Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a Portland cement (PC)-based endodontic material used for sealing root canals. This study investigated the effect of calcium sulphate additions for improving the undesirably-long setting time of MTA-like dental materials, whilst maintaining the mechanical, biological and sealing properties. 10wt%PoP accelerated initial setting times of grey and white model cements and MTA from >6h to <40min, and did not significantly change compressive strengths and relative porosities with long-term storage in media. Cement pastes containing PoP may „false‟ set or stiffen through gypsum precipitation, seen in scanning electron photomicrographs of MTA-like cements with 30wt%PoP. Similar in vitro responses of adult and neonatal BMSC, periosteal and osteoblastic cultures were noted with PoP-modified and unmodified cements. Inhibition of cell growth was seen with 3day-cultures containing modified model cements and MTA, the possible result of calcium hydroxide release from cements. Sealing properties were characterised using dye leakage studies and concluded that the sealing abilities of model cements and MTA were not compromised by PoP addition. In summary, 10wt%PoP has shown potential as a modification to MTA by reducing the setting time whilst maintaining mechanical stability, solubility, in vitro responses to and the sealing properties of MTA, therefore, warrants further investigation.

The main concern of this thesis is examining the affects and causes of traffic oriented design on the social generation of boulevards in terms of communication. For this purpose, boulevard concept and its historical evaluation are explained. In addition, communication is used as a tool for understanding, combining and examining the social and technical structure of boulevard. In this respect, this thesis aims to explore the boulevard concept with the spatial communication measures. To provide empirical evidence, a chart of categories of communication is prepared in terms of human and machine interposed aspects of communication. The activities of relation along the boulevard are examined by transversal and longitudinal movements with the help of the behavioral sciences and proxemics and the theoretical relation between boulevard and communication is applied on the case of The Atat&uuml / rk Boulevard, Ankara. It is observed from the findings that, longitudinal movement prior to situated activity is increased, the transversal movement prior to random activity is decreased. This causes the loss of human aspects along the boulevard, which is designed for human.

This thesis examines the recent phenomenon of Atat&uuml / rk&rsquo / s tattoos through a twofold theoretical framework of body politics and secularism. Firstly, it examines the growing interest on the body in social sciences, which has focused on the body as a site of both docility and subversivity. Additionally, the body has been rediscovered as a fetish object through which selfhood and subjectivity are continually reconstructed and contested. These developments were simultaneously conditioned by and manifested themselves in an understanding of &lsquo / the body as a project&rsquo / . Secondly, the study explores Atat&uuml / rk&rsquo / s continued legacy in Turkish politics and for the nation-people. 73 years after his death, Atat&uuml / rk still remains the utmost personification of the secular Turkish nation state. An effort is made to demonstrate how &lsquo / the secular&rsquo / , representing the normative nation-identity, and &lsquo / the religious&rsquo / , representing its Other, have been made in Turkish history. In light of these theories, Atat&uuml / rk tattoo almost seems like an oxymoron: &lsquo / tattoo&rsquo / carrying controversial and rebellious, and &lsquo / Atat&uuml / rk&rsquo / statist and conformist undertones. The main ambition of this thesis is to explore this contradiction through an analysis of whether the Atat&uuml / rk tattoo is a spontaneous (body) politics on the side of &lsquo / the people&rsquo / or whether it is a symptom of Kemalism&rsquo / s current position in society and politics. Finally, to better understand the subject, field research has been conducted with tattoo artists and people with the Atat&uuml / rk tattoo, in 3 cities, through the summer and fall of 2010.

The current study investigated whether there were age-related differences in episodic feeling-of-knowing (FOK) accuracy and whether accuracy was influenced by when the FOK judgments were made. Younger and older participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions that manipulated the timing of the FOK in relation to cued-recall and recognition. Age-related differences in FOK accuracy were not reliable either when the FOK was immediate or when it was delayed. Moreover, FOK accuracy was above chance for both age groups. Remember/Know (RK) judgments correlated reliably with FOKs for unrecalled words for both age groups and did not vary by FOK timing. Verbal ability, but not education, health, or perceptual speed, correlated with FOK accuracy. These results suggest that rather than a general age-related deficit in episodic FOK accuracy, the presence of age-related differences in resolution might be influenced by individual differences in such factors as verbal ability and frontal functioning.

Background: Motivation plays a vital role in dental students' learning experience and wellbeing. Self-determination theory differentiates between autonomous and controlled motivation and amotivation, where autonomous motivation corresponds to the most selfdetermined form of regulation. Previous research has found that several social educational factors, mediated by students' satisfaction of their basic psychological needs of feeling autonomous, competent and related to important others, predicts autonomous motivation. In turn, autonomous motivation leads to more positive educational outcomes compared to controlled motivation or amotivation. So far, however, few studies have investigated the process of motivation in health professions education from the perspective of the Selfdetermination Theory. A systematic review was conducted within this thesis, identifying determinants, such as an autonomy supportive learning climate and feedback, that predicted students' autonomous motivation. No studies were found that tested mediation effects between determinants and motivation. In turn, students' self-determined motivation was found to predict different affective, behavioural and cognitive outcomes. These studies, however, came mainly from medical education. Despite its relevance for students' development, very little is known about the process of motivation in dental students. This indicates a need to understand its various aspects, which may lead to evidence-based interventions to foster students optimal functioning. Purpose: To test a model of academic motivation in dental education by analysing the associations between autonomy-support and quantity and quality of feedback, as determinants, and self-determined motivation, mediated by students' basic psychological needs satisfaction. This, followed by testing the associations between self-determined motivation and the behavioural outcomes of deep and surface study strategies and academic performance, and the affective outcomes of vitality and self-esteem. Finally, we aimed to test whether the model worked different for female and male students, and by year of curriculum. Methods: We conducted a correlational cross-sectional survey study at the dental school of the University San Sebastian in Chile. All dental students from year 1 to 6 were invited to participate and to answer a questionnaire package containing demographic data and previously validated self-reported instruments. Data on academic performance were obtained from the administrative department. Data analysis involved five phases. First, internal consistency of all measures was assessed by means of Cronbach alpha. Second, descriptive and group comparisons were computed by means of independent t-test to assess gender differences and MANOVA to assess year-of-curriculum differences. Third, bivariate correlations were assessed amongst all measures. Fourth, mediation was tested through a series of regression analyses. Finally, the entire model was assessed by means of structured equation modelling, for the overall student sample as well as for the subgroups of females and males and different years of study. Data were analysed with the PASW and AMOS software. Results: A total of 924 students (90.2% response rate) agreed to participate and completed the questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha values of all instruments ranged from .641 to .912. Students' autonomous motivation for attending university was higher than controlled motivation and amotivation, showing an overall self-determined profile. Females endorsed higher than men both autonomous and controlled motivation, while men endorsed amotivation higher. The overall motivation profile, however, did not show significant gender differences. Across the six years, students showed an overall self-determined profile, in which autonomous motivation decreased when transitioning to clinical years, to rise again in the final year. The contrary was found for students' amotivation scores, while controlled motivation declined as they entered clinical-based years. Bivariate correlations showed that both determinants were positively correlated with students' basic psychological needs satisfaction and with autonomous motivation. In turn, the latter was positively associated with behavioural and affective outcomes. All these associations showed a decreasingly positive correlation from autonomous motivation to amotivation. Mediation regression analyses showed both determinants predicting dental students' autonomous motivation, however, this influence was not direct, it was mediated by students' perceptions of the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. Finally, structured equation modelling indicated that the data fitted the model well, and showed both determinants positively predicting students' satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, which positively influenced autonomous motivation over controlled motivation. In turn, the gradual shift from controlled to autonomous motivation positively predicted affective and behavioural outcomes. Moreover, the associations followed a similar pattern, with minor deviations, when tested by gender and by year of study. Discussion and conclusion: In the context of this research, dental students' autonomous motivation was indirectly predicted by the social educational factors of teachers' autonomysupport and quantity and quality of feedback, being mediated by students' satisfaction of their basic psychological needs. Students' acting out of autonomous motivation showed enhanced deep study strategies and better academic performance, experienced higher vitality and self-esteem, and showed lower surface study strategies. This suggests that autonomous motivation leads to important outcomes, decreasing from controlled motivation to amotivation. Whilst students in different years of study showed an autonomous motivation profile, there were important differences that showed that students' transition from basic/preclinical to clinical years influenced their motivation and should therefore be taken into account when planning interventions to enhance students' motivation. Results are discussed in light of self-determination theory and considering its implications on curriculum development, teaching and learning, clinical training, assessment, faculty development, peer-assisted-learning and dentist-patient relationship. Significance: This is the first study, in health professions education, to test a Selfdetermination theory-based model including determinants, mediators, motivation and outcomes. This research also expands to dental education the study of motivation based on an empirically verified psychological theory. The results provide strong support for the Selfdetermination theory of motivation in dental education and provide acceptable evidence that the quality of motivation and satisfying students' psychological needs are important in determining positive educational outcomes amongst dental students. Therefore, many successes and failures in a number of elements of dental and health professions education may be understood through the lens of this theory. As such, efforts should be made in various aspects of dental education to support learners' sense of autonomy, competence and relatedness, which may have an extensive influence on dental education and on students' wellbeing. Future research should confirm or refute our results in other dental education settings.

Background: Childsmile, the national oral health improvement programme for children in Scotland, aims to reduce oral health inequalities and improve access to dental services. Childsmile is delivered, in part, by a new category of lay or community-based worker known as a Dental Health Support Worker (DHSW) who supports families to improve oral health behaviours and attend a dental practice. Findings from Childsmile’s national process evaluation indicated there was widespread variation in delivery of the DHSW role and additional research was required to further understand and develop programme theory for the DHSW role; and clarify areas of variation which were adaptive and which were a risk to the programme meeting its desired objectives. Aims: The overarching aim was to gain further understanding of which factors and variants (contextual and those associated with programme delivery) impact on effectiveness of the DHSW role within Childsmile Practice. This research is a component study of the national Childsmile evaluation strategy. Findings will be fed back to the Childsmile programme to optimise delivery of the role and to enable future evaluation of the role’s impact. Methods: Learning and evidence generation was triangulated from two phases of research, comprising three component studies. Phase 1 comprised the sensitising study and comparative case studies: both provided learning from within Childsmile. The sensitising study was designed as a scoping exercise using qualitative data collection methods. The aim was to establish existing programme theory and explicate delivery of the DHSW role, while uncovering deviation (from programme theory) and variation within and between NHS boards. Findings were used to design three comparative case studies, comprising one DHSW and key stakeholders involved in delivery of the role from three NHS boards. The comparative case studies employed qualitative data collection methods; and were designed to address the overarching aim, and explore the casual links between context, delivery, and outcomes in delivery of the role using Realist-inspired analysis. Phase 2 comprised a Realist Review to provide learning from out with Childsmile. The aim was to gain an understanding of which components of child health interventions, delivered by lay health workers to parents, could influence ‘child health parenting behaviours’. Findings and Conclusions: Findings indicated that in terms of motivational readiness to engage with positive oral health parenting behaviours (POHPBs) there were three types of families referred to the DHSW for support: low, moderate, and high-risk. It was established that to address programme aims DHSWs ought to support moderate-high risk families, yet DHSWs only had capacity to support low-moderate risk families. Findings demonstrated that the Public Health Nurses/Health Visitors were best placed to triage families according to their needs and motivational readiness. The peer-ness of the DHSW role was found to positively influence parental engagement with the programme and facilitate person-centred support. However, an embedded ‘sweetie culture’ and health damaging environments were found to negatively impact on parents’ self-efficacy and perceived locus of control to engage with POHPBs. Learning indicated that: delivery over a prolonged period of time; incorporation of the programme into the Early Years Pathway and GIRFEC policy; and recent changes to the Children and Young Person (Scotland) Act (2014), served to embed Childsmile within the NHS boards and facilitated stakeholder buy-in, which positively impacted on delivery of the role. From the learning derived within and out with Childsmile the recommendations for the DHSW role included: (1) DHSW support should move away from a primarily information provision and facilitation of families into dental practice role, and incorporate socio-emotional and person-centred support; (2) The DHSW role should be redefined to support moderate-high risk families; and interpretation and application of referral criteria should be addressed to ensure continuity with who is referred for support; and (3) Programme theory for the DHSW role should be refined and future evaluative effort should concentrate on assessing impact.

This thesis documents the work of Andrew I. M. Greer undertaken for the fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The project, funded by the EPSRC and MRC, is to develop a nanofabrication processing strategy compatible with titanium based orthopaedic implants. Such a development will facilitate the translation from current and historical in vitro analysis of cell-stimulating nanotopographical cues to in vivo studies upon an implant relevant material. The work presented opens by summarising the social motives and consequences before contextualising the project aims with reference to existing approaches in the field. The thesis progresses through a series of different nanofabrication approaches until an effective strategy satisfying the goals of the project is devised. Thereafter the strategy is explored with its results characterised from a material level through to a biological level. Ultimately the primary goal of the project is realised through the development of novel sol-gel chemistry capable of retaining a nanopattern and transforming into titania, the natural composition at the surface of a titanium based implant. Furthermore, nanofeatures previously too stringent to fabricate for a comprehensive biological study are readily achievable using the documented strategy and fundamental studies have been carried out which indicate that the features concerned are highly effective at up-regulating early indicators of bone formation.

No description available.

[pt] Arnold no seu trabalho The asymptotic Hopf Invariant and its applications de 1986, considerou sobre um domínio (ômega maiúsculo) compacto de R3 com bordo suave e homología trivial campos X e Y de divergência nula e tangentes ao bordo de (ômega maiúsculo) e definiu o índice de enlaçamento assintótico lk(X; Y ) e o invariante de Hopf associados a X e Y pela integral I(X; Y ) igual a (integral em ômega maiúsculo de alfa produto d-beta), onde (d-alfa) igual a iX-vol e (d-beta) igual a iy-vol, e mostrou que I(X; Y ) igual a lk(X; Y ). Agora, no presente trabalho estenderemos estas definições de índices de enlaçamento assintótico lk(fi maiúsculo,xi maiúsculo) e de invariante de Hopf I(fi maiúsculo,xi maiúsculo), onde (fi maiúsculo) e (xi maiúsculo) são ações de Rk e de Rs, k mais s igual a n-1, respectivamente de difeomorfismos que preservam volume em (ômega maiúsculo n) a bola unitária fechada em Rn e mostraremos que lk (fi maiúsculo, xi maiúsculo) igual a I(fi maiúsculo,xi maiúsculo). / [en] V.I. Arnold, in his paper The algebraic Hopf invariant and its applications published in 1986, considered a compact domain (ômega maiúsculo) in R3 with a smooth boundary and trivial homology and two divergence free vector fields X and Y in (ômega maiúsculo) tangent to the boundary. He defined an asymptotic linking invariant lk(X; Y ) and a Hopf invariant associated to X and Y by the integral I(X; Y ) equal (integral em ômega maiúsculo de alfa produto d-beta) where (d-alfa) equal iX-vol e (d-beta) equal iy- vol. He showed that que I(X; Y ) equal lk(X; Y ). In the present work we extend these definitions of the asymptotic linking invariant lk(fi capital letter,xi capital letter) and the Hopf invariant I(fi maiúsculo,xi capital letter) where (fi capital letter) and (xi capital letter) are actions Rk and Rs, k plus s equal n-1 by volume preserving diffeomorphisms, on the closed unit ball (ômega capital letter n) in and we show lk (fi capital letter, xi capital lette r equal I(ficapital letter ,xi capital letter).

L’activation des réponses immunitaires des plantes repose sur la reconnaissance de motifs moléculaires associés aux pathogènes (aussi appelés PAMP) par des récepteurs de l’immunité, également nommés PRR (pattern recognition receptors). La chitine, principal composant de la paroi des champignons, est un PAMP bien caractérisé qui induit des réponses de défense aussi bien chez les mammifères que chez les plantes.La première partie de cette étude met en évidence que deux chito-oligosaccharides, la chitine et le chitosan, agissent comme des PAMP chez la vigne (Vitis vinifera) puisqu’ils induisent des évènements précoces de signalisation, l’expression de gènes de défense et une résistance contre des agents pathogènes. Ces résultats suggèrent que des systèmes de perception existent chez la vigne. Une analyse phylogénétique a permis d’identifier trois récepteurs kinases à domaine LysM (LysM-RK ou LYK) chez V. vinifera (VvLYK1-1, -2, -3) appartenant au même clade que le récepteur à la chitine chez Arabidopsis et nommé AtCERK1 (Arabidopsis thaliana Chitin Elicitor Receptor Kinase 1). Leur analyse fonctionnelle a été réalisée par complémentation du mutant d’Arabidopsis Atcerk1, affecté dans la perception de la chitine. Nos résultats montrent que VvLYK1-1 et VvLYK1-2, mais pas VvLYK1-3, complémentent fonctionnellement le mutant Atcerk1 en restaurant l’activation des MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) et l’expression de gènes de défense induits par les chito-oligosaccharides. De plus, l’expression de VvLYK1-1 chez Atcerk1 restaure la résistance basale à l’agent de l’oïdium de la vigne (Erysiphe necator).La seconde partie du projet s’est focalisée sur les éliciteurs oligosaccharidiques de type « damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) ». Ces molécules endogènes peuvent provenir de la dégradation de la paroi lors d’une attaque et sont capables d’activer les réponses immunitaires de la plante. Les DAMP les mieux caractérisés actuellement sont les oligogalacturonates (OG), des fragments de pectine qui induisent des réponses immunitaires chez de nombreuses espèces végétales dont l’activation de MAPK, la production d’H2O2, l’expression de gènes de défense et le dépôt de callose. Nous avons montré dans cette étude que les xyloglucanes (Xh), des fragments d’hémicellulose pariétale purifiés, induisaient l’activation de MAPK et l’expression de gènes de défense chez la vigne et Arabidopsis, afin d’induire une résistance contre le champignon nécrotrophe Botrytis cinerea. Les Xh induisent également la production de resvératrol, une phytoalexine majoritaire chez la vigne, et un dépôt de callose chez Arabidopsis. Par une approche génétique, nous avons identifié certains composants de la signalisation induite par les Xh chez Arabidopsis. L’utilisation de mutants suggère que la résistance induite par les Xh contre B. cinerea est dépendante des voies de la camalexine, de l’acide salicylique, de l’acide jasmonique et de l’éthylène chez Arabidopsis. De manière globale, nos résultats mettent en lumière que les xyloglucanes peuvent être considérés comme de nouveaux éliciteurs de l’immunité chez la vigne et Arabidopsis. / Activation of the plant immune responses requires recognition of common pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) by their cognate pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls, is a well-known PAMP that triggers defense responses in several mammal and plant species.In the first part of this study, we show that two chitooligosaccharides, chitin and chitosan, act as PAMPs in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) as they elicit immune signaling events, defense gene expression, and resistance against pathogens. These two PAMPs are active in grapevine suggesting that at least one perception system exists. Phylogenetic analysis clearly distinguished three V. vinifera LysM Receptor Kinases (VvLYK1-1, -2, -3) located in the same clade as the Arabidopsis Chitin Elicitor Receptor Kinase 1 (AtCERK1), which mediates chitin-induced immune responses. Their functional characterization was achieved by complementation assays in the Atcerk1 mutant, impaired in chitin perception. Our results provide evidence that VvLYK1-1 and VvLYK1-2, but not VvLYK1-3, functionally complement the loss of AtCERK1 function by restoring chitooligosaccharide-induced MAPK activation and immune gene expression. Moreover, expression of VvLYK1-1 in Atcerk1 restored penetration resistance to the non-adapted grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator).The second part of this study focused on damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), endogenous molecules that can be released from the plant cell wall during an attack and activate the plant innate immunity. Until now, the best characterized DAMPs are oligogalacturonides (OG) coming from pectin fragments that induce innate immune responses in various plant species, including MAPK activation, H2O2 production, defense gene expression and callose deposition. In this study, we showed that purified xyloglucans (Xh), derived from the plant cell wall hemicellulose, elicit MAPK activation and immune gene expression in grapevine (V. vinifera) and Arabidopsis to trigger induced resistance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Xh also elicit the production of resveratrol, the main grapevine phytoalexin, and callose deposition in Arabidopsis. Using a genetic approach, we identified some signaling components of Xh-induced immunity. The use of Arabidopsis mutants suggests that Xh-induced resistance against B. cinerea is dependent on the camalexin, salicylate, jasmonate and ethylene pathways. Taken together, our data highlight that Xh can be considered as new elicitors of grapevine and Arabidopsis immunity.