therefore, the experimental process to adjust and optimize all the variables in order to achieve specific properties of the product is impractical, not only because of the high economic cost it involves, but also because of the time-consuming nature of the process. In this context, the study and simulation of the synthesis of PLA from renewable sources was proposed using the commercial simulator ASPEN PLUS® in order to identify the relationship between the polymer properties and the operating conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.) as well as the design conditions (reaction volume) so as to achieve a final product with high molecular weight number / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T01:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RinconLasprilla_AstridJuliana_M.pdf: 3221598 bytes, checksum: 770b6e18d53feb7a64bc70fd5a1e0f6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os recentes avanços em biomateriais, como polímeros biodegradáveis e bioreabsorvíveis, juntamente com o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de biofabricação, estão permitindo criar dispositivos médicos que auxiliam na recuperação de tecidos e/ou órgãos danificados por traumas ou doenças, proporcionando melhor qualidade de vida e saúde pública. O Poli (ácido láctico) (PLA) é, dentre os biomateriais, um dos mais importantes para a produção destes dispositivos, devido às suas propriedades e por ser produzido a partir do ácido láctico, um ácido orgânico de origem biológica, o qual pode ser sintetizado via fermentativa, utilizando açúcares derivados de cana-de-açúcar, no qual o Brasil tem grande destaque mundial. O PLA pode ser obtido por diferentes rotas, mas independente da rota utilizada, requer um rigoroso controle de processo. As condições de operação deste tipo de síntese influenciam amplamente as características finais do produto. Neste contexto, estudar o comportamento do processo de produção de PLA é necessário para desenvolver estratégias de controle que permitam escolher as condições operacionais para obter um produto com as propriedades desejadas. Neste estudo, foi apresentada a síntese e caracterização de PLA por duas rotas convencionais: condensação direta de ácido láctico e síntese por abertura do anel a partir do lactídeo previamente sintetizado a partir de ácido láctico. Também foi realizada a análise das variáveis operacionais (temperatura e tempo de reação), assim como seus efeitos sobre as características do produto, através dos testes de polimerização realizados e da análise das propriedades dos polímeros obtidos. O projeto foi realizado em três partes: síntese do polímero, caracterização deste e comparação dos resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos. As duas rotas de polimerização do ácido láctico resultaram ser adequadas para a obtenção do PLA a partir de ácido láctico nas condições estudadas / Abstract: Recent advances in biomaterials as biodegradable and bioabsorbable polymers, along with the development of new biomanufacturing techniques, are allowing to create medical devices that assist in tissue and/or organs repair damaged by trauma or disease, providing a better quality of life and public health. The Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) is, among the biomaterials, one of the most important for the production of these devices due to its properties and because it is produced from lactic acid, an organic acid of biological origin, which can be synthesized through fermentation using sugars derived from sugar cane, in which Brazil has great global leadership. The PLA can be obtained by different routes, but independent from that used, it requires a rigorous process control. The operating conditions of this kind of synthesis largely influence the final characteristics of the product. In this context, studying the behavior of the production process of PLA is required to develop control strategies that allow choosing the operating conditions for a product with the desired properties. In this study is presented the synthesis and characterization of PLA by two conventional routes: direct condensation of lactic acid and ring opening synthesis of lactide previously synthesized from lactic acid. Also carried out analysis of the operating variables (temperature and reaction time), as well as its effects on the characteristics of the product through of the polymerization tests performed and the analysis of the properties of polymers. The project was undertaken in three parts: polymer synthesis, characterization and comparison of the results obtained by two methods. The two routes of lactic acid polymerization were adequate for obtaining the PLA from lactic acid under the conditions studied / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Les poly(hydroxyalcanoate)s (PHAs), et notamment les poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) et poly(malolactonate d’alkyle)s (PMLARs), sont des polyesters biosourcés et biodégradables intéressants pour des applications comme polymères de commodité ou dans le domaine médical. La polymérisation par ouverture de cycle (ROP) de β-lactones est une stratégie très efficace pour la synthèse de PHAs, permettant un contrôle de la masse molaire, de la microstructure et de la fonctionnalité des polymères. Ainsi, il s’agit de moduler ces paramètres pour optimiser les propriétés physico-chimiques des polymères. Cette approche a permis de synthétiser de nouveaux (co)polymères PHAs, présentant des fonctionnalités, des tacticités (atactiques, syndiotactiques) et des topologies (copolymères à blocs, aléatoires et alternés) originales. L’utilisation de différents systèmes catalytiques et amorçants a permis la synthèse de PHAs α-base, ω-crotonate téléchéliques atactiques, mais également des premiers exemples de PMLARs (R = allyle, benzyle et méthyle) syndiotactiques. De la même manière, l’ingénierie catalytique offre la synthèse de copolymères P(BL-b-MLABe) et P(BL-ran-MLABe) par copolymérisation séquentielle et simultanée du couple rac-BL/rac-MLABe. Enfin la copolymérisation simultanée des comonomères (R)-MLAAll/(S)-MLABe en présence de complexe d’yttrium a conduit à la synthèse de copolymères alternés P(MLABe-alt-PMLAAll). Leur modification chimique post-polymérisation ouvre la voie à la synthèse de PHAs portant des fonctions latérales réactives alternées. / Biobased and biodegradable polyesters of the family of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs), and more specifically poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(alkyl malolactonate)s (PMLARs), display a wide array of valuable uses ranging from commodity plastics to biomedical applications. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of β-lactones is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of PHAs with control of the molar mass, the microstructure and the functionalities of polymers. So, it is a question of modulating these parameters to optimize the physicochemical properties of polymers. This approach allowed the synthesis of new (co)polymers PHAs, exhibiting original functionalities, tacticities (atactic, syndiotactic) and topologies (block, random and alternating copolymers). Tunable catalytic/initiating systems afford the synthesis of α-base, ω-crotonate telechelic atactic PHAs and of the first examples of syndiotactic PMLARs (R = allyl, benzyl and methyl). Similarly, catalytic engineering offers the synthesis of P(BL-b-MLABe) and P(BL-ran-MLABe) copolymers from the simultaneous and sequential copolymerization of the comonomers rac-BL/rac-MLABe. Finally, simultaneous copolymerization of the comonomers (R)-MLAAll/(S)-MLABe, in the presence of yttrium complexes, leads to the synthesis of alternating copolymers P(MLABe-alt-PMLAAll). Further post-polymerization modifications of these copolymers foresee a route towards a new class of functionalized alternating PHAs.

Ce mémoire de thèse a pour objectif l'élaboration de réseaux élastomères thermoreversibles. Ces réseaux à base de polycaprolactone (PCL), dont la plupart des constituants sont issus de la biomasse, auront la particularité d'être recyclables et biodégradables / The aim of this thesis is to elaboration of the thermoreversible elastomers networks. These polycaprolactone-based networks (PCL-based networks), most of which of the constituents from biomass, will have the particularity of being recyclable and biodegradable

Bearing in mind environmental concerns and global trends in ecology, biodegradable polyesters have gained enormous attention as alternative to non-biodegradable, commercial polymers used mainly in packaging industry contributing to the worldwide environment pollution. However, substitution of conventional polymers with biodegradable polyesters is limited due to their inferior mechanical and barrier properties, which can be improved by the introduction of relatively small content of non-toxic nanofillers. Nevertheless, environmental pollution is not only affected by material itself, but also manufacturing and processing sector in terms of energy sustainability. In case of the latter, low energetic processes are nowadays preferential. Thus, using microwave irradiation as the more efficient energy source, which can lead to shortening of process time, has become currently investigated subject. In this thesis, microwave-assisted in-situ synthesis of biodegradable nanocomposites based on polycaprolactone and non-toxic clay nanoparticles (layered double hydroxides) was studied and described in detail in four subsections (4.1-4.4). The first subsection (4.1) describes one-pot synthesis of Mg2+ /Al3+ layered double hydroxides functionalized with highly microwave-absorbing ionic liquids. In order to improve...

Les liquides ioniques, unions de cations organiques et d’anions, sont des milieux structurés sur plusieurs nanomètres et présentent des propriétés très intéressantes et modulables. Grâce à ces propriétés, les liquides ioniques ont retrouvé une place dans d’abondantes applications, particulièrement en synthèse organique. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons présenté trois utilisations différentes : i) La première utilisation est basée sur l’emploi des LIs comme catalyseur de polymérisation par ouverture de cycle (POC) contrôlée de l’-caprolactone dans des conditions douces. ii) La deuxième utilisation des liquides ioniques repose sur la synthèse d’un nouveau catalyseur/initiateur organostannique supporté sur un liquide ionique pour la préparation d’un polymère biodégradable. La présence du LI devrait permettre d’éliminer le catalyseur par simple filtration. iii) La troisième et la dernière application repose sur la réalisation d’un assemblage original composé de -cyclodextrines native et perméthylée, d’un liquide ionique et d’un polymère chargé. Cette assemblage est totalement nouveau et pourrait donner accès à des matériaux hydrosolubles avec de nouvelles applications séparatives. / Ionic liquids, combinations of organic cations and anions, are structured media of several nanometers and have very interesting and flexible properties. Thanks to these properties, ionic liquids have found a place in abundant applications, particularly in organic synthesis. In this thesis we have presented three different uses: i) The first use is based on the use of ILs as a controlled ring-opening polymerization (POC) catalyst for -caprolactone under mild condition. ii) The second use of ionic liquids is based on the synthesis of an innovative organotin catalyst / initiator supported on an ionic liquid for the preparation of a biodegradable polymer. The presence of the IL should make possible the elimination of the catalyst by simple filtration. The biological tests must agree our theory. iii) The third and last application is based on the creation of an original assembly composed of native and permethylated -cyclodextrins, an ionic liquid and a charged polymer. This new association could give access to water-soluble materials with new separation applications.

<p> Ring opening of heterocyclic compounds through C-X bond cleavage is a useful strategy that provides rapid access to highly functionalized acyclic building blocks. In recent years, much work has focused on using transition metal catalysts to activate the C-X bonds of heterocycles and initiate ring opening. Metal-catalyzed ring opening of unstrained heterocycles is less prevalent than catalytic activation of strained heterocycles, which is advantageously driven by relief of ring strain. Methods for catalytic ring activation of unstrained heterocycles exist but are limited. Herein, we report the use of chiral cobalt complexes as catalysts for enantioselective ring opening of dihydrofuran and nitrogen-protected pyrrolines by utilizing dichloroalkenes as vinylidene precursors, Zn as a reductant, and ZnCl2 as an additive. Based on preliminary mechanistic studies, we believe this method proceeds through [2 + 2] cycloaddition between the ligated cobalt vinylidene species and the heterocycle, followed by β-heteroatom elimination, cobalt to zinc transmellation, and protonation to give rise to synthetically useful chiral allylic alcohol and amine products. </p>